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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The Zn(II)2Cys6 putative transcription factor NosA controls fruiting body formation in Aspergillus nidulans.

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans reproduces asexually with conidiospores and sexually with ascospores, both of which are the result of complex morphogenetic pathways. The developmental decisions for both ways of reproduction largely depend on the action of stage-specific transcription factors. Here we have characterized the putative Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) transcription factor NosA (number of sexual spores), a protein of 675 aa, which shares 44% sequence identity to Pro1 from Sordaria macrospora and 43% identity to A. nidulans RosA, a second protein of that class. The nosA gene was constitutively expressed during the life cycle of A. nidulans and was upregulated during late asexual development and upon carbon starvation. The NosA protein localized to nuclei. Both, NosA and RosA, regulate sexual development. Whereas RosA plays a role in early decisions and represses sexual development, NosA activity is required for primordium maturation. Interestingly, the two factors are genetically linked, because RosA repressed NosA expression. This illustrates that the balance of these two Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) proteins determines the fate of vegetative hyphae to undergo sexual development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

The Agaricus bisporus pruA gene encodes a cytosolic delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase which is expressed in fruit bodies but not in gill tissue.

A fortuitously cloned 3'-truncated cDNA encoding the Agaricus bisporus delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase was used to characterize the complete gene. The gene would encode a cytosolic polypeptide of 546 amino acids, and the basidiomycetous gene was evenly expressed in various parts of the mushroom except for the gills. No expression was detected in compost-grown mycelium. The steady-state mRNA level of the gene in the vegetative phase was determined on simple synthetic media and was two- to threefold higher with ammonium or proline as the sole nitrogen source compared to glutamate as the sole nitrogen source. Moreover, the steady-state mRNA level was not markedly influenced by addition of ammonium phosphate to proline- or glutamate-utilizing cultures. The results suggest that ammonium and the amino acids proline and glutamate are equally preferred nitrogen sources in this organism and are consistent with previous observations of H. M Kalisz, D.A. Wood, and D. Moore (Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 88:221-227, 1987) that A. bisporus continues to degrade protein and secrete ammonium even if ammonium and glucose are present in the culture medium.

1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2006

Straight-chain fatty acids are dispensable in the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus for vegetative growth and fruiting body formation.

Inactivation of the MXAN_0853 gene blocked the production in Myxococcus xanthus of straight-chain fatty acids which otherwise represent 30% of total fatty acids. Despite this drastic change in the fatty acid profile, no change in phenotype could be observed, which contrasts with previous interpretations of the role of straight-chain fatty acids in the organism's development.

3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Synthase↗
PubMed1990

Defects in fruiting body development caused by Tn5 lac insertions in Myxococcus xanthus.

Mutations caused by insertions of Tn5 lac that block development are rare. At least six of the eight mutations examined appeared to be regulatory. Three of these were found to disrupt social motility, suggesting a particular importance for this function. One other occurred in a known cell-cell interaction gene, bsgA, and the remaining two were located in genes operative early in the developmental program.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed1998

A DnaK homolog in Myxococcus xanthus is involved in social motility and fruiting body formation.

Myxococcus xanthus is a gram-negative soil bacterium which exhibits a complex life cycle and social behavior. In this study, two developmental mutants of M. xanthus were isolated through Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. The mutants were found to be defective in cellular aggregation as well as in sporulation. Further phenotypic characterization indicated that the mutants were defective in social motility but normal in directed cell movements. Both mutations were cloned by a transposon-tagging method. Sequence analysis indicated that both insertions occurred in the same gene, which encodes a homolog of DnaK. Unlike the dnaK genes in other bacteria, this M. xanthus homolog appears not to be regulated by temperature or heat shock and is constitutively expressed during vegetative growth and under starvation. The defects of the mutants indicate that this DnaK homolog is important for the social motility and development of M. xanthus.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2002

A CheW homologue is required for Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body development, social gliding motility, and fibril biogenesis.

In bacteria with multiple sets of chemotaxis genes, the deletion of homologous genes or even different genes in the same operon can result in disparate phenotypes. Myxococcus xanthus is a bacterium with multiple sets of chemotaxis genes and/or homologues. It was shown previously that difA and difE, encoding homologues of the methyl-accepting chemoreceptor protein (MCP) and the CheA kinase, respectively, are required for M. xanthus social gliding (S) motility and development. Both difA and difE mutants were also defective in the biogenesis of the cell surface appendages known as extracellular matrix fibrils. In this study, we investigated the roles of the CheW homologue encoded by difC, a gene at the same locus as difA and difE. We showed that difC mutations resulted in defects in M. xanthus developmental aggregation, sporulation, and S motility. We demonstrated that difC is indispensable for wild-type cellular cohesion and fibril biogenesis but not for pilus production. We further illustrated the ectopic complementation of a difC in-frame deletion by a wild-type difC. The identical phenotypes of difA, difC, and difE mutants are consistent and supportive of the hypothesis that the Dif chemotaxis homologues constitute a chemotaxis-like signal transduction pathway that regulates M. xanthus fibril biogenesis and S motility.

Agglutination↗
PubMed2000

Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) compost quality factors for predicting potential yield of fruiting bodies.

A quality model has been developed from parameters determining the interactions of physical, chemical, and biological factors during the preparation of mushroom compost for growing Agaricus bisporus. Our results show that a partial least square model based on the combination of pH, dry matter, ammonia, carbon, hydrogen, ash, Cu, Fe, and Na could explain nearly 90% of the variation in mushroom yield obtained from four compost comparative trials. The yields in the data base for generating the model ranged from 138 to 305 kg per ton of compost. The validity of the yield model has been confirmed in a trial carried out in collaboration with experienced commercial growers. This has significant implications for compost producers, as production efficiencies can be maintained by targeting the important parameters.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1996

Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXVII. Immunomodulating activities of carboxymethylated derivatives of linear (1-->3)-alpha-D-glucans extracted from the fruiting bodies of Agrocybe cylindracea and Amanita muscaria.

Immunomodulating activities of three carboxymethylated derivatives (AG-AL-CMS, AG-AL-CMI, and AM-APP-CM) of linear (1-->3)-alpha-D-glucans from Agrocybe cylindracea and Amanita muscaria were evaluated with murine peritoneal macrophages playing an important role in tumor immunity. The ratio of macrophages in peritoneal exudate cells increased more than 50% after the administration of three carboxymethylated (1-->3)-alpha-D-glucans. These carboxymethylated (1-->3)-alpha-D-glucans exhibited higher potentiating activities for macrophages than carboxymethylated linear (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (CMPS) in the potency of reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium, products of nitric oxide and the soluble cytotoxic factor, the amount of glucose consumption, and the activation of acid phosphatase. AG-AL-CMS, AG-AL-CMI, and AM-APP-CM were found to induce the tumor regressing factor in mouse serum, although the ability of the induction of this factor was weaker than that of CMPS. The reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activation of three carboxymethylated alpha-D-glucans was similar to that of the carboxymethylated beta-D-glucan. AG-AL-CMS and AG-AL-CMI, but not AM-APP-CM, were suggested to possess a higher-order structure, resulting from the formation of a fluorescent complex with aniline blue.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Anti-hyperliposis effect of maitake fruit body (Grifola frondosa). I.

Experimental rat models (5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats) with hyperlipemia were prepared by feeding high-cholesterol feed containing sodium cholate and casein as a protein source. Dried maitake (Grifola frondosa) powder was mixed with the basic high-cholesterol feed and the serum lipids were periodically measured. Values of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in serum of rats in the maitake-feed group were suppressed by 0.3-0.8 times those in animals fed the basic feed, the latter values being close to those in rats given normal feed. The value of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in serum which is generally reduced by the ingestion of high-cholesterol feed remained the level it was at the beginning of the experiment. Weights of extirpated liver and epididymal fat-pads were significantly less (0.6-0.7 times) than those in the basic feed group, indicating that maitake inhibits lipid accumulation in the body. Liver lipids were also measured and the values were found to be decreased by maitake administration as true of serum lipid, suggesting maitake has an anti-liver lipid activity. Measurement of the amount of total cholesterol and bile acid in feces showed, the ratio of cholesterol-excretion had increased 1.8 times and bile acid-excretion 3 fold by maitake treatment. From these results, it is believed that maitake helps to improve the lipid metabolism as it inhibits both liver lipid and serum lipid which are increased by the ingestion of high-fat feed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Antitumor 1,3-beta-glucan from cultured fruit body of Sparassis crispa.

Sparassis crispa is an edible mushroom recently cultivable in Japan. Polysaccharide fractions were prepared from the cultured S. crispa by repeated extraction with hot water (SCHWE), cold NaOH (SCCA), and then hot NaOH (SCHA). HWE was further separated by 1 volume (SCHWE1v) or 4 volumes (SCHWE4v) of ethanol-precipitable fractions. By chemical, enzymic, and NMR analyses, the primary structures of SCHWE1v, SCCA, and SCHA were 6-branched 1,3-beta-glucan, having one branch in approximately every third mainchain unit. All of these fractions showed antitumor activity to the solid form of Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice with strong vascular dilation and hemorrhage reaction. These fractions also showed enhanced hematopoietic response to cyclophosphamide induced leukopenic mice following intraperitoneal or peroral administration.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Antitumor beta glucan from the cultured fruit body of Agaricus blazei.

Agaricus blazei is a medically important mushroom widely eaten and prescribed in Japan. Polysaccharide fractions were prepared from cultured A. blazei by repeated extraction with hot water (AgHWE), cold NaOH (AgCA), and then hot NaOH (AgHA). By chemical, enzymic, and NMR analyses, the primary structures of AgHWE, AgCA, and AgHA were mainly composed of 1,6-beta-glucan. Among these fractions, the NaOH extracts showed antitumor activity against the solid form of Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice. To demonstrate the active component in these fractions, several chemical and enzymic treatments were applied. These fractions were found to be i) neutral beta-glucan passing DEAE-Sephadex A-25, ii) resistant to periodate oxidation (I/B) and subsequent partial acid hydrolysis (I/B/H), iii) resistant to a 1,3-beta-glucanase, zymolyase, before I/B, but sensitive after I/B/H. In addition, after I/B/H treatment of the neutral fraction of AgCAE, a signal around 86 ppm attributable to 1,3-beta glucosidic linkage was detectable in the 13C-NMR spectrum. These facts strongly suggest that a highly branched 1,3-beta-glucan segment forms the active center of the antitumor activity.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2002

Stimulative effects of (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol from fruiting bodies of Tricholoma auratum, on a mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1.

We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-E1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-E1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3beta3,5alpha6beta-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-E1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 microM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 microM 4. However, 2, 3, 5 and 6 did not induce MC3T3-E1 cell ALP activity at 0.1-10 microM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C-6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

3T3 Cells↗