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PubMed1988

Morphometry of the human pulmonary acinus.

The geometry and morphometry of intraacinar airways in human lungs were studied on silicone rubber casts from two adult lungs. We defined acini as the complex of alveolated airways distal to the terminal bronchioles--that is, beginning with the first-order respiratory or transitional bronchiole. The morphological properties of pulmonary acini are described. The acinar volume averages 187 mm3 (SD +/- 79 mm3). Intraacinar airways branch dichotomously over about 9 generations (range 6-12). The internal airway diameter falls from 500 micron to 270 micron between acinar generations 0 and 10, whereas the outer diameter (including the sleeve of alveoli) remains constant at 700 micron. Towards the periphery the size of alveoli increases and clusters of alveoli become more numerous. The longitudinal path length of acinar airways (defined as the distance along the ducts from the transitional bronchiole to the alveolar sacs) averages 8.8 mm (+/- 1.4 mm). The morphometric data collected in this study are used to construct an idealized model of human acinar airways that can be related to existing models of the human bronchial tree.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

In vivo morphometry and functional morphology of brown adipose tissue by magnetic resonance imaging.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main effector of nonshivering thermogenesis and diet-induced thermogenesis in mammals. Assessment of the magnitude and perturbations of BAT deposits in the intact, living body would be of much relevance for quantitative studies of BAT functions, but such studies have been impossible to date. In this paper it is shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphometry can provide the means for accurate, repeated determinations of the volume of BAT deposits in a living animal; moreover, tissue modifications due to acclimation at different ambient temperatures are revealed in vivo by MRI, which correlates with histology and ultrastructure. Furthermore, MRI differentiates areas of BAT responsive to acute adrenergic stimulation, thereby giving information on the thermogenetically active tissue in the intact animal. Therefore, MRI represents a reliable tool for correlative morphological and functional studies of BAT in the living animal.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗

PubMed2004

Three-dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts.

The vasa vasorum of skeletonized and nonskeletonized segments of five human great saphenous veins (GSVs), harvested during coronary bypass grafting, were cannulated, rinsed, and injected (casted) with the polymerizing resin Mercox-Cl-2B. After removal of the dry vascular tissue, the casts were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Stereopaired images (tilt angle, 6 degrees ) were taken, imported into a 3D morphometry system, and the 3D architecture of the vasa vasorum (arterial and venous vasa as well as capillaries) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of vasa diameters, intervascular and interbranching distances, and branching angles. Diameters of parent (d(0)) and large (d(1)) and small (d(2)) daughter vessels of arterial and venous bifurcations served to calculate asymmetry ratios (alpha) and area ratios (beta). Additionally, deviations of bifurcations and branching angles from optimal branches were calculated for selected arterial vasa. The arrangement of the vasa vasorum closely followed the longitudinally oriented connective tissue fibers in the adventitia and the circularly arranged smooth muscle cell layers within the outer layers of the media. Venous vasa by far outnumbered arterial vasa. Vasa vasorum changed their course several times in acute angles and revealed numerous circular constrictions, kinks, and outpouchings. Due to their spatial arrangement, the vasa vasorum are prone to tolerate vessel wall distension generated by acute increases in blood pressure or stretching of the vessel without severe impact on vessel functions. Preliminary comparisons of data from the bifurcations of cast arterial vasa vasorum, with calculated optimal bifurcations, do not yet give clear insights into the optimality principle(s) governing the design of arterial vasa vasorum bifurcations of the human GSVs.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

A comparative study by morphometry of the microvasculature in normal and rheumatoid synovium.

Vascularity is said to be increased (subjectively) in rheumatoid arthritis, yet synovial fluid is hypoxic and acidotic. Morphometry by image analysis was used to quantify vascularity in normal and rheumatoid synovium from the knee joint. Capillaries were distributed more deeply in the rheumatoid synovium (93.3 microns, compared with 32.5 microns in normal synovium) and were significantly less densely arranged (80.2/mm2 rheumatoid, 241.5/mm2 normal). The blood volume fraction fell from 2.9% in normal knee synovium to 1.2% in rheumatoid synovium. These results imply that there is impairment of O2 transfer, which contributes to the intraarticular hypoxia, in rheumatoid arthritis.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Additional renal veins: incidence and morphometry.

Modern surgical and radiological techniques dictate a reappraisal and definition of the renal venous anatomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and morphometry of additional renal veins. One hundred fifty-three morphologically normal en bloc renal specimens were randomly selected from post-mortem examinations. Single additional renal veins were common on the right side (26%), while it was rare on the left side (2.6%). Second additional renal veins occurred infrequently on the right side (5%). Since additional renal veins may be encountered more than occasionally, it is worthwhile emphasizing their presence particularly to the transplant surgeon and the angiologist.

Cadaver↗

PubMed2005

The molecular genetics and morphometry-based endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia classification system predicts disease progression in endometrial hyperplasia more accurately than the 1994 World Health Organization classification system.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of disease progression prediction of the molecular genetics and morphometry-based Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN) and World Health Organization 1994 (WHO94) classification systems in patients with endometrial hyperplasias. METHODS: A multicenter, multivariate analysis was conducted on 477 patients with endometrial hyperplasia who were required to have a 1-year minimum disease-free interval from the time of the index biopsy (1-18 years of follow-up). The results from that analysis were compared with the results from 197 patients who had < 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-four of 477 hyperplasias (5.0%) progressed to malignant disease over an average of 4 years (maximum, 10 years). According to the WHO94 classification, 16 of 123 atypical hyperplasias (13%) and 8 of 354 nonatypical hyperplasias (2.3%) progressed (hazard ratio [HR] = 7). Twenty-two of 118 EINs (19%) and 2 of 359 non-EINs (0.6%) progressed (HR = 45). EIN was prognostic within each WHO94 subcategory. Progression rates were 3% in simple hyperplasias, 22% in complex hyperplasias, 17% in simple atypical hyperplasias, and 38% in complex atypical hyperplasias with EIN, compared with progression rates of 0.0-2.0% in all hyperplasias if EIN was absent. EIN detected precancerous lesions (sensitivity, 92%) better than WHO94 atypical hyperplasias collectively (67%) or complex atypical hyperplasias alone (46%). In a Cox regression analysis, EIN was the strongest prognostic index of future endometrial carcinoma. The same was true for patients with < 1 year of follow-up (HR for EIN, atypical hyperplasia, and complex atypical hyperplasia: 58, 7, and 8, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The EIN classification system predicted disease progression more accurately than the WHO94 classification and identified many women with benign changes that would have been regarded as high risk according to the WHO94 classification system.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Influence of neonatal cochlear removal on the development of mouse cochlear nucleus: II. Dendritic morphometry of its neurons.

Right cochleae were aspirated from 6-day-old mice to determine the influence of cochlear integrity on the dendritic development of neurons within cochlear nucleus (CN). At 45 days of age, cochlear destruction was confirmed histologically and the brains were stained by the Golgi-Cox method to permit dendritic morphometry in CN ipsilateral (deafferented) and contralateral (normal) to the neonatally lesioned cochleae. The dendritic field cross-sectional area of ventral CN bushy cells was reduced on the deafferented side, as was the total dendritic length of stellate cells throughout ventral and dorsal CN. The neonatal deafferentation had no statistically significant effect on the total dendritic length of those dorsal CN fusiform cells that developed. These dendritic changes are interpreted as lack of development due to the loss of auditory nerve afferents during a critical period of development and indicate that any congenital pathology that compromises the cochlear sensorineural structures may lead to central auditory abnormalities as well.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Morphometry of spine-free nonpyramidal neurons in rabbit auditory cortex.

A study of the morphometry and laminar distribution of spine-free nonpyramidal neurons in electrophysiologically verified primary auditory cortex was carried out in adult rabbits. By using image-combining computer microscopy, the locations of all impregnated neurons in 300-micrometers Golgi-Cox Nissl sections through the auditory cortex were determined. Spine-free non-pyramidal neurons constitute nearly 72% of the nonpyramidal neurons present. They are distributed in a band extending from 450 to 750 micrometers beneath the pial surface corresponding to laminae III and IV. A combination of dendritic stick, Fourier, and statistical analyses revealed a highly significant spatial orientation of their dendrite systems along a vertical axis parallel to the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons. A significant tangential orientation of dendrites along a dorsal-ventral axis was also found. A radial analysis of the dendrite systems revealed that the pronounced vertical orientation of spine-free nonpyramidal neurons is due to (1) directed dendritic growth along the vertical axis, (2) decreased branching and rapid termination of tangentially oriented dendrites, and (3) increased branching of vertically growing dendrites. The radial analysis also revealed that the longest branches are those directed toward the white matter.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Topography and morphometry of capillaries in the rat subfornical organ.

A comprehensive stereological analysis was performed to define capillary dimensions in individual subregions of the subfornical organ in Long-Evans, homozygous Brattleboro, and Sprague-Dawley rats. Capillary density, volume fraction, length, surface area, and diameter were assessed in four regions in the sagittal plane (rostral, "transitional," central, and caudal) and two zones in the coronal plane (dorsal and ventromedial). The ventromedial zones in the central and caudal regions correspond to areas of dense perikarya and neuropil containing neural afferent inputs to the subfornical organ (e.g., putative fiber terminals for angiotensin II), whereas the dorsal zones of these regions are apparently the predominant sites of perikarya having efferent projections directed outside of the organ. The morphometric analysis revealed heterogeneous capillary density across subregions of the subfornical organ (range of 132 to 931 capillaries/mm2 in the three rat groups). Capillaries in the ventromedial zones of the central and caudal regions had significantly greater density, volume fraction, and surface area, but smaller diameters, than those in the adjacent dorsal zones and more rostral regions. Across all subregions within the dorsal zone, there was generally a consistent morphometric pattern in the three rat groups. No differences in capillary dimensions in any part of the subfornical organ were found between the Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats. A qualitative electron microscopic investigation of endothelial cells in each subregion of the subfornical organ in Long-Evans rats revealed at least three types of capillary oriented according to region: in the rostral region were capillaries having no endothelial fenestrations or pericapillary spaces, and few vesicles, in the "transitional" region between the rostral and central regions, capillaries having no endothelial fenestrations, substantial numbers of vesicles, and narrow but perceptible pericapillary spaces were found, and in the central and caudal regions, capillaries having abundant endothelial fenestrations and vesicles, expansive pericapillary labyrinths, and relatively thin walls were present. These findings from light microscopic morphometry and electron microscopy in rats indicate a heterogeneity of capillary organization that shows topographical correspondence to the cytology and putative functions of the subfornical organ.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Contribution of morphometry in the differential diagnosis of fine-needle thyroid aspirates.

BACKGROUND: Cytologic discrimination of cellular nodules, follicular adenoma, and follicular carcinoma in the thyroid is problematic. Methods are needed to achieve a reliable diagnosis. Some sophisticated tools, such as microarrays, offer great potential but lack accompanying morphologic information. METHODS: One hundred twelve samples obtained from patients with lesions histopathologically diagnosed as nodular goiter, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and papillary carcinoma were used. Eight geometric features, such as nuclear area and circular form factor, were measured. The dataset was divided into six overlapping groups to represent the frequently encountered situations in routine practice. Multivariate analysis of variance, Tukey's honestly significant differences test, and discriminant analysis were performed. Statistical analysis was carried out with two conceptually different approaches. In the first, data from all measured nuclei were used. In the second, a subset of data representing the most extreme values of variables was extracted from the entire dataset to simulate the "selection procedure" performed during conventional morphologic examination. RESULTS: When the selected dataset instead of data from all measured nuclei was used, the correct classification rates in discriminant analysis improved considerably. CONCLUSIONS: Morphologic examination is based primarily on selection. Using data obtained from all of the cells in morphometry may cause a dilution effect in diagnostically important features. Morphometric studies may also be planned with a proper selection "bias." This may be particularly helpful when isolated abnormal cells carry most of the diagnostic information.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗

PubMed2005

Using automated morphometry to detect associations between ERP latency and structural brain MRI in normal adults.

Despite the clinical significance of event-related potential (ERP) latency abnormalities, little attention has focused on the anatomic substrate of latency variability. Volume conduction models do not identify the anatomy responsible for delayed neural transmission between neural sources. To explore the anatomic substrate of ERP latency variability in normal adults using automated measures derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ERPs were recorded in the visual three-stimulus oddball task in 59 healthy participants. Latencies of the P3a and P3b components were measured at the vertex. Measures of local anatomic size in the brain were estimated from structural MRI, using tissue segmentation and deformation morphometry. A general linear model was fitted relating latency to measures of local anatomic size, covarying for intracranial vault volume. Longer P3b latencies were related to contractions in thalamus extending superiorly into the corpus callosum, white matter (WM) anterior to the central sulcus on the left and right, left temporal WM, the right anterior limb of the internal capsule extending into the lenticular nucleus, and larger cerebrospinal fluid volumes. There was no evidence for a relationship between gray matter (GM) volumes and P3b latency. Longer P3a latencies were related to contractions in left temporal WM, and left parietal GM and WM near the interhemispheric fissure. P3b latency variability is related chiefly to WM, thalamus, and lenticular nucleus, whereas P3a latency variability is not related as strongly to anatomy. These results imply that the WM connectivity between generators influences P3b latency more than the generators themselves do.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bile canalicular morphometry in arteriohepatic dysplasia.

The diagnosis of arteriohepatic dysplasia may be difficult, particularly in very young patients with no family history, and the pathogenesis of the disorder remains obscure. It has been reported that the typical ultrastructural changes of cholestasis are scant in this condition and proposed that there is a failure of the hepatocytes to secrete bile into the canaliculi. In an attempt to expand on these observations and to test the value of ultrastructure as a differential diagnostic test for this condition, we chose two parameters felt to be associated with cholestasis that could be reliably and relatively simply determined by ultrastructural morphometry: canalicular dilatation and loss of canalicular microvilli. The values for these parameters were compared in arteriohepatic dysplasia with those in other infantile cholestatic conditions and with those in noncholestatic controls. The results of these morphometric studies corroborated the previous observation that canalicular dilatation in arteriohepatic dysplasia is minimal. There was, however, only a marginal difference in canalicular area between patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia and those with extrahepatic biliary atresia. There was significant overlap of values for canalicular area among all groups. Surprisingly, the studies showed no real loss of canalicular microvilli in any of the cholestatic conditions. The findings suggest that, at least for these two parameters, caution should be exercised in using qualitative electron microscopic evaluation as a diagnostic test for arteriohepatic dysplasia.

Bile Canaliculi↗

PubMed2005

Sonographic umbilical vessel morphometry and perinatal outcome of fetuses with a lean umbilical cord.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to assess whether changes in umbilical cord vessel morphometry are associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome among fetuses with a lean umbilical cord on sonography. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 160 fetuses with a sonographically lean umbilical cord (cross-sectional area below the 10th percentile for gestational age) after 20 weeks of gestation were enrolled. The cross-sectional areas of the umbilical cord and its vessels were measured. Outcome variables investigated were perinatal death, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, intrauterine growth restriction, and 5-minute Apgar score. RESULTS: The proportions of perinatal death (1/96 versus 6/64, p < 0.05) and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (17/96 versus 22/64, p < 0.05) was significantly higher among fetuses with an umbilical vein area below or equal to the 10th percentile for gestational age than among those with an umbilical vein area greater than the 10th percentile. No differences were found in the proportions of perinatal death, neonatal intensive care unit admission, 5-minute Apgar score < 7, and intrauterine growth restriction when fetuses with umbilical vein areas below or equal to the 10th, the 5th, and the 2.5th percentiles for gestational age were compared. No difference was found in the umbilical artery area and Wharton's jelly area among the groups. CONCLUSION: Among fetuses with a sonographically lean umbilical cord, a significant relationship exists between an umbilical vein area below or equal to the 10th percentile and an adverse neonatal outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Morphological abstraction of thyroid tumor cell nuclei using morphometry with factor analysis.

Various morphonuclear studies by digital image analysis have successfully been applied to quantify the nuclear morphology, including chromatin distribution pattern, in cytology of various organs; however, the majority of past reports have not shown correlation between the quantitative data by digital image analysis and cytological findings in practical diagnosis. In this report, we present the usefulness of morphological abstraction to combine the objective data and subjective observation in cytological diagnosis. Randomly selected, 100 cells in each Papanicolaou-stained ABC smear samples of 39 benign and malignant thyroid tumor cases were studied. Gray-level image data provided seven parameters for nuclear size, four parameters for nuclear shape, and 16 parameters showing the nuclear chromatin patterns from high-dimensional texture analysis of using co-occurrence and run-length matrices. To statistically abstract nuclear morphology, factor analysis was used. Factor analysis classified morphological nuclear characters as abstraction parameter into five abstract parameters composed of nuclear size, shape, heterogeneity, and contrast and homogeneity of chromatin pattern. The nuclei of papillary carcinoma showed larger size, more irregular shape, and higher contrast of chromatin pattern than those of the benign group. The follicular carcinomas have larger nucleus in each cell and more monotonous chromatin pattern among cells in each case than those of the benign group. Morphological abstraction by morphometry with factor analysis may provide a practical approach to the detection of the underlying characteristics of nuclear morphology in aspiration biopsy cytology.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed1987

A computer program for morphometry of circular and elliptical profiles on the microscope.

We describe a short computer program, which is written in Pascal language, to measure the diameter of circular and elliptical profiles in sections. Coordinate pairs on the microscope stage, corresponding to two or three points of a profile, are input to obtain its diameter. The program enables one to take measurements directly on the microscope, thereby reducing photographic work and caliper measurement. While the program is largely designed for electron microscopy, it also may be useful for light microscopy morphometry.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Computer-assisted morphometry: point, intersection, and profile counting and three-dimensional reconstruction.

The use of computers in morphometry can involve 1) automated image analysis, semiautomated image analysis and point, intersection, intercept and profile counts of two-dimensional images on tissue sections with mathematical extrapolation to the third dimension, 2) direct measurement of volumes, surfaces, lengths, and curvature using x,y,z coordinates of serial sectioned images, or 3) stereologic techniques and serial sections which is a combination of 1 and 2 above. Automated and semiautomated image analysis are generally restricted to specimens that are characterized by differential contrast such as interalveolar septa in the lung or histochemically stained mucous granules in pulmonary epithelium. Point, intersection, and profile counts using hand-held, notebook PCs, portable PCs, or standard PCs and MS-DOS-based application programs are extremely efficient, precise, affordable, and convenient methods of quantitating average values of a population. When morphometric measurements of individual structures are required, computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction using x,y,z coordinates of the surface outline from serial sections is a tedious yet precise method. We describe a computer program that efficiently estimates mean caliper diameter, volume, and surface area with less than five percent error with five sections per structure. We also describe a program that does digital image subtraction on serial sections, superimposes digitally generated test systems on biological images, and accumulates point, intersection, and profile counts using a Macintosh II series computer.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A rapid method for diagnosing regional metastases of papillary thyroid cancer with morphometry.

Morphometry of the lymphoid cells was performed with a computerized image analyzer. Database formation was performed automatically using our own new software. The initial database of calculated mean values, of constructed histograms, of regression, and of discriminant analysis was transformed into a set of morphometric features. Eight morphometric features were selected for characterizing two separate populations of the lymphoid cells: one from the lymph node tissue with a malignant tumor and the other without any tumor (control). The eight features ensured the least overlap between the two groups of lymphoid cells. The eight features formed the basis of the decision criteria for identifying a patient with a malignant pathology. A weighting coefficient was calculated for each feature. It was ascertained that the presence of the regional papillary thyroid cancer metastases causes significant changes in the relationship between small (diameter </= 7.5 mum) and large (>7.5 mum) lymphoid cells of the cervical lymph nodes. The morphometric changes were assessed by our diagnostic index. The expert diagnostic system was developed on the basis of a set of quantitative features and their boundary values. This system highlights the morphometric changes in the population of the cervical lymph nodes lymphoid cell with metastases versus control. Clinical trials have shown that the expert diagnostic system's conclusions coincided with the histological diagnosis in all the cases. The expert diagnostic system, image processing, database formation, assessment of lymphoid cells morphometric features formed the basis of the rapid method of diagnosing regional metastases of papillary thyroid cancer. The diagnosis was performed in automatic mode. Taking into account that about 30-50% of aspiration smears contain only blood cells (absence of specialized cells such as thyrocytes), the use of our method should greatly improve the cytologic diagnosis of regional metastases of papillary thyroid cancer.

Carcinoma, Papillary↗

PubMed1986

Differences between early- and late-maturing genotypes of the platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) in the morphometry of their immunoreactive luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-containing cells: a developmental study.

Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (ir-LHRH) containing perikarya, brain nuclei, and pituitary cells were studied during the postnatal development of male sibling platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) genetically determined to reach puberty at two different ages using immunocytochemical, cytological, and morphometric methods. Ir-LHRH-containing perikarya first appear in the nucleus olfactoretinalis (NOR) at 5 weeks of age in early maturers and at 11 weeks in late maturers at a maximum number which is similar in both genotypes and remains constant into adulthood. The dimensions of the NOR and its perikarya increase up to the initiation of sexual maturation (gonopodial stage 2) in both genotypes. In the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP), ir-perikarya appear at stage 2 and are maximum in number at maturity (stage 6) when early maturers have 50% more than late maturers. Measurements for the NPP increase between 1 week and stage 6 in both genotypes. In the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT), ir-perikarya appear soon after stage 2 in early maturers but are never seen in late maturers. Late maturers also have fewer ir-LHRH containing pituitary cells than early maturers. In both genotypes, measurements for the NLT increase to stage 2 and then decrease to stage 6. During sexual development there are differences between early- and late-maturing genotypes in the morphometry of their LHRH-containing brain centers. The timing of sexual development creates significant differences in the cytological and cytometric characteristics of the three ir-LHRH-containing brain nuclei in fish of the same age but different genotype. Our results also show that for both genotypes there is a positive correlation between the total number of ir-LHRH brain neurons and the total number of ir-pituitary cells and both are lower for late maturers at every age and stage.

Animals↗