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Results for “AFFECT”

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PubMed1997

Children's affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies in response to the negative affect of parents and peers.

Although research has linked difficulties in parent mood functioning to developmental problems in children, little work has examined why such a link occurs. Following current social-cognitive perspectives on children's cognitive appraisals to negative parent affect, it was hypothesized that children would show more intense affective responses, less confidence, and less active coping strategies in response to parent, as opposed to peer, negative affect. In the current study, young children (N = 39) were read experimental vignettes portraying peers and parents in either happy, sad, or angry emotional states. Children were then interviewed about their affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies to each vignette. Beyond experiencing more negative affective responses to parent, compared to peer negative affect, children felt they could do little to help themselves when faced with paternal distress and frequently indicated they would engage in avoidant coping strategies (e.g., hiding) to make themselves feel better when confronted with parent sadness. This study has implications for more industrious future research, as well as intervention projects that involve assisting children who live in households marked by high levels of negative adult affect.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Does affective blunting in schizophrenia reflect affective deficit or neuromotor dysfunction?

Schizophrenia inpatients withdrawn from all neuroleptic medication were administered measures of affective blunting, diminished affective experience, and neuromotor dysfunction. The correlations among the measures provided support for the hypothesis that measures of affective blunting reflect both neuromotor and affective deficits. Because the interpretation of such measures is therefore ambiguous, measures of diminished affective experience may have greater validity in research on affective deficits in schizophrenia than measures of blunted affective expression.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Affect, cognition, and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures.

The affective primacy hypothesis (R. B. Zajonc, 1980) asserts that positive and negative affective reactions can be evoked with minimal stimulus input and virtually no cognitive processing. The present work tested this hypothesis by comparing the effects of affective and cognitive priming under extremely brief (suboptimal) and longer (optimal) exposure durations. At suboptimal exposures only affective primes produced significant shifts in Ss' judgments of novel stimuli. These results suggest that when affect is elicited outside of conscious awareness, it is diffuse and nonspecific, and its origin and address are not accessible. Having minimal cognitive participation, such gross and nonspecific affective reactions can therefore be diffused or displaced onto unrelated stimuli. At optimal exposures this pattern of results was reversed such that only cognitive primes produced significant shifts in judgments. Together, these results support the affective primacy hypothesis.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Affect networks: a structural analysis of the relationship between work ties and job-related affect.

The relationship between organizational networks and employees' affect was examined in 2 organizations. In Study 1, social network analysis of work ties and job-related affect for 259 employees showed that affect converged within work interaction groups. Similarity of affect between employees depended on the presence of work ties and structural equivalence. Affect was also related to the size and density of employees' work networks. Study 2 used a 10-week diary study of 31 employees to examine a merger of 2 organizational divisions and found that negative changes in employees' affect were related to having fewer cross-divisional ties and to experiencing greater reductions in network density. The findings suggest that affect permeates through and is shaped by organizational networks.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Individual difference variables, affective differentiation, and the structures of affect.

Methodological arguments are usually invoked to explain variations in the structure of affect. Using self-rated affect from Italian samples (N=600), we show that individual difference variables related to affective differentiation can moderate the observed structure. Indices of circumplexity and congruence coefficients to the hypothesized target were used to quantify the observed structures. Results did not support the circumplex model as a universal structure. A circular structure with axes of activation and valence was approximated only among more affectively differentiated groups: students and respondents with high scores on Openness to Feelings and measures of negative emotionality. A different structure, with unipolar Positive Affect and Negative Affect factors, was observed among adults and respondents with low Openness to Feelings and negative emotionality. The observed structure of affect will depend in part on the nature of the sample studied.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Ego function assessment of schizo-affective patients as compared to schizophrenic and affective psychotic patients.

A 1-year sample of consecutively admitted patients between 18 and 40 years of age is studied. Psychopathology has been elicited by the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), and diagnoses have been set according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The sample consists of 57 cases with schizophrenia, 8 cases with schizo-affective psychosis and 23 cases with affective psychoses. Bellak's Ego Function Assessment Test was given to all these patients. The test does not show any significant differences between the schizo-affective and the schizophrenic groups. Some significant differences are found between the schizo-affective group and the group of affective psychosis. The findings do not validate schizo-affective psychosis as a diagnostic category.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Affect in psychoanalytic theory: discussion of André Green's 'on discriminating and not discriminating between affect and representation'.

André Green's 1999 programmatic essay on affect and representation, an attempt to extend Freud's model of the neuroses (where affect and representation have different vicissitudes) to non-neurotic cases is submitted to critical reading. Green wishes to restore the importance of representation; to use the second topographical theory, where id, psychical impulse and object-cathexis replace the unconscious and the ideational representation in order to conceptualize borderline disturbance, and to show how ultimately the 'non-discrimination' affect-representation obtains in non-neurotic cases as well. The author, interested in the question posed in Green's essay as to what we have to sell our borderline patients, addresses the various reasons why this project fails. Among the problematic points are the paradox of Green's model of unconscious affect, that does not allow the analyst to generate meaning with borderline patients, the view of 'representation' as replacing presence and perception of the object that does not allow the analyst to be a non-absent object, and the inability to conceptualize affect-representatives and to work out the definition of affect as 'the anticipation of a meeting with the other's body' which does not allow the analyst to function as an 'anticipatory object' or 'an object of affect'.

Affect↗

PubMed1980

On a disturbance of affectivity in schizophrenic adolescents: implications for affect theory.

As recently as 1969 Loeb stated, "Not only has adolescent schizophrenia been largely ignored by the clinician and research worker but until recent years the entire subject of adolescence had received scant attention" (p. 462). Since that time, a number of investigators have attended to similarities and differences between the schizophrenic syndrome, as a whole, and schizophrenia as it appears in adolescence. One of the findings that has been alluded to by some authors concerns the notion that affect is less severely disturbed, especially in the dimension of affective responsiveness, in adolescent schizophrenics (Sands, 1956). Observations by the author and others suggest that greater attention be paid to the variety of affectivity to delineate this area of symptomatology, which both Kraepelin and Bleuler considered so fundamental and typical in their designations of dementia praecox and schizophrenia. Indeed the purpose of this study concerns the description and dynamic understanding of a typical disturbance of affectivity in adolescent schizophrenics. This disturbance is characterized by a quality of affective communication in which the patient relates to the people around him in a superficial, socially acceptable, receptionist-like manner which induces in the observer the impression that the individual's genuine feelings are not prominent. For want of a better term, we may designate this affective state "airline-hostess affectivity" (A.H.A.). The disturbance is not exclusive to adolescent schizophrenics but can also be observed in young adults too before a phase of chronic adaptation to the schizophrenic process.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Examining the association between rumination, negative affectivity, and negative affect induced by a paced auditory serial addition task.

The present study examined the relations among a depressive ruminative response style, a general propensity to experience negative affectivity, and negative affect induced by a paced serial auditory addition task (PASAT). Ninety nonclinical individuals completed a computerized version of the PASAT, which elicits a generalized negative affect response [Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2003). A modified computer version of the paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) as a laboratory-based stressor: Implications for behavioral assessment. Behavior Therapist, 26, 290-292]. As hypothesized, there was a moderate correlation between depressive rumination and a propensity to experience negative affect, as indexed both by a significant association with a negative affect personality factor and the prediction of negative affect elicited during the provocation. Findings also suggested that dispositional negative affectivity moderated the effects of a depressive ruminative response style on the valence but not arousal dimensions of emotional responding to the challenge. These findings are discussed in terms of improving our understanding of rumination and its potential role in emotional vulnerability processes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Transient sensory, cognitive and affective phenomena in affective illness. A comparison with complex partial epilepsy.

Behavioural changes have often been noted in patients with epilepsy. This study investigated the converse phenomenon--the occurrence of transient sensory, cognitive and affective changes resembling those described by epileptics, in affectively ill patients. Forty-four patients with affective illness, 37 with complex partial seizures, and 30 hypertensive controls were interviewed to determine the lifetime occurrence of these phenomena. Such symptoms occurred frequently in association with episodes of affective illness and epilepsy, but were rare in controls. Visual, auditory, olfactory and epigastric symptoms, illusions, jumbled thoughts and amnesia were common to both epilepsy and affective illness. Greater numbers of symptoms were associated with better response to lithium and tricyclic antidepressants. Transient sensory, cognitive, and affective phenomena may be more common in affective illness and other psychiatric conditions than is generally recognised, and may be clues to the underlying pathophysiology of these conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The role of negative affect and positive affect in stress, depression, self-esteem, assertiveness, Type A behaviors, psychological health, and physical health.

Dua (1989) constructed the Thoughts and Real-Life Experiences Scale (THARL) to assess the degree of positive and negative affect experienced by people as a result of their thoughts and day-to-day experiences. This monograph reports on a number of studies designed to investigate the relationship between negative and positive affect caused by thoughts and day-to-day experiences and psychological health, psychological problems, and physical health. Results showed that a preponderance of self-reported negative affect was related to higher levels of stress, depression, poor psychological well-being, poor psychological health, lower self-esteem and poor self-reported retrospective physical health. A preponderance of negative affect was associated with only one of the two measures of prospective physical health, namely, the number of visits to doctors for medical problems over a period of 4 weeks. Positive affect was not associated with either self-esteem or physical health. Assertiveness and Type A/B behaviors were not associated with either negative or positive affect. Also, of the two measures of negative affect, that caused by thoughts seemed to be a better predictor of health, well-being, and psychological problems than that caused by day-to-day experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Development of a measure that integrates positive and negative affect and personality: the Comprehensive Personality and Affect Scales.

The development, reliability and validity of a new measure of personality and affect, the Comprehensive Personality and Affect Scales (COPAS) was investigated in three studies of college students. In study 1, the factor structure of personality, negative affect, and positive affect was assessed, with five-factors found in each of the three analyses. Fifteen scales (Personality: Emotionality, Extroversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness; Negative Affect: Depression, Hostility, Agitation, Anxiety, and Social Anxiety; Positive Affect: Contentment, Joy, Love, Vigor, and Excitement) were constructed based on results of the factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the measurement model. In study 2, the reliability and construct validity of each of the 15 factor-derived scales was assessed in both referred and non-referred college students. Study 3 investigated the utility of the COPAS scales in differentiating referred and non-referred college students. Results indicated that reliability of the scales was good to excellent, while convergent and divergent validity was good for most scales. The COPAS scales were also shown to differentiate between referred and non-referred samples of college students. Overall, the COPAS was shown to be suitable for research with college student populations.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

A preliminary comparison of flat affect schizophrenics and brain-damaged patients on measures of affective processing.

Flat affect is a major component of schizophrenia and is often also seen in neurological disorders. A preliminary set of comparisons were conducted to delineate neuropsychological mechanisms underlying flat affect in schizophrenia, and new measures are described for the assessment of affective deficits in clinical populations. Subjects were schizophrenic with flat affect (SZs), right brain-damaged (RBD), Parkinson's Disease (PDs), and normal control (NC) right-handed adults. Subjects were administered affective measures of expression and perception in both facial and vocal channels. For both perceptual and expressive tasks the SZs performed significantly less accurately than the NCs and the PDs but did not differ from the RBDs. This was the case for both face and voice. This finding lends support to the speculation that right hemisphere mechanisms, especially cortical ones, may be compromised among schizophrenics with flat affect.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Affective predictors of dissociation, III: Affect balance.

The relationship between dissociative tendencies and the balance of affective expression was investigated in a sample of 100 Australian psychology students. Dissociation was positively related to an imbalance of affect in favor of negative affects. Higher levels of dissociation were associated with more frequent experiences of negative affects but were unrelated to the expression of positive affects. The data are consistent with the view that trauma-related affects have a mediating role in the development of dissociative tendencies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Sensory and affective predictors of overall pain and emotions associated with affective pain.

OBJECTIVE: Psychological scaling techniques consistently produce separate ratings for sensory and affective components of pain. This study examines the relative contributions of these components to pain as a whole and the contributions of different emotions to the affective component of pain. DESIGN: The design was correlational. Visual analogue scales were used to quantify overall pain, sensory pain, affective pain, and individual emotions. These data lent themselves to regression techniques for expressing pain as a function of sensation and affect as a function of emotion types. SETTING: Data were collected at the Pain Clinic within the Department of Physical Medicine at the Ohio State University. PATIENTS: Subjects were 40 chronic pain sufferers admitted to an inpatient pain management program. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Ratings of overall pain were not a simple summation of sensory and affective ratings, but a linearly additive function of both component ratings each with a unique weighting. The affective component of pain was a function of three differentially weighted sets of emotions, anger, fear, and sadness being most salient. Implications arise for the broader assessment of chronic pain and the treatment of specific emotions that may be particularly associated with the pain.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: predictors of later attachment.

This longitudinal study on 94 families examined the extent to which parent sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation at 4 months predicted mother-infant and father-infant attachment classifications at 1 year. Parent sensitivity was rated from face-to-face interaction episodes; infant affect and regulatory behaviors were rated from mother-infant and father-infant still-face episodes at 4 months. Infants' attachment to mothers and fathers was rated from the Strange Situation at 12 and 13 months. MANOVAs indicated that 4-month parent and infant factors were associated with infant-mother but not infant-father attachment groups. Discriminant Function Analysis further indicated that two functions, "Affect Regulation" and "Maternal Sensitivity," discriminated infant-mother attachment groups; As and B1-B2s showed more affect regulation toward mothers and fathers than B3-B4s and Cs at 4 months, and mothers of both secure groups were more sensitive than mothers of Cs. Finally, the association between maternal sensitivity and infant-mother attachment was partially mediated by infant affect regulation.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

On the broad applicability of the affective circumplex: representations of affective knowledge among schizophrenia patients.

Studies of affective experience are guided by the assumption that the structure of affect generalizes across people. Yet this assumption has not been tested among educationally and economically diverse community residents or among individuals with psychopathology. This study explicitly examined the broad applicability of the valence-arousal circumplex and whether schizophrenia patients and nonpatients have comparable knowledge structures of affective phenomena. Patients and nonpatients completed similarity ratings of 120 pairs of affect words. Similarity judgments were analyzed separately for each group using a multidimensional scaling procedure, and solutions were compared. Results revealed the same two-dimensional valence-arousal solution for schizophrenia patients and nonpatients, although there were subtle differences between the groups. These findings provide additional evidence that the circumplex model is a useful formalism for representing affective phenomena across diverse populations, and they bolster confidence in existing interpretations of schizophrenia patients' reports of affective experience.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Affect traits in differential diagnosis of anxiety, depressive, and schizophrenic disorders using the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

A study of 185 psychiatric patients with anxiety, mood, and schizophrenic disorders and 185 matched nonpatient controls investigated the effectiveness of the affect trait scales of the revised Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL-R) in differentiating the three disorders. Univariate and multivariate analyses supported the usefulness of the affect in global and specific diagnostic classifications. The strongest discriminant function described a general dysphoria dimension (Depression plus Anxiety minus Positive Affect) which differentiated the anxiety and mood disorder groups from schizophrenic patients and nonpatient controls. A second discriminant function best differentiated the anxiety from mood disorder groups and was defined by relatively higher anxiety and normal sensation seeking scores among anxiety disorders and relatively higher depression and lower sensation seeking among mood disorders. Schizophrenic disorders could not be reliably distinguished from the other groups by negative affect scales, although they scored lower on positive affect than normals. It was concluded that the MAACL-R was valid in making both global and specific diagnostic classifications.

Adult↗