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PubMed1977

[Quantitative characteristics of the systems of truncal auditory and visual brain formations in Artiodactyla and perissodactyla].

On the ground of cytoarchitectonic investigation and planimetric measurements a volumetric comparison between the systems of truncal formations of auditory and optical analysers were made in the representatives of artiodactyla (deer, elk, gazelle, sheep, wild boar, hippopotamus) and perissodactyla orders (horse). The data obtained demonstrated a great quantitative predominance of the system of optical formation in comparison with that of auditory, which correlates to the leading role of the optical system in these animals. In non-ruminants, according to other environmental conditions, vision looses its biological importance, such as in ruminants. In the former, therefore, a much less predominance of the optical formations comparing with the auditory ones was revealed. Comparisons with the previous results of the author obtained in other mammal orders, demonstrated quantative changebility--plasticity of corresponding truncal auditory, optical and vesitbular formations in response to ecologically stipulated changes of leading afferentation in different mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Genetic polymorphism of the amylases found in species of Artiodactyla by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].

Three different types of isoenzymes, Am1, Am2 and Am3 have been revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAG) and affine PAG electrophoresis in artiodactyla. In cattle and pigs Am2 isoenzyme is monomorphic, as shown by PAG electrophoresis, and polymorphic in affine gel separation (two alloenzymes, Am2A and Am2B have been revealed). Some of sheep have no Am2 isoenzyme, which, apparently, account for the presence of minus-allele. Am2 isoenzyme was not detected in Saiga tatarica which are related to sheep. In reindeer, Am2 system is monomorphic, Am3 system is polymorphic, in reindeers, Saiga tatarica and pigs the variability of the latter system being determined by A3A, A3B alleles.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

A karyotypic analysis of the lesser Malay chevrotain, Tragulus javanicus (Artiodactyla: Tragulidae).

Chevrotains are small forest-dwelling ruminants of the family Tragulidae. The chromosome number of the lesser Malay chevrotain was determined to be 2n = 32, NF = 64, G- and Q-banding allowed the identification of homologous chromosomes, and C-banding demonstrated the presence of pericentromeric, telomeric and interstitial constitutive heterochromatin. Q-band comparisons with domestic cattle revealed relatively few monobrachial chromosome band homologies. However, the smallest biarmed autosome of the chevrotain, chromosome 15, was determined to be cytogenetically homologus with the acrocentric chromosome 19 of cattle. A molecular cytogenetic analysis confirmed this putative chromosomal homology. In fact, molecular cytogenetic analyses indicate complete conservation of synteny among mouse deer chromosome 15, domestic cattle chromosome 19, domestic pig chromosome 12 and human chromosome 17. In the light of these molecular cytogenetic data and since mouse deer chromosome 15 is submetacentric and appears homologous in banding to submetacentric chromosome 12 of the domestic pig, these outgroup comparisons indicate that the acrocentric condition of cattle chromosome 19 has been derived by inversion. Since this derivative condition is present in the Antilocapridae, Bovidae, Cervidae and Giraffidae, it is a chromosomal synapomorphy that unites these advance ruminant families within the Artiodactyla.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Chromosome localization and analysis of synteny analysis of some genes in swine, cattle, and sheep (Artiodactyla)].

Using the hybrid cell lines pig-American mink, cow-American mink, and sheep-American mink, the localization of some genes included in a large conservative block localized on human chromosome (chr) 17 was performed by means of electrophoresis of proteins and Southern blot hybridization. Genes NF1, RARA, PRKCA, and ERBB2 were assigned to chr 12 in swine; TK1 and UMPH2, to chr 19 in cattle; and TK1, UMPH2, and PEPA, to chr 11 in sheep. The conserved synteny of these genes in three representatives of the order Artiodactyla was shown.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A scanning electron microscopic study on the distribution of peritubular dentine in cheek teeth of Cervidae and Suidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla).

Distribution of peritubular dentine was studied in cheek teeth of fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). In the two cervid species, especially intense peritubular dentine formation was found in the outer regions of mid and cuspal coronal dentine. In these areas a marked asymmetry occurred, peritubular dentine being predominantly secreted onto the side of the dentinal tubule walls nearest to the dentinoenamel junction. Intensity and asymmetry of peritubular dentine formation decreased cervically. In root dentine, the walls of the dentinal tubules were covered with only a thin peritubular dentine layer of even thickness. Here, in contrast to peripheral coronal dentine, the volume of intertubular dentine far exceeded that of peritubular dentine. In porcine coronal dentine, PTD asymmetry, being of lesser extent than in cervids, was observed only in peripheral areas of cuspal and flank regions of the cheek teeth. Because peritubular is more highly mineralized than intertubular dentine, the relative volume of dentine made up from the two components has an important influence on dentinal wear resistance. The significance of variations in volume and distribution of peritubular dentine between different dentinal regions for achieving and maintaining a functional occlusal surface is shown for cervid cheek teeth. Our results suggest that dentinal structure (in addition to enamel structure) should be taken more into consideration when discussing occlusal surface morphology in herbi- and omnivores from a functional point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Observations on the histomorphology of sarcosporidian cysts of some East African game animals (Artiodactyla).

The histomorphology of formalin-fixed micro and macrosarcosporidian cysts of Grant's, Thomson's gazelle, impala, wildebeest, Bubal hartebeest, Cape eland, red duiker, Kirk's dik-dik, defassa waterbuck, Bohor reedbuck, African buffalo, giraffe, warthog, and giant forest hog is described. The wall of microsarcosporidian cysts is smooth and without villi or with villi. The villi are solid or of honeycomb-like structure on tangential sections. In some animals, microsarcosporidian cysts of almost the same diameter with different wall structure were found in the same muscle of the same animal. Some muscle cells contained two or three microsarcosporidian cysts. The wall of macrosarcosporidian cysts of different game species showed also different structure.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1996

Evolutionary histories of highly repeated DNA families among the Artiodactyla (Mammalia).

Six highly repeated DNA families were analyzed using Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization in a comparative study of 46 species of artiodactyls belonging to seven of the eight extant taxonomic families. Two of the repeats, the dispersed bovine-Pst family and the localized 1.715 component, were found to have the broadest taxonomic distributions, being present in all pecoran ruminants (Giraffidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae, and Bovidae), indicating that these repeats may be 25-40 million years old. Different 1.715 restriction patterns were observed in different taxonomic families, indicating that independent concerted evolution events have homogenized different motifs in different lineages. The other four satellite arrays were restricted to the Bovini and sometimes to the related Boselaphini and Tragelaphini. Results reveal that among the two compound satellites studied, the two components of the 1.711a originated simultaneously, whereas the two components of the 1.711b originated at two different historical times, perhaps as many as 15 million years apart. Systematic conclusions support the monophyly of the infraorder Pecora, the monophyly of the subfamily Bovinae (containing the Boselaphini, Bovini, and Tragelaphini), an inability to resolve any interrelationships among the other tribes of bovids, paraphyly of the genus Bos with respect to Bison, and a lack of molecular variation among two morphologically and ecologically distinct subspecies of African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer cafer and S. c. nanus). Cytogenetically, a reduction in diploid chromosome numbers through centric fusion in derived karyotypes is accompanied by a loss of centromeric satellite DNA. The nilgai karyotype contains an apparent dicentric chromosome as evidenced by the sites of 1.715 hybridization. Telomeric sequences have been translocated to the centromeres without concomitant chromosomal rearrangement in Thompson's gazelle.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The "Linh Duong" Pseudonovibos spiralis (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) is a new buffalo.

The controversial phylogenetic position of the recently described South-East Asian endemic bovid, Pseudonovibos spiralis, was evaluated on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of originally obtained nearly complete 12S mitochondrial rDNA sequences for this species and Bubalus bubalis and 26 sequences of Bovidae from the Genbank using Cervus elaphus (Cervidae) as outgroup. In most of the phylogenetic analyses performed using PAUP 4.0 (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining), Bovidae consisted of two major clades: Bovinae including the tribes Bovini, Tragelaphini and Boselaphini, and Antilopinae + Caprinae, incorporating all other bovids. In most trees P. spiralis fell within the buffalos (subtribe Bovina) between Bubalus and Syncerus. Therefore, our phylogenetic analyses of bovid mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences suggest the close relationship of this enigmatic species with the buffalos and its placement within the subtribe Bovina.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A molecular cytogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovinae) with an emphasis on sex chromosome morphology and NOR distribution.

Q-band comparisons were made among representative species of the four genera of the tribe Bovini (Bos, Bison, Bubalus, Syncerus) as well as to selected outgroup taxa representing the remaining two tribes of the subfamily Bovinae (nilgai, Boselaphini; eland, Tragelphini), the Bovidae subfamily Caprinae (domestic sheep) and the family Cervidae (sika deer and white-tailed deer). Extensive autosomal arm homologies were noted, but relatively few derivative character states were shared. Focus was then made on variation of the sex chromosomes and the chromosomal distribution of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). Bovine BAC clones were used in molecular cytogenetic analyses to decipher rearrangements of the sex chromosomes, and a pocket gopher 28s ribosomal probe was used to map the chromosomal locations of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). Some of the more noteworthy conclusions drawn from the comparative analysis were that: 1. The Bovidae ancestral X chromosome was probably acrocentric and similar to acrocentric X chromosomes of the Bovinae; 2. The domestic sheep acrocentric X is probably a derivative character state that unites non-Bovinae subfamilies; 3. Bos and Bison are united within the tribe Bovini by the presence of shared derivative submetacentric X chromosomes; 4. Sika and white-tailed deer X chromosomes differ by inversion from X chromosomes of the Bovinae; 5. The Bovini ancestral Y chromosome was probably a small acrocentric; 6. Bos taurus, B. gaurus and B. banteng share derivative metacentric Y chromosomes; 7. Syncerus and Bubalus are united by the acquisition of X-specific repetitive DNA sequence on their Y chromosomes; 8. Bovinae and Cervidae X chromosome centromere position varies without concomitant change in locus order. Preliminary data indicate that a knowledge of the chromosomal distribution of NORs among the Bovidae will prove to be phylogenetically informative.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Phylogenetic information in inter-SINE and inter-SSR fingerprints of the artiodactyla and evolution of the bov-tA SINE.

Various interspersed repeated sequences and elements (IRSs) can be utilized to generate PCR-based multilocus fingerprint profiles by amplifying the interelement segments, using primers matching the elements themselves. We assessed the utility of inter-IRS fingerprinting in phylogenetic comparisons among six artiodactyl species using several primers derived from two abundant genomic components: the Bov-tA short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) and simple sequence repeats or microsatellites (SSRs). Character- and distance-based analyses of the fingerprint data produced trees conforming to the established phylogenetic relationships of species. The strength of phylogenetic signal from different primers varied; combining data from different experiments resulted in robust trees. Within the Cervidae, the hierarchical relationship [(Odocoileus, Rangifer) Alces] was strongly supported. Both methods appear useful tools for systematic studies at time scales <30 Myr. To elucidate the material basis of inter-SINE fingerprints, we obtained the first sequences of the 'bovid' Bov-tA element also from two cervids (reindeer and white-tailed deer) and analysed their relationship to a number of paralogous bovid elements. The differences among sequences, both intra- and interspecific, were relatively high (mean 18.5%); the sequences showed no clear clustering with the species from which they had been isolated. Most individual elements probably date back to the cervid-bovid ancestor >25 Myr ago, which is in line with the observed fingerprint distributions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Molecular evidence for the inclusion of cetaceans within the order Artiodactyla.

The transition in the cetaceans from terrestrial life to a fully aquatic existence is one of the most enduring evolutionary mysteries. Resolving the phylogenetic relationships between Cetacea and the other orders of eutherian mammals may provide us with important clues to the origin of whales and may help us date the evolutionary transition to aquatic life. Previous paleontological and molecular evidence has indicated that cetaceans and artiodactyls constitute a natural clade within subclass Eutheria. Our present phylogenetic analyses of protein and mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicate that cetaceans are not only intimately related to the artiodactyls; they are in fact deeply nested within the artiodactyl phylogenetic tree; i.e., they are more closely related to the members of one suborder of artiodactyls, the Ruminantia, than either ruminants or cetaceans are to members of the other two artiodactyl suborders: Suiformes and Tylopoda. On the basis of the rate of evolution of mitochondrial DNA sequences and using paleontological reference dates for calibration, we estimate that the whale lineage has branched off a protoruminant lineage < 50 Mya. By implication, the cetacean transition to aquatic life is inferred to be a relatively recent evolutionary event.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Phylogeny of the Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia), based on mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences.

Portions of the 12S and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal genes for 16 species representing nine tribes in the mammal family Bovidae were compared with six previously published orthologous sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of variable nucleotide positions under different constraints and weighting schemes revealed no robust groupings among tribes. Consensus trees support previous hypotheses of monophyly for four clades, including the traditional subfamily Bovinae. However, the basal diversification of bovid tribes, which was largely unresolved by morphological, immunodiffusion, allozyme, and protein sequence data, remains unresolved with the addition of DNA sequence data. The intractability of this systematic problem is consistent with a rapid radiation of the major bovid groups. Several analyses of our data show that monophyly of the Bovidae, which was weakly supported by previous morphological and molecular work, is questionable.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

The entire mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was compared for 11 species of the artiodactyl family Cervidae, representing all living subfamilies, i.e., the antlered Cervinae (Cervus elaphus, C. nippon, Dama dama), Muntiacinae (Muntiacus reevesi), and Odocoileinae (Odocoileus hemionus, Mazama sp., Capreolus capreolus, C. pygargus, Rangifer tarandus, Alces alces); and the antlerless Hydropotinae (Hydropotes inermis). Phylogenetic analyses using Tragulidae, Antilocapridae, Giraffidae and Bovidae as outgroups provide evidence for three multifurcating principal clades within the monophyletic family Cervidae. First, Cervinae and Muntiacus are joined in a moderately-to-strongly supported clade of Eurasian species. Second, Old World Odocoileinae (Capreolus and Hydropotes) associate with the Holarctic Alces. Third, New World Odocoileinae (Mazama and Odocoileus) cluster with the Holarctic Rangifer. The combination of mitochondrial cyt b and nuclear k-casein sequences increases the robustness of these three clades. The Odocoileini + Rangiferini clade is unambiguously supported by a unique derived cranial feature, the expansion of the vomer which divides the choana. Contrasting with current taxonomy, Hydropotes is not the sister group of all the antlered deers, but it is nested within the Odocoileinae. Therefore, Hydropotes lost the antlers secondarily. Thus, the mitochondrial cyt b phylogeny splits Cervidae according to plesiometacarpal (Cervinae + Muntiacinae) versus telemetacarpal (Odocoileinae + Hydropotinae) conditions, and suggests paraphyly of antlered deer.

Animals↗