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PubMed2002

Asian domains of four major genotypes of JC virus, Af2, B1-b, CY and SC.

JC virus (JCV) strains worldwide can be classified into various genotypes based on DNA sequence variations. To define the domains of the four major JCV genotypes in Asia, we collected urine samples at six unstudied sites: three in southeastern Asia, two in the central highlands and one in central Asia. DNA was extracted from urine samples, and used to amplify a 610-bp region of the viral genome. For each geographical site, we determined 16 to 31 sequences, from which a phylogenetic tree was constructed to unambiguously classify detected JCV isolates into distinct genotypes. From JCV genotype profiles at the sites studied here and elsewhere, the following conclusions were drawn. Although Af2 is the major genotype in Africa, this genotype also occurs in western and central Asia. B1-b mainly occurs in western and central Asia, including the central highlands. CY occurs in northeastern Asia with the southern boundary between China and southeast Asian countries. Although SC predominates in southeastern Asia, it also occurs in northern and central Asia at lower frequencies. In addition, a few minor JCV genotypes (B1-a, B2 and B3) occur at many sites. We discuss here the anthropological and medical significance of the present findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Gnathostomiasis].

Gnathostomiasis is an helminthic zoonotic disease endemic in Asia, mainly in Southeastern Asia, and Latin America, that has been increasingly reported in travelers returning from these areas. It is due to the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat (chiken, snakes), frogs or fish, contaminated with larvae of the gender Gnathostoma. Gnathostomiasis includes a great variety of clinical manifestations caused by cutaneous and/or visceral larva migrans syndrome. We present here parasitological, epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspect of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evolution of avian influenza viruses H5N1 (1997-2004) in southern and south-eastern Asia].

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype are widespread and have become endemic in poultry in southern and southeastern Asia. An unprecedented epizootic was caused by these viruses in 8 countries in the winter of 2003 to 2004. This fact along with more frequent human cases of the infection with unusually high mortality rates in Vietnam and Thailand raises concern that these H5N1 events may lead to a new influenza A virus pandemic. This review summarizes the results of studies dealing with the ecology and evolution of avian influenza H5N1 viruses in southern and southeastern Asia since 1997. The pathogenesis of the infection in human beings and laboratory animals and possible determinants of the high pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses in mammals are considered. A scheme for designing modified H5N1 vaccines using the latest advances in reverse genetics of influenza viruses is given.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Implication of phylogenetic systematics of rodent-borne hantaviruses allows understanding of their distribution.

Hantaviruses' distribution is reassessed after performing a cladistic analysis on 93 strains isolated from rodents, and one used as outgroup: Thottapalayam isolated from a shrew. While most hantaviruses found in wild animals were collected in northern Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, only Thottapalayam and Thailand were found in South and Southeastern Asia. Thottapalayam is highly divergent from the other known hantaviruses and may represent the emerging tip of a different lineage. Serological surveys carried out to detect evidence of Hantavirus in human populations revealed positive samples not only in West and Central Africa but also in Thailand, with a first case recently confirmed. This suggests that Hantaan-related viruses may infect humans out of their well-documented range. Thus, if rodents are probably the primary reservoir, other mammals may be involved in the cycle of hantaviruses. Additional work is needed out of the traditional areas where hantaviruses have been recorded. New viruses, different hosts, and different human syndromes may be discovered in the future mainly in Southeastern Asia and in Africa where Muridae rodents are present and highly diversified.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Different post-Pleistocene histories of Eurasian parids.

Previous phylogeographic studies of the great tit (Parus major) and the willow tit (Parus montanus) found a general absence of phylogeographic structure for both species and suggested that each species underwent range contraction during the last Ice Age and survived in relatively low numbers, P. major in southern Europe and P. montanus in southeastern Asia. However, prior studies did not sample the entire range of either species. We analyzed sequence data for the complete mitochondrial ND2 gene from 87 P. major and 139 P. montanus from 15 new Eurasian localities, both to test prior conclusions and to provide better coverage of each species' range. Our analyses confirmed the absence of phylogeographic structure in P. major and P. montanus and supported the prior refuge hypothesis for P. major. For P. montanus, we concluded that besides surviving the Ice Age in southeastern Asia, as previously hypothesized, it apparently sustained a relatively large population in northern Eurasian riverine thickets and then expanded eastward. Genetic diversity was low in P. major (pi = 0.0012, h = 0.64) and moderate in P. montanus (pi = 0.0021, h = 0.88), suggesting higher long-term effective population sizes and the older ages of populations in P. montanus. If molecular substitution rates are similar, P. montanus colonized its current Eurasian range earlier than P. major. Differences between prior studies and ours likely result from sampling gaps in earlier studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

JC virus genotypes in a Taiwan aboriginal tribe (Bunun): implications for its population history.

The origin of Taiwanese aborigines remains obscure; it has been speculated that they may be from either mainland China or southeastern Asia. We used the JCV genotyping method to elucidate the origin of Bunun aborigines who now live in central mountain areas of Taiwan. We found that Bunun aborigines carried two major (B1-a2 and CY) and two minor JCV genotypes (B1-a1 and SC). This was contrasted with the JCV genotype profile in modern Taiwanese: one major (SC) and two minor genotypes (CY and B1-a1). It thus appears that B1-a2 and CY are indigenous to the Bunun tribe. B1-a2 was first identified in this study as a discrete cluster that contained only Bunun and Philippine JCV isolates and that was closely related to B1-a1, one of the three common JCV genotypes in China. CY predominates in North China, while SC predominates in South China and southeastern Asia. The present findings suggest that the Bunun tribe is an admixture of two ethnic groups, one carrying B1-a2 and the other carrying CY. In other words, it is likely that the Bunun tribe was established by two waves of immigrations from mainland Asia, predating those by southern Chinese which began in the 17th century.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Genetic structure of people from the Volga-Ural region and Central Asia from data of Alu-polymorphism].

Nine Alu loci (Ya5NBC5, Ya5NBC27, Ya5NBC148, Ya5NBC182, YA5NBC361, ACE, ApoA1, PV92, TPA25) were analyzed in six ethnic populations (Trans-Ural Bashkirs, Tatars-Mishars, Mordovians-Moksha, Mountain Maris, Udmurts, and Komi-Permyaks) of the Volga-Ural region and in three Central Asian populations (Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Uigurs). All Alu insertions analyzed appeared to be polymorphic in all populations examined. The frequency of insertion varied from 0.110 in Mountain Maris at the Ya5NBC5 locus to 0.914 in Tatars at the ApoA1 locus. The data on the allele frequency distribution at nine loci point to the existence of substantial genetic diversity in the populations examined. The value of the observed heterozygosity averaged over nine Alu insertions varied from 0.326 in Mountain Maris to 0.445 in Kazakhs and Uigurs. The level of the interpopulation genetic differences for the Volga-Ural population (Fst = 0.061) was higher than for the populations of Central Asia (Fst = 0.024), Europe (Fst = 0.02), and Southeastern Asia (Fst = 0.018). The populations examined were highly differentiated both in respect of linguistic characteristics and the geographical position. The data obtained confirmed the effectiveness of the marker system used for the assessment of genetic differentiation and the relationships between the ethnic groups.

Alu Elements↗