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PubMed2004

Influence of acidulated phosphate fluoride solution on the color stability of indirect composites.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) agents are known to be useful for caries-preventive interventions, few studies have examined the influence of APF agents on indirect composite materials. PURPOSE: This study examined whether exposure to APF agents affects color stability when a composite is exposed to a common staining agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty light-polymerized composite disks (8 x 2.0 mm) were fabricated with midifilled (Cesead II; n = 20) and microfilled (Newmetacolor Infis; n = 20) composites. The specimens were polymerized with a light for 90 seconds on each side, ground with silicon carbide paper, finished using a polishing kit, and colorimetrically evaluated to determine baseline L*a *b* values. After storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, half of the disks for each composite (n = 10) was treated with an APF solution (Fluodent A) for 32 minutes, while the remaining half of the specimens were untreated (controls). Half the treated and untreated specimens were immersed in tea or distilled water (n = 5, respectively), and after 4 weeks color changes were measured. To determine the influence of APF on each composite, the CIE L*a*b* color difference baseline values after 4 weeks were compared using 2- and 1-way analyses of variance and post-hoc Sheffe's S intervals (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The color differences of both materials when immersed in tea were significantly influenced by APF (P < .05). The mean DeltaE values of APF-treated Cesead II and Newmetacolor Infis immersed in tea were 5.4 +/- 1.2 and 4.5 +/- 1.3, respectively, while the untreated values were 3.8 +/- 0.6 and 3.0 +/- 0.1, respectively. When immersed in water, neither material was affected by APF in respect to change in color. CONCLUSION: The color of both composites tested were significantly influenced by APF treatment when immersed in tea, indicating that the in vitro color stability of the indirect composites was negatively affected by applications of APF.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1995

Fluoride profiles in different sites of approximal surfaces of second primary molars after topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride gel in vivo.

Thirty-four (17 paired) extracted second primary molars were obtained from 17 individuals (9 boys and 8 girls) aged from 9 yr 2 months to 12 yr 7 months. A tooth on one side was extracted as a control, and an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel was then applied to the paired contralateral second primary molar. Three months later, the experimental tooth was extracted. Nine sites were assayed by a microsampling technique from small areas of the approximal enamel surface. The fluoride and phosphorus concentrations were determined by a fluoride electrode and by colorimetric procedure, respectively. Fluoride concentrations were higher in the teeth treated with the APF gel than in the control teeth. The highest fluoride uptake was observed in the central area of the approximal surfaces. Deeper areas (> 10 microns) had a marked uptake of fluoride as compared with surface areas (< 3 microns). It was concluded that the APF gel application increased the fluoride levels of approximal tooth surfaces, particularly the mid-central site, of second primary molars, even at 3 months after application.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1995

Effects of argon laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride on root caries.

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of argon laser irradiation (ArI) and topical acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) treatment on artificial caries formation in root surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After soft tissue debridement and fluoride-free prophylaxis, the teeth were divided into quarters and acid-resistant varnish was applied, leaving windows of sound root surface exposed. Each tooth received four separate treatments: (1) Control-mesiobuccal quarter; (2) ArI only--mesiolingual quarter; (3) ArI followed by APF- distobuccal quarter; (4) APF followed by ArI-distolingual quarter. ArI was for 10 seconds at 2W (100J/cm2) and APF treatment was for 4 minutes. After artificial lesion formation, sections were prepared and evaluated with polarized light. Mean lesion depths were determined and compared (ANOVA & DMR for a paired design). RESULTS: Mean lesion depths were: 347 +/- 41 microns--controls; 263 +/- 32 microns--ArI only; 158 +/- 21 microns--ArI followed by APF; and 149 +/- 17 microns -APF followed by ArI. Lesion depths were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the control group and each treatment group, and between ArI only group and either combined APF and ArI groups. No lesion depth difference (P > 0.05) was present between the combined APF and ArI groups. Argon laser irradiation significantly enhanced the resistance of root surfaces to demineralization. Combination of APF treatment with argon laser irradiation provided added protection against a constant artificial caries attack.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1982

The effect of contact time of acidulated phosphate fluoride on fluoride concentration in human enamel.

Polished enamel blocks with known surface areas were obtained from human mandibular incisors. Acidulated phosphate fluoride was applied for 4 min and washed off after additional contact times of 0, 2, 6 and 24 h, respectively. The enamel fluoride concentrations were determined in three successive etch depths before and after extraction in 1 M KOH for 24 h. The predominant reaction product was CaF2. The concentration of the fluoride bound as fluorapatite or fluorhydroxyapatite reached an optimal level after a 6-h contact time.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2005

Effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on the adherence of cariogenic bacteria to resin composites.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) and the subsequent polishing on the in vitro adherence of mutans streptococci to resin composites in a model that simulated the oral cavity conditions. METHODS: Samples of light-curing resin-based composites (Z100 and Z250) were treated with 1.23% APF gel (Sultan) for 1 minute and polished subsequently with Sof-Lex disks. The bacterial adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus to the APF gel treated resin samples and the subsequent polished samples were analyzed and compared with the adherence to the non-treated controls. RESULTS: The 1.23% APF gel caused a significant increase in the adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. The increasing rate of the bacterial adherence to resin composites after APF treatment ranged from 73.5% to 167% and differed according to the bacterial strains. A decrease in the adherence of the bacteria was found after subsequent polishing with Sof-Lex disks.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1976

Effect of topically applied acidulated phosphate fluoride on dental caries.

A 4-year clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect on dental caries incidence of the use of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF 1.23%). 1,653 Egyptian schoolchildren aged 8 years started the trial. Dental caries was assessed annually by clinical examinations. 1,027 children completed the study. After 4 years, the children in the study group showed a mean of 2.58 DMF teeth and 2.68 DMF surfaces. Those in the control group showed 2.58 and 2.67, respectively. No significant reduction in the caries increment was observed at 0.05 level. The findings of this study suggest that topical application of fluoride does not decrease pit and fissure caries.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acid-etching of caries-like lesions of enamel treated with acidulated phosphate fluoride: an in vitro study.

Using the scanning electron microscope and the polarized light microscope, the effects of acid-etching on acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF)-treated caries-like lesions of enamel were investigated, with respect to the etching patterns produced and the suitability of those patterns for resin bonding, and the histopathological features of the caries-like lesions.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An in vitro study of enamel surface microhardness following argon laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of low-fluence argon laser (AL) irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel treatment on enamel microhardness. METHODS: Twelve mandibular permanent molars were selected for this study. The teeth were sectioned generating 4 flat enamel surfaces per tooth. The flattened enamel tooth surfaces were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) no treatment (control); (2) the enamel surface was exposed to a 4-minute, 1.23% APF gel treatment; (3) the enamel surface was exposed to AL irradiation of 11.5 J/cm2 (0.23 1-W, 5-mm beam size, 10 seconds); and (4) the enamel surface was exposed to the same AL irradiation followed by an APF gel treatment. Using a Buehler Micromet II Digital Microhardness Tester, Knoop hardness was determined using a 1,000-gram load and a dwell time of 12 seconds. Five hardness values were recorded for each enamel surface. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's least significant difference post-hoc test. RESULTS: Mean surface hardness values (+/-SD) were 298+/-37 Knoop hardness (HK) for the no treatment (control), 270+/-70 HK for the APF-only group, 316+/-5 HK for the AL-only group, and 317+/-25 HK for the AL-before-APF group. The AL-only and AL-before-APF groups had significantly higher (P<.05) surface hardness values vs the APF-only group. CONCLUSIONS: Enamel surface microhardness is higher when exposed to low AL irradiation only or AL before APF vs a no treatment (control) enamel surface.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2000

Influence of acidulated phosphate fluoride agents on surface characteristics of composite restorative materials.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surface changes of resin-based composites (RBC) when they were exposed to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One microfilled (Silux Plus) and four hybrid (Clearfil AP-X, Lite-Fil IIA, Palfique Estelite, Progress) RBCs were separately treated with two APF agents (Fluorident Gel, Floden A). Changes in surface roughness were determined with a surface analyzer, and relief patterns were observed using a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Although the surfaces of hybrid RBC materials containing macro-inorganic filler particles were generally found to be rougher than that of the microfilled composite regardless of APF treatment, macro-inorganic fillers in two of the hybrid composites demonstrated noticeable etched patterns generated by an APF solution.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2005

Phosphoric acid incorporated with acidulated phosphate fluoride gel etchant effects on bracket bonding.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of etching with phosphoric acid incorporated in an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on the bonding of a bracket and the loss of sound enamel. In the control group, the enamel was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds. In the experimental groups, the enamel was etched for 30 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid blended with 1.23% APF gel at various ratios (25%, 33%, 50%, 67%, and 75% APF gel). The brackets were bonded with Transbond XT light-cured orthodontic adhesive according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were then treated under three different conditions: 37 degrees C for one hour, 37 degrees C for 24 hours, and thermocycling (2500 times) between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C in deionized water. The shear bond strength of 10 specimens in each condition was measured and the results analyzed using a Tukey multiple comparison test (P = .05). The shear bond strength decreased significantly as the fraction of the APF gel increased in the experimental etchant. An apparent increase in the adhesive remnant index score was also observed in the large fraction of the APF gel. To minimize the damage of the sound enamel surface during the etching and debonding procedures, a mixture of phosphoric acid and an APF gel (50% and 67% APF fraction) can be used as an phosphoric acid etchant substitute without loss of the proper bracket bond strength.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1995

Acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment and formation of caries-like lesions in enamel: effect of application time.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) application time (1 and 4 minutes) on caries-like lesion formation in enamel. Following a fluoride-free prophylaxis, the specimens (10 extracted human molars) were divided into tooth quarters and assigned to treatment groups: 1) Distobuccal and Distolingual Quarters--1 minute APF; 2) Mesiobuccal and Mesiolingual Quarters--4 minute APF. Acid-resistant varnish was applied to the tooth quarters, leaving sound enamel windows exposed on buccal and lingual surfaces. Following treatment, the APF gel (Oral-B Minute Gel) was removed by air-water spray rinsing, followed by a 24-hour water rinse. Sound enamel windows protected from APF treatment by acid-resistant varnish were created adjacent to APF-treated sound enamel windows and served as paired controls. Lesions were created in APF-treated and paired control sound enamel windows with an acidified gel. After lesion formation, sections were obtained and imbibed with water for polarized light study. Body of the lesion depths were measured and compared statistically. Mean body of the lesion depths were: 186 +/- 28 microns for control lesions, 117 +/- 12 microns for APF-1min; and 111 +/- 14 microns for APF-4min. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between paired control and APF groups. No difference (p > 0.05) was found between APF-1min and APF-4min groups. APF treatment prior to lesion formation resulted in a significant reduction in lesion depth, regardless of whether a 1 or 4 minute APF treatment period was used. The 1 minute APF treatment provided the same degree of caries protection as the longer treatment period.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of acidulated phosphate fluoride agent and effectiveness of subsequent polishing on composite material surfaces.

This study examined the surface morphological changes of prosthodontic composite materials when exposed to an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) agent and the effectiveness of subsequent polishing on APF-treated material surfaces. Nine composite materials (Conquest Sculpture, Dentacolor Sirius, Diamond Crown, Estenia, Eye Sight, Gradia, New Meta Color Infis, Prywood Color and Vita Zeta) were assessed. After half the surface of each composite disk specimen was coated with a varnish, the entire surface was treated with an APF solution (Floden A). The varnish was removed and a surface analyzer helped to determine changes in the surface roughness value (Ra). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe relief patterns for all specimens. The composite surfaces treated with the APF were then polished and examined using the SEM. Ra values for the Conquest Sculpture, Diamond Crown, Estenia, Gradia and Prywood Color materials (macro inorganic filler) showed a significant increase as a result of treatment with the APF solution, and the macro-inorganic fillers (Estenia, Prywood Color) demonstrated noticeable etched patterns. There were no significant statistical differences in Ra values between the treated and untreated halves for any of the microfilled materials. In addition, photographs of the microfilled materials indicated no changes in the surfaces and showed the effectiveness of polishing on the material surfaces. Microfilled material surfaces were not sensitive to the APF agent compared with macroinorganic filled material surfaces. For the latter, the effectiveness of surface polishing was demonstrated.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Degradation in performance of orthodontic wires caused by hydrogen absorption during short-term immersion in 2.0% acidulated phosphate fluoride solution.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degradation in performance of four major alloys of orthodontic wires, namely nickel-titanium, beta titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt-chromium-nickel, caused by hydrogen absorption during short-term immersion in an acid fluoride solutions. The hydrogen-related degradation of orthodontic wires after immersion in 2.0% acidulated phosphate fluoride solution at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes was evaluated by a tensile test, scanning electron microscope observation, and hydrogen thermal desorption analysis. Upon immersion, the tensile strengths of the nickel-titanium and beta titanium wires decreased. Particularly, the nickel-titanium wire fractured before yielding, and the fracture mode changed from ductile to brittle. The amounts of absorbed hydrogen in the nickel-titanium and beta titanium wires were 200 and 100 mass ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the tensile strengths of the stainless steel and cobalt-chromium-nickel wires were only slightly affected by immersion. The results of this study suggest that degradation in performance of orthodontic wires of titanium alloys occurs because of hydrogen absorption even after a short-term immersion in fluoride solutions.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of acidulated phosphate fluoride solution on veneering particulate filler composite.

PURPOSE: The objective of the current study was to investigate the surface morphologic characteristics of prosthodontic composite materials treated with an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven composite materials (Artglass, Axis, Belleglass, Cesead II, Dentacolor, Solidex, and Targis) were examined. Each material was packed into a split plastic mold and was polymerized with a laboratory photo-curing unit. Half of each composite disk surface was coated with a varnish, and the entire surface of the sample was treated with an APF agent. After removal of the varnish, surface roughness values (Ra) for the treated and untreated (ie, previously varnish coated) sides of all specimens were recorded with a surface analyzer and observed with a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Ra values for Cesead II, Solidex, and Targis showed a significant increase as a result of treatment with the APF solution. Microphotographs demonstrated that the macroinorganic fillers in the Cesead II and Solidex materials showed substantial dissolution caused by the APF agent. There were no significant statistical differences in the Ra values between the treated and untreated halves for any of the materials containing inorganic fillers composed entirely of diameters up to 1.0 microm. In particular, microphotographs of prepolymerized silica composite (classified as microfilled materials in Axis and Dentacolor) did not reveal any change of the specimen surfaces. CONCLUSION: The APF agent attacked inorganic fillers in the composite materials. Microfilled material surfaces were insensitive to the agent in comparison with macroinorganic filled material surfaces.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2006

Corrosion behavior of pure titanium and titanium alloys in various concentrations of Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) solutions.

The corrosion behaviors of Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-6Al-4V alloys, and an experimentally produced Ti-0.5Pt alloy in 0.05% to 2.0% concentrations of Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) solutions (corresponding to 226 to 9,050 ppm fluoride at pH 3.5 or 3.6) were examined. While the corrosion of Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-6Al-4V alloys might occur easily even in a diluted 0.05% APF solution, dissolution of Ti from the Ti-0.5Pt alloy was observed only in test solutions with APF concentration exceeding 0.2%. When Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-6Al-4V alloys were immersed in 2.0% APF solution, their surfaces were entirely covered by compact corrosion products of Na3TiF6 due to severe corrosion. As a result, Ti dissolution was prevented and the amount of Ti dissolved decreased. However, since Ti was covered by porous, large-sized corrosion products of Na3TiF6 and that Ti-0.5Pt alloy was not covered with any corrosion product, the amount of Ti dissolved increased in the 2.0% APF solution.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Argon laser irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment in caries-like lesion formation in enamel: an in vitro study.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the combined effects of argon laser irradiation (ArI) and acidulated phosphate fluoride treatment (APF) on caries-like lesion formation in human enamel. Each specimen was divided into tooth quarters with each quarter assigned to one of four groups: 1) control; 2) ArI Only; 3) ArI before APF treatment; 4) APF treatment before ArI. After a fluoride-free prophylaxis, acid-resistant varnish was applied to the tooth quarters, leaving sound enamel windows exposed on buccal and lingual surfaces. Argon laser irradiation was at 2 watts for 10s (100J/cm2). APF treatment was with a 1.23% APF gel for 4 min. Lesions were created in sound enamel windows with an acidified gel. After lesion formation, sections were obtained and imbibed with water for polarized light study. Body of the lesion depths were determined and compared among the four groups. Lesion depths were: 195 +/- 23 microns for control; 129 +/- 17 microns for ArI only; 96 +/- 14 microns for ArI before APF; and 88 +/- 11 microns for APF before ArI. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the control group and all treatment groups, and between the ArI only group and both combined APF and ArI groups. Significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between the ArI before APF and the APF before ArI groups. Laser irradiation alone reduced lesion depth by 34% compared with control lesions. When ArI was combined with APF treatment, lesion depth decreased by more than 50% compared with control lesions, and by 26 to 32% when compared with lased-only lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1999

Combined effects of acidulated phosphate fluoride and argon laser on sound root surface morphology: an in vitro scanning electron microscopy study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this in vitro scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study was to evaluate the effects of combining low fluence argon laser (AL) irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) treatment on the surface morphology of sound human root surfaces. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Previous in vitro investigations have shown that combined APF and AL irradiation of root surfaces provided a protective effect against cariogenic challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve extracted human molars were sectioned into quarters, and each quarter assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) no treatment/control; (2) low fluence (11.5 J/cm2) AL irradiation; (3) 1.23% APF for 4 minutes; (4) APF treatment followed by low fluence AL irradiation. Surface morphology alterations were compared among groups using SEM techniques. RESULTS: AL irradiation alone produced irregular textured surfaces with adherent globular material and fine microporsities in the background. APF treatment, alternatively, only created relatively smooth surface coatings that masked the original underlying root surface. Combining APF treatment followed by AL irradiation resulted in a surface coating composed of relatively small (2 to 3 microns) spherical to avoid precipitates, morphologically resembling calcium fluoride. CONCLUSION: Combining APF with AL irradiation may create a more reactive surface that possesses fluoride-rich mineral deposits and protects the underlying root surface from cariogenic challenges.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗