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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

[On the effect of some inhibitors of proteinbiosynthesis on activity and learning behavior of goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus L)].

Concerning the problems of learning and memory there is a distinction of a short term memory (STM) and a long term memory (LTM). It is supposed that the STM is an electrical phenomenon, whereas the LTM depends on material changes. The assumed materials are RNA, proteins, lipids, amines etc, and the primary carrier of the information is DNA. But there is a discrepancy: learning-specificity is based on environmental changes, but not the structure of DNA. For the investigation of this, we trained goldfish in a shock-free task to take food from coloured cups under the influence of inhibitors of the proteinbiosynthesis. There was no inhibition on memory-processes in our experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A new model of active avoidance conditioning adequate for pharmacological studies.

A model of rapid learning (active avoidance conditioning), using rats, is described which induces retention depending on the number of trials to which the animals are submitted. For 3 trials (double stimulation) adequately spaced, the memory trace lasts for 48 hr, whilst 6 trails induce a trace for 10 days. One single application of the double stimulation does not give any apparent retention in normal rats for 24 hr. This experimental fact is used to study and screen the activity of substances on the learning process. Animals treated with piracetam, pemoline, methamphetamin, strychnine, pyritinol and meclofenoxate before this single trial, display evidence of retention 24 hr later. Other substances, with known clinical CNS activites, eg, tranquillizers, analgesics, etc... show no positive effect on the mnesic trace.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Postnatal alpha-methylphenylalanine treatment effects on adult mouse locomotor activity and avoidance learning.

Neonatal mice were injected for five days with a combination of alpha-methylphenylalanine and phenylalanine to determine the influences of excess phenylalanine during development upon the behavior of these mice as adults. Spontaneous activity, bolus production, passive avoidance learning, simple active avoidance learning and complex active avoidance learning were tested in mice treated at two different postnatal periods. The results show that the treatments during development produced adult behavioral alterations compared to controls. The effects were most pronounced in mice treated in the postnatal period immediately after birth. The behavioral effects can be summarized as increased emotionality and generalized, stimulus-induced activity as well as decreased passive avoidance performance and complex active avoidance performance. These behavioral deficits are consistent with those usually reported in various models of human phenylketonuria.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Learning experiences of medical students by different instructional methods.

We made a prospective study to determine students' response and perception of the various instructional methods during their pediatric rotation. We found that even those students who were used to passive learning adapted to the more self active learning and became more interested in this method.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1977

Simulated patients as a learning resource in the study of reproductive medicine.

Simulated patients have been used to foster active learning and problem solving skills in an undergraduate programme of reproductive medicine. These simulators were trained to present a series of clinical problems and were used in a variety of approaches. They served to highlight communication skills and to force attention on the recognition, assessment and management of patient problems.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence for anticancer drug discovery from natural products of macroalgae and sponges: A systematic review.

Marine natural products (MNPs) from macroalgae and marine sponges have inspired clinically important anticancer agents, including the cytarabine pharmacophore and the eribulin scaffold, while cyanobacterial dolastatin chemistry supplies the auristatin payloads of several marine-inspired antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) such as brentuximab vedotin. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods, encompassing both classical machine learning (ML) with hand-engineered features and modern deep learning (DL) with many-layered neural networks, are increasingly supporting key decisions in natural-product anticancer drug discovery, including bioactivity prediction, target identification, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) filtering, generative analogue design, and the selection of preclinical candidates. DL architectures relevant to this field include graph neural networks, transformer-based molecular generators, diffusion models for protein-ligand docking, and convolutional networks for mass spectrometry, while classical ML contributes interpretable fingerprint-based bioactivity models and molecular networking for dereplication. This review follows a systematic literature review methodology to organize the landscape of AI methods now applied to MNP anticancer discovery, distinguishing ML and DL approaches where relevant, situating them within the chemical context of macroalgal and sponge-derived oncology leads, and critically examining published case studies, including validation level (computational, in vitro, in vivo, clinical). The principal bottleneck for medical translation has shifted partly from algorithmic capability toward data infrastructure and experimental validation. Sparse, heterogeneous, and taxonomically biased bioactivity records limit what current models can learn and reduce the reliability of AI-prioritized candidates entering the preclinical pipeline. A roadmap is proposed that prioritizes open MNP-specific benchmarks, symbiont-aware modeling, and active learning loops with synthesizability and ADMET constraints. These AI workflows may accelerate the prioritization of marine-derived anticancer leads and support earlier, more evidence-based translational decisions in oncology drug development.

Biological Products↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Instrumental and expressive learning: some comparisons.

Preferences for and learning activity in instrumental (basic or skill mastery) and expressive (enjoyment or self-fulfillment) education are examined. Interviews with 256 Nebraskans, fifty-five or older, provided information to examine hypotheses of 1) greater preference for instrumental learning (supported), 2) no preference differences according to age, sex, and location groupings (partially supported), 3) predicted preference for expressive learning by white collar workers and college graduates (not supported), and 4) no preference differences according to race, marital status, and social class groupings (partially supported). Comparisons with earlier (1972) data are included; an increased overall preference for instrumental education was found.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

Individual differences in brain dynamics across a social cognition network induced by cortico-cerebellar tDCS in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with core diagnostic domains of social communication impairments, restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Idiosyncratic brain organization is a potential hallmark of ASD. Previous transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies often targeted dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with changes oin brain dynamics averaged across the cohort. We utilized a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) array to characterize individual differences in brain dynamics induced by cortico-cerebellar tDCS across nodes of a social cognition network. A randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, within-subject clinical trial was conducted in a cohort of 24 young adults with ASD or high autistic traits. Two separate sessions of computerized social learning activities were combined with verum/sham tDCS, with anodal electrode over right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and cathode on right deltoid. Following stimulation, theta- and alpha-band activity were evaluated within nodes of a social cognition network: bilateral TPJ, fusiform, medial prefrontal cortex and Crus I/II of cerebellum. Idiosyncratic participant-specific up- and down-regulation of theta- and alpha-band activity occurred across the network. Activity in right Crus I/II, a region inundated by the stimulation current, strongly correlated with the change of activity summed across all cerebral cortical nodes in theta- but not alpha-band. Intrinsic theta-band activity is believed to mediate input/output relationships in cerebellar cortex and to drive synaptic plasticity. These results suggest that theta-band stimulation of cerebellar cortex might be an effective therapy for individuals on the autism spectrum who present with cerebellar hyperactivity.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Designing environments for mentally retarded clients.

An environment that stimulates the auditory, visual, and tactile senses increases appropriate behavior among mentally retarded clients and thereby reinforces their learning activities. The author describes several low-cost deisgn techniques for giving a more stimulating and personalized atmosphere to large, existing institutions; discusses design requirements for group homes for retarded and handicapped clients in the community; and summarizes design ideas to be incorporated in new facilities built for retarded clients. She describes the implementation of her design ideas on a unit for blind retarded clients at the Mansfield Training School in Connecticut.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1975

Recall and retrieval of anatomical knowledge.

The performance outcomes of a course in anatomy based on the use of specific behavioural objectives and group discussion techniques have been followed up over a period of 21 months. At the end of this time attrition of knowledge averaged 17-5% of the original performance. 72% of students still performed at better than pass level. Performance levels on retest were significantly associated with original levels of performance and were significantly better in respect of items 'reinforced' by subsequent teaching in other subjects. It is suggested that the performance on retest also reflected the nature of the original course, which was dependent on the use of general and specific behavioural objectives and on active learning methods using group discussion techniques.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1979

Teaching clinical problem solving in preclinical occlusion courses.

The teaching of the basic principles and concepts of occlusion can be enhanced. Preclinical occlusion courses are made relevant to the clinical experience by introducing clinically related problem-solving exercises. These exercises develop a student's clinical problem-solving skill and create an excitement for active learning in the preclinical laboratory. Examples of these exercises are presented.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of the adrenal medulla in reaction of the body to stress (clinical and laboratory studies and experimental research)].

The authors have carried out a clinical study of acute medico-surgical complications occuring in patients hospitalized following psychical stress, myocardial infarction, operatory shock and after the earthquake. In patients with duodenal ulcers and hyperacidity due to vagal neurogenic origins it was noted the presence of a sympatico-adrenergic constitutional background in 38% of the cases. By applying chemical sclerosis of the adrenals medullary the role of the medullary was demonstrated in the production of acute digestive lesions due to stress, as a result of standard electrical stimulus and of their influence on the bioelectrical reactivity of the brain, on the active learning behaviour by conditioned reaction and on the number of the circulating eosinophils following injections of A.C.T.H.

Adrenal Medulla↗