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PubMed2000

Adolescent development and external influences.

There are two different approaches to the definition of "normal" in adolescence: psychoanalytic interpretation and empirical research. They are not necessarily at odds but can complement each other if normalcy is viewed as a dependent variable. Its definition depends also on cultural rules, social values and expectancies, professional orientations, personality traits and political climate, which all determine the tolerance level for aberrance. The adolescent development including biological, cognitive and psychosocial changes is related to the existing social formations and processes. It is affected by family, peer groups, neighborhood, work and wider community. The paper describes the adolescent development in particular social contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Norepinephrine utilization in the hypothalamus of the male rat during adolescent development.

This study examined the influence of adolescent development and pubertal changes in gonadal function on the development of norepinephrine (NE) turnover in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of rats from late juvenile to young adult ages. In one study, NE utilization was estimated in intact male rats and in male rats castrated at 14 days of age. NE levels were measured 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 240 min after inhibition of catecholamine synthesis at 28, 42, and 70 days of age. In a second study, male rats were made precocious by chronic testosterone exposure over days 14-28 and on the 28th day NE utilization was measured in both the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Turnover rates were calculated based on steady-state kinetics. The results indicate that in vivo NE levels and turnover rates in both the hypothalamus and cortex significantly increase from a late juvenile age to adulthood. However, when NE levels measured after synthesis inhibition were expressed as a percentage of the mean basal values, there was a significant effect of age only in the hypothalamus. Hence, the age-related increases in hypothalamic NE turnover appear to reflect age-related changes in NE utilization, whereas the increases in cortical turnover rates reflect the increasing basal levels and not age-related changes in NE utilization. During mid-puberty (42 days), NE utilization in the hypothalamus was markedly different from that observed in this region at either 28 or 70 days. At 28 and 70 days, NE levels decreased to 50% of basal levels by 4 h following synthesis inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caregiver understanding of adolescent development in residential treatment.

PROBLEM: Caretaker knowledge and understanding of adolescent development and its application to clinical practice with severely emotionally disturbed adolescents in residential treatment. METHODS: Twenty child-care workers and registered nurses participated in semistructured interviews analyzed using dimensional analysis, a grounded theory method. FINDINGS: Three distinct categories of caregivers were identified based on level of expertise and engagement in developmentally appropriate treatment practices: inexperienced, party-liners, and transcenders. Developmental issues identified included lack of resident preparation for puberty and staff discomfort with adolescent sexuality. CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver, institutional, and social barriers to developmentally sensitive practice were identified. Practice recommendations include direct preparation of children and adolescents in residential treatment for pubertal changes and sexual development, and careful discernment of age-appropriate and psychopathological adolescent behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The role of activity in adolescent development: a study of employment.

Adolescent work values have historically been studied within the adult work value framework. This paper explores the notion that adolescence is a developmental stage, and therefore adolescent work values should be seen within this context. Such a developmental approach is found to be useful in reconciling some of the discrepancies in the literature on adolescent work values. In addition, two variables that may help explain the development of adolescent work values: activity and time perspective, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Adolescent development.

This chapter identifies the most robust conclusions and ideas about adolescent development and psychological functioning that have emerged since Petersen's 1988 review. We begin with a discussion of topics that have dominated recent research, including adolescent problem behavior, parent-adolescent relations, puberty, the development of the self, and peer relations. We then identify and examine what seem to us to be the most important new directions that have come to the fore in the last decade, including research on diverse populations, contextual influences on development, behavioral genetics, and siblings. We conclude with a series of recommendations for future research on adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Family systems and adolescent development: shared and nonshared risk and protective factors in nondivorced and remarried families.

The primary goal of this research is to increase the goodness-of-fit between the theoretical tenets of family systems theory and quantitative methods used to test systems hypotheses. A family systems perspective is applied to two specific research questions concerning family influences on adolescent development: To what extent are familial risk and protective factors for psychopathology and competence shared or not shared by siblings and are different family relationship patterns associated with optimal adolescent adjustment in nondivorced and remarried families? Multirater and multimethod data from a national sample of 516 nondivorced and remarried families from the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development (NEAD) project were examined using a combination of cluster, factor, and regression analyses. Results indicated that the effects of an individual relationship on adolescent adjustment is moderated by the larger network of relationships in which it is embedded. Evidence for nonshared familial processes in predicting adolescent psychopathology was also found but only in a subset of families, and the mechanisms of influence were neither main effects nor linear, as has been assumed by research to date. Results are discussed in light of family systems models of relationship influence on development. These results illustrate how family systems theory provides a specific example of contextualism as regards the development of psychopathology in adolescence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Toward a strategy for healthy adolescent development.

Mel Sabshin and I worked closely together during the 1950s, and his influence on me-as on so many others-has persisted ever since. I have never ceased to be deeply impressed by his intellectual curiosity, his strong sense of social responsibility, his integrative capacity across disciplines, and his constructive problem-solving orientation. One of his pioneering and enduring interests over several decades has been in the study of normality. Within that frame-work, he has devoted special attention to adolescent development. In this article I pick up on this strand of his interest. During much of my career, and especially during the past 14 years at the Carnegie Corporation, I have sought ways to build the knowledge base on adolescent development and put that knowledge to use in preventing lifelong casualties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Adolescent development and the emergence of sexuality.

Adolescence is a time of significant opportunity and significant challenge. Challenges can be difficult for some adolescents, which may result in problems that are expressed as affective disturbances or by the adolescent's participation in risk-taking behaviors. This review emphasizes the changes in biopsychosocial development during adolescence. We specifically address aspects of individual change during the adolescent decade (e.g., biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and sexual development) as well as the effects of context on normal development and responses to challenges during this period. Predispositions or vulnerabilities present prior to a developmental transition may be exacerbated by the transition. Adolescents can become healthy adults with the encouragement to develop gradually by limiting the simultaneous changes they experience, where possible, and by supporting healthy development through developmentally appropriate activities and supportive relationships with adults and peers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Extending the boundaries of research on adolescent development.

The mainstream psychology literature has historically failed to include individuals with nonheterosexual sexual orientations in its study of many areas, including adolescent development, sexual development, psychotherapy, couple relationships, aging, suicide, and substance abuse. The articles contained in this issue make clear that knowledge of human behavior will be more complete when research designs are expanded to reflect more accurately the diversity of sexual orientations and sexual expressions. Furthermore, when sexuality is categorized into a rigidly defined group like lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT), it constrains the ways in which individuals might otherwise think about it. Knowledge of human behavior will be advanced more effectively when the field of psychology integrates people of diverse and complex sexualities into its research and studies the mediators and moderators associated with this diversity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The socioendocrinology of adolescent development in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Observations were made on four captive breeding groups of rhesus monkeys in order to measure hormonal, behavioral, and genital changes in adolescent males during the annual mating season. Three questions were addressed with regard to possible effects of social environment upon reproductive maturation: (1) Does male agonistic rank influence adolescent development? (2) Does affiliation between adolescent males and adult females during the mating season influence the males' reproductive development? (3) Does maternal rank exert any effect upon reproductive maturation in adolescent sons? In many (but not all) cases male rank was positively correlated with circulating testosterone and testes weights during the mating season. Affiliative behavior (allogrooming and sexual interactions) between adolescents and adult females in their social groups bore no relationship to the degree of reproductive maturation in males. Mounts involving intromission were infrequent, but sons of high-ranking mothers gained significantly more intromissions than sons of lower-ranking females. Maternal rank was also found to correlate with circulating testosterone levels, testes weights, growth of the baculum (os penis), and maintenance of body weight in adolescent sons during the mating season. By contrast, levels of beta-endorphin in the cerebrospinal fluid of adolescent males did not correlate with social rank, testosterone levels, or genital development. These findings point to possible effects of maternal rank, as well as intermale agonistic rank, in determining reproductive maturation during adolescence in the male rhesus monkey.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Implications of MMPI/MMPI--a findings for understanding adolescent development and psychopathology.

The MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) and the MMPI-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992) have been used in the evaluation of adolescents for over 60 years, resulting in over 200 studies involving tens of thousands of adolescents. This literature not only informs us concerning characteristics of this test instrument but also holds important implications for our understanding of adolescent development and psychopathology. In this article, based on an invited master lecture at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, I present several points illustrating the relevance of MMPI and MMPI--A research in enriching our understanding of adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Measuring social change preferences in African American adolescents: development of the Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A).

Studies addressing Black adolescents' social change strategies are nonexistent and might be associated with the absence of social change measures for Black adolescents. In an effort to begin addressing this concern, the 30-item Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A) was designed to measure Black adolescents' first- (i.e., within the system) and second- (outside of the system) order social change strategies. Factor analysis of responses that 226 Black adolescents gave to the MOSC-A revealed first- and second-order social change factors. Item response theory analyses revealed that 65% of the items on the former factor adequately discriminate across different trait levels, but those of the latter were less promising. Scaffolded on this study, future research might refine the MOSC-A's psychometric properties and improve its utility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Family dinner meal frequency and adolescent development: relationships with developmental assets and high-risk behaviors.

PURPOSE: To examine associations between family meal frequency and developmental assets and high-risk behaviors among a national sample of adolescents. METHODS: Anonymous surveys were distributed to 99,462 sixth to 12th grade students from public and alternative schools in 213 cities and 25 states across the United States. Logistic regression analyses tested differences in assets and high-risk behaviors by family dinner frequency. RESULTS: Consistent positive associations were found between the frequency of family dinners and all developmental assets, including both external (e.g., support, boundaries and expectations; odds ratio [OR] 2.1-3.7) and internal assets (e.g., commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies, and positive identity; OR 1.8-2.6); relationships were attenuated, but remained significant after adjusting for demographics and general family communication and support. Consistent inverse relationships were found between the frequency of family dinners and all high-risk behaviors measured (i.e., substance use, sexual activity, depression/suicide, antisocial behaviors, violence, school problems, binge eating/purging, and excessive weight loss; OR .36-.58), relationships were attenuated, but remained significant after adjusting for demographics and family factors. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study suggest that the frequency of family dinner is an external developmental asset or protective factor that may curtail high-risk behaviors among youth. Creative and realistic strategies for enhancing and supporting family meals, given the context within which different families live, should be explored to promote healthy adolescent development. Family rituals such as regular mealtimes may ease the stress of daily living in the fast-paced families of today's society.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Adolescent development alters stressor-induced Fos immunoreactivity in rat brain.

Adult-typical behavioural responses to environmental challenges as well as the stressor responsiveness of several neural systems emerge over adolescent development. The present study was undertaken to determine whether stressors might activate different neural populations in adult vs juvenile male rats. Fos-immunoreactivity was determined in various forebrain nuclei following 15 min or 2 h of restraint in 28- and 60-day-old male rats (representing late juvenile and young adult ages, respectively) and compared to non-restrained control animals at each age. Few Fos-positive cells were identified in unrestrained controls at either age. Restraint, however, induced the production of Fos in several areas. Fos immunoreactivity was marked in parvocellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus following both restraint periods and at both ages, an observation consistent with previous observations that restraint increases plasma corticosterone at both ages. And at both ages, Fos immunoreactivity was evident in magnocellular regions of the hypothalamus only following the longer restraint period. Fos immunoreactivity, however, clearly varied as a function of adolescent age in several regions. Moderate to intense Fos immunoreactivity was observed in adults in all divisions of the anterior olfactory nucleus, cortical and medial amygdaloid nuclei, pyriform cortex and tenia tecta. In contrast to the adult, only a few Fos positive cells were observed in any of these regions in juveniles. Exposure to the same stressor induced Fos in a broader spectrum of neurons in young adult than in juvenile male rats. The lack of Fos-positive cells in specific areas of juveniles may relate to maturation in specific amygdaloid nuclei, which project to many of the other regions that showed age-related differences in Fos production. The emergence over adolescence of Fos-positive cells in specific areas in response to stressors may underlie the emergence of adult-typical behavioural and neural stressor-responsiveness.

Aging↗