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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Decreased tear production associated with general anesthesia in the dog.

Schirmer I tear tests were done on 20 dogs before and during general anesthesia. Atropine sulfate reduced tear production from a mean base-line value of 20.35 +/- 3.33 mm/minute to 14.10 +/- 6.13 mm/minute, 10 minutes after its subcutaneous administration. The combination of subcutaneous atropine, intravenous thiamylal sodium, and inhalation anesthesia reduced tear production to a mean value of 0.53 +/- 1.12 mm/minute at 60 minutes after induction.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1979

Perfusion of naloxone through the fourth cerebral ventricle reverses the circulatory and hypnotic effects of halothane in dogs.

To determine whether naloxone when perfused through the cerebroventricular system would modify the circulatory and hypnotic effects of halothane, the authors studied its effect in six trained dogs. Naloxone, 20 microgram/ml, was perfused through the fourth cerebral ventricle in three and through the third cerebral and lateral ventricles in three other dogs when awake and during halothane anesthesia (0.75--0.82 vol per cent in oxygen). Blood pressure, heart rate, and circulatory responses to bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries were measured. The state of consciousness was evaluated by the animals behavior and the EEG. Arterial hypotension, bradycardia, depressed baroreceptor responses, and EEG synchronization associated with halothane anesthesia were reversed when naloxone was perfused through the fourth ventricle. To maintain comparable depths of anesthesia the halothane concentration had to be doubled during naloxone perfusion. No change in the circulatory or hypnotic effects of halothane occurred when the third ventricle was perfused with naloxone. It is concluded that opiate receptors in structures bordering the fourth cerebral ventricle may be important modulators of inhalational anesthesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of anesthetic agent on lung tumor induction in hamsters given benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide.

The effects of an anesthetic agent on lung tumor induction in noninbred Syrian golden hamsters were investigated after intratracheal instillation of a benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide mixture. Inhalation anesthesia with ether or methoxyflurane was accomplished with a closed recirculatory system that allowed a short induction time for anesthesia and a good control over the concentration of anesthetic. This type of anesthetic induction was compared with systemic induction by Brevital. Survival rates during the 10 weekly instillations were least for the Brevital-treated group and greatest for the methoxyflurane-treated group. Body weight gain was lower in both the ether- and Brevital-treated groups as compared to the group anesthetized with methoxyflurane. The animals anesthetized with Brevital had the shortest tumor latency, but the tumor incidence during the weeks of the experiment was similar in the group treated with this agent and the group treated with ether. Exposure to methoxyflurane and the carcinogen produced a slow onset of deaths from tumors and lower tumor incidence. These results are discussed in relation to retention of the dose of carcinogen in the respiratory tract and effect of inhalation anesthia on consequent lung tissue pathology.

Anesthetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cesarean section with regional anesthesia using an extendable epidural block.

Epidural analgesia was used for 86 deliveries by cesarean section. The placement of a catheter in the epidural space allowed adjustment of the extent of the block so that supplementary analgesia was required in only six patients. Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring was of practical clinical value, especially in treating maternal hypotension. Symptomatic hypotension was avoided or corrected by the intravenous infusion of Hartmann's solution and by the use of a lateral tilt of the operating table. Eleven patients had a blood pressure of less than 100 mm Hg, and in three of these, there was an adverse effect on the fetal heart trace.

Anesthesia, Conduction↗
PubMed1979

Anesthesia for cesarean section: further studies.

This study was designed to re-evaluate neonatal condition at birth following elective cesarean section performed with epidural anesthesia and a modified technique of general anesthesia. Two groups of 20 patients were studied. Twenty received epidural anesthesia with 2 per cent lidocaine-carbon dioxide-epinephrine, and 20 patients were given general anesthesia. Modifications of our previous general anesthetic technique included the administration, to the mother, of high inspired concentrations of oxygen (66 per cent) prior to delivery, short induction-to-delivery intervals, and positioning of the mother in a 20 degrees left lateral tilt position. No significant differences in oxygen tension and acid-base balance in umbilical venous and arterial blood were demonstrated between the two sets of neonates. One-and five-minute Apgar scores and time to sustained respiration were similar in both groups. Our observations of the infants immediately after delivery led us to conclude that either anesthesia technique is acceptable for elective cesarean section.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1978

Change in the management of adult groin hernia.

Three hundred fifty-seven groin hernia repairs were performed under local anesthesia using a long-lasting local anesthetic agent. An ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and twelfth intercostal nerve block was carried out initially, followed by regional infiltration of the agent, using a technic first described by Ponka [8] with several modifications. This technic can be employed suffessfully in the majority of groin hernia repairs. It requires careful attention to detail in the administration of preoperative sedation and analgesia and the use of sharp dissection only and greater gentleness in the handling of tissue. We have observed a significant reduction in postoperative discomfort and the virtual elimination of urinary retention, urinary sepsis, atelectasis, and phlebitis in these cases. All patients are fully ambulatory, without assistance immediately after surgery and the majority are discharged the same day or the following morning. This results in a marked reduction in the total cost of repairing a groin hernia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Influence of transient ischemia on monoamine metabolism in the rat brain during nitrous oxide and phenobarbitone anaesthesia.

Cerebral ischemia was induced in normothermic, artificially ventilated rats, anesthetized with 70% N2O or 150 mg/kg of phenobarbitone, by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and by simultaneous depression of the mean arterial blood pressure to 50 mm Hg. The levels of tyrosine, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured after 15 min of ischemia as well as after 30 min of recirculation. In separate experiments (70% N2O) the rate of accumulation of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was determined in three different brain regions (striatum, limbic forebrain and hemispheres) during recirculation. During ischemia, the monoamine pattern was unaffected. Following recirculation, increases in DA, 5-HIAA, tyrosine and tryptophan were found irrespective of the type of anesthesia used. Pronounced postischemic decreases in NA and 5-HT were observed in animals anesthetized with nitrous oxide but not in those given phenobarbitone. During recirculation the rate of tyrosine hydroxylation increased in all three brain regions while tryptophan hydroxylation was reduced. It is tentatively concluded that following transient, global cerebral ischemia, neuronal activity is low or eliminated in dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurons and high in noradrenergic neurons.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1979

Influence of anaesthetic agents on the survival of rats following acute ischaemia of the bowel.

We compared the effects of ketamine and halothane anaesthesia on the survival of rats subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Survival was significantly greater with halothane. Animals anaesthetized with ketamine developed arterial hypocarbia during bowel ischaemic shock, while those receiving halothane did not. Arterial hypoxaemia was not present in either group. Haematocrits increased in both groups following bowel ischaemia. Excess lactate was increased significantly in non-survivors compared with survivors. The survival data contrast with previous results obtained after haemorrhagic hypotension and emphasize the need to consider differing therapeutic approaches in the various shock states.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1979

Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity in man.

The effects of various anaesthetic agents and surgery on the plasma concentrations of aldosterone and on renin activity were investigated in 76 patients. The plasma concentration of aldosterone was increased markedly by 2.5 times the control value during 45 min of ether anaesthesia. It was increased also during halothane, methoxyflurane and enflurane anaesthesia. Spinal anaesthesia did not alter significantly the plasma concentration of aldosterone. Plasma renin activity and ACTH concentration were increased slightly during general anaesthesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Effects of halothane, thiopental, and lidocaine on fluidity of synaptic plasma membranes and artificial phospholipid membranes.

The effects of halothane, thiopental, and lidocaine were studied with spin-labeling methods in synaptic plasma membranes (order parameter) and artificial phospholipid membranes (lateral diffusion). Halothane had a biphasic action, low concentrations (0.64 mM) ordering and high concentrations (2.9 mM) fluidizing both types of membranes. A biphasic effect in phospholipid membranes was also seen with thiopental, 0.1 mM ordering and 10 mM fluidizing, whereas in synaptic plasma membranes both low and high concentrations caused an increased order in the lipid bilayer region. At high thiopental concentrations, a considerable number of molecules may have reacted with membrane proteins or accumulated in the highly fluidic hydrophobic interior region of the membrane without affecting the rotational movement of the labeled fatty acid. Lidocaine alone, or together with calcium chloride, at various concentrations to 10 mM had no significant effect, and a fluidizing effect of 1 mM calcium chloride was possibly a result of interaction of calcium chloride with the label. The results indicate that the three lipid-soluble anesthetics interact differently with the lipid part of membranes. Lidocaine did not seem to affect bilyer lipids, while thiopental and halothane in phospholipid vesicles and halothane alone in synaptic membranes caused a dose-dependent biphasic effect.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of anesthesia with diazepam and ketamine vs. morphine in patients undergoing heart-valve replacement.

Because of its analgesic and amnesic effects, ketamine has potential advantages as a primary agent for patients undergoing open-heart surgery. However, the undesirable positive inotropic and chronotropic effects associated with ketamine have deterred its use. Diazepam pretreatment appears to block these unwanted effects. Sixteen randomly selected patients were given a combination of diazepam, 0.4 mg/kg, followed by ketamine, 2 mg/kg, and nitrous oxide, 50%. The authors compared the circulatory responses to induction, intubation, and operation with those obtained in a matched group of patients who received morphine, 3 mg/kg, and nitrous oxide, 50%. All patients underwent mitral- or aortic-valve replacement. Circulatory responses were not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and rate-pressure product increased significantly with intubation of the trachea, incision of the skin, and sternotomy. The incidences of hypertension, hypotension, and arrhythmias, and the need for inotropic drugs were not significantly different between the two groups. No intraoperative awareness occurred in either group. It is concluded that diazepam-ketamine anesthesia is a satisfactory alternative to morphine anesthesia for patient undergoing heart-valve replacement.

Adult↗