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PubMed2006

Antibacterial potentiality of Argemone mexicana solvent extracts against some pathogenic bacteria.

The sensitivity of two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and two Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria was tested against the crude extracts (cold aqueous, hot aqueous, and methanol extracts) of leaves and seeds of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) by agar well diffusion method. Though all the extracts were found effective, yet the methanol extract showed maximum inhibition against the test microorganisms followed by hot aqueous extract and cold aqueous extract.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1999

Effect of molluscicidal components of Abrus precatorius, Argemone mexicana and Nerium indicum on certain biochemical parameters of Lymnaea acuminata.

Exposure to 40% and 80% of the 24 h LC50 of the molluscicidal component of Abrus precatorius (abrin and glycyrrhizin), Argemone mexicana (protopine and sanguinarine) and Nerium indicum (oleandrin) caused a significant decrease in the levels of protein, free amino acid, DNA and RNA in the nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata. Except for glycyrrhizin, all the above molluscicides caused a significant reduction in phospholipid levels and a simultaneous increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation in the nervous tissue of treated snails.

Abrin↗

PubMed2005

Correlation of DNA damage in epidemic dropsy patients to carcinogenic potential of argemone oil and isolated sanguinarine alkaloid in mice.

In recent times, a higher incidence of gall bladder carcinoma in the Indo-Gangetic basin has been linked with the consumption of contaminated mustard oil. Consumption of mustard oil contaminated with argemone oil (AO) is well known to cause clinical manifestation referred to as "epidemic dropsy." Because sanguinarine, an active alkaloid of AO, has been shown to intercalate DNA, a possible correlation of DNA damage in epidemic dropsy patients to tumorigenic potential of AO and isolated sanguinarine alkaloid in mice was investigated in the present study. Single topical application of AO (0.15-0.3 ml) or isolated sanguinarine (4.5-18 micromol) followed by twice-weekly application of tetradecanoylphorbolmyristate acetate (TPA) for 25 weeks resulted in formation of tumors. Histopathologically these tumors were of squamous cell carcinoma type and similar to those found in the positive control group using dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)/TPA. The activities of cutaneous gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and glutathione-S-transferase P (GST-P), marker enzymes of tumorigenesis, were found to exhibit higher expression in AO or isolated sanguinarine/TPA treated groups when compared to control. The higher expression of p53 and p21/WAF1 in skin after single topical application of AO or isolated sanguinarine further confirms the tumorigenic response. Single topical application of AO or isolated sanguinarine alkaloid to mice showed significant DNA damage in terms of Olive tail moment (89-129%), tail length (54%) and tail DNA (153-205%) using Comet assay in skin cells. Further, the extent of DNA damage in blood cells of epidemic dropsy patients in alkaline Comet assay was found to be significantly higher as compared to normal population, indicating the genotoxic response of AO exposure. Although the genotoxic lesions may be repaired to some extent on withdrawal of consumption of AO contaminated mustard oil and the residual genotoxic effects caused by AO may not be expressed as signs of carcinogenesis. Environmental factors or hormonal changes during aging process may lead to stimulate/promote the genetically altered latent cells to form neoplastic lesions and can act as one of the etiological factors responsible for higher incidence of gall bladder carcinoma in the population of Indo-Gangetic basin.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1985

Epidemic dropsy following transcutaneous absorption of Argemone mexicana oil.

Four cases manifesting features characteristic of epidemic dropsy following body massage with contaminated mustard oil are reported. A transcutaneous route of absorption for the toxin (sanguinarine) resulting in epidemic dropsy has not been documented previously in man. Oil used for body massage was found to be adulterated with Argemone mexicana oil, while hydrogenated vegetable fat used for cooking did not reveal any contamination. Diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by establishing the presence of sanguinarine in the urine and serum of all four cases.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Protective effect of bioantioxidants on argemone oil/sanguinarine alkaloid induced genotoxicity in mice.

Our prior studies have shown that argemone oil (AO) and its alkaloid sanguinarine causes DNA damage in mice and Epidemic Dropsy patients. Since some of the bioantioxidants including riboflavin and alpha-tocopherol offered protection to Epidemic Dropsy patients, a combination of riboflavin and alpha-tocopherol was evaluated on AO and sanguinarine induced genotoxicity using alkaline comet assay. Single administration of combination of riboflavin (50mg/kg) and alpha-tocopherol (150mg/kg) to mice, 24h prior to or immediately after AO (2.0ml/kg) exposure showed significant decrease in tail moment (70-72%), tail length (37-44%), and tail DNA (49-53%) in bone marrow cells. Single or multiple doses of antioxidants given after 24h of AO exposure resulted in substantial (P<0.05) decrease in all the parameters of comet assay in bone marrow cells. Single dose of antioxidants given either 24h prior to or immediately after sanguinarine (21.6mg/kg) exposure caused significant decrease in tail moment (56-62%), tail length (69%) and tail DNA (34-42%) in bone marrow cells of mice. Single or multiple doses of antioxidants given after 24h of sanguinarine treated resulted in decrease in tail moment (50-71%), tail length (54-63%) and tail DNA (29-43%) in bone marrow cells. Similar protective response of combination of antioxidants was observed in blood cells of mice treated either with AO or sanguinarine alkaloid. Further, the frequency of bone marrow and blood cells in Olive tail moment category of 8 and onwards were found to be substantially reduced in antioxidants treated animals as compared to respective AO or sanguinarine exposed mice. Based on these results, it can be suggested that a combination of riboflavin and alpha-tocopherol provides protection against AO and sanguinarine induced genotoxicity.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed2006

Safety evaluation studies on argemone oil through dietary exposure for 90days in rats.

Epidemic dropsy is a disease caused by the consumption of mustard oil contaminated with argemone oil (AO). During 1998 dropsy in New Delhi, which is so far the largest with more than 3000 victims and over 60 deaths, it was enquired at various scientific and regulatory meetings about the maximum tolerated dose of AO. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the safety levels of AO in rats. Animals were given AO in diet at a dose of 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% daily for 90 days and the two control groups received the standard diet with and without 1% mustard oil. A decrease in body weight gain (28-31%) was observed in 0.5% and 1% AO groups; while significant increases in relative lungs and liver weight was noticed in respective doses of 0.01% and 0.1% AO groups as well as in higher dosage animals. Reduction in RBC count and hemoglobin content (p<0.05) was noticed in 0.01% and 0.1% AO exposed animals. This effect was more pronounced in higher AO doses. Serum marker enzymes including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found to be significantly elevated in 0.01-1% AO groups. Further, a decrease in albumin/globulin ratio (42-78%) was observed in the serum of 0.01% to higher AO dose groups. The levels of serum triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol were found to be enhanced (p<0.05) in AO treated (0.01-1.0%) animals. Histopathological changes in lung were observed at 0.01% dose of AO while liver, kidney and heart produced changes at 0.1% AO and above doses. None of the parameters were found to be affected in 0.001% AO treated animals. These results suggest that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) dose of AO is 0.001% in rats and considering a factor of 100 for humans for highly toxic compound, the safe limit of 0.00001% (100 ppb or 100 ng AO/g oil) AO can be implicated which shall contain only 0.55% of sanguinarine equivalent to 0.6 ng sanguinarine per gram oil. However, the minimum detectable limit of AO is 5 ppm (equivalent to 5 microg sanguinarine per gram oil) with the present existing HPLC method, thereby suggesting that mustard oil should be absolutely free from AO contamination.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Separation, identification and determination of sanguinarine in argemone and other adulterated edible oils by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

A simple, rapid and reliable reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and determination of sanguinarine in argemone and other edible oils has been developed. The separation has been achieved on a C18 column with CH3OH-CH3CN-tetrahydrofuran-water as mobile phase using diode array detection at 280 nm. The minimum detection limit of sanguinarine in the adulterated edible oils is 5 microg/g.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed2001

Argemone mexicana poisoning: autopsy findings of two cases.

Epidemic dropsy, a disease due to Argemone mexicana poisoning, is characterized by pathological accumulation of diluted lymph in body tissues and cavities. Recently, the largest epidemic of the disease in India affected Delhi and its neighboring states during the months of August-September 1998. Over 3000 persons fell ill, and more than 65 died in the state of Delhi alone. Two cases belonging to the same family died, out of the large number of cases admitted in this tertiary care teaching hospital situated in eastern part of Delhi. Autopsy findings of these two cases are presented and discussed here along with the review of toxicity due to this poisoning.

Autopsy↗

PubMed1997

Isoquinoline alkaloids from Argemone mexicana reduce morphine withdrawal in guinea pig isolated ileum.

The present study examined the effect of the MeOH extract, partially purified fraction (IV), and pure compounds from Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) on the morphine withdrawal in guinea pig isolated ileum. The MeOH extract, the partially purified fraction (IV), and the pure compounds isolated from A. mexicana significantly and in a concentration-dependent manner reduced the morphine withdrawal. Since the pure compounds were identified as protopine and allocryptopine, the observed effects could be related to these compounds. The results of the present study suggest that isoquinoline alkaloids may be potential agents in the treatment of drug abuse.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1980

Oedema disease in chickens caused by Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana) seed.

Ground Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana) seed produced growth depression, oedema and death when fed at 1% and 3% of a basal ration to day-old, layer strain, cockerel chickens. The mortality rate was increased by raising the sodium chloride content of the basal ration from 0.18% to 1.68%. Clinical signs consisted of subcutaneous oedema, a high pitched chirp and terminal gasping. Hydropericardium, oedema of the lungs, and subcutaneous oedema of the thorax, abdomen, wings, neck and throat were the major lesions. Foci of calcificaton were present in the ventricular myocardium of some chickens fed 3% A. mexicana.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1977

Argemone oil poisoning.

A family of three suffering from Argemone oil poisoning was investigated. The effects of the oil and its toxic alkaloid sanguinarine have been discussed. A test for detecting sanguinarine has been described.

Adult↗

PubMed1951