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PubMed1977

Oxygen uptake transients at the onset and offset of arm and leg work.

The halftimes (t1/2) of the VO2 on-and off-responses have been determined on 4 moderately active subjects (1) in arm cranking (VO2 congruent to 1 1/min). (2) in leg pedaling at 4 graded submaximal (VO2 congruent to 0.8 to 2.51/min) work loads, and (3) when superimposing arm cranking on preexisting leg pedaling, both in the supine and in the upright position. In supine experiments the mean t1/2 of the VO2 on-response was longer for arm cranking than for leg pedaling (64 vs 44-49 sec) at equal VO2; however, at the same percentage of arm and leg VO2 max the respective t1/2 were similar. In sitting experiments all t1/2 of the VO2 on-response were shorter than when supine, but the t1/2 for the arms were still slightly longer than those for the legs. When arm cranking was superimposed on preexisting leg pedaling, the t1/4 for arms was reduced both in supine (from 64 to 35-38 sec) and in the sitting position (from 44 to 40 sec). The halftime of the VO2 off-response were much shorter (20-32 sec) than those of the on-response and similar in all experiments. In all conditions the O2 deficits at work onset were considerably larger than the fast component of the corresponding O2 debts during the first minutes of recovery. The difference was totally accounted for by anaerobic glycolysis occurring early during the VO2 on-response, particularly in arm exercise. It is concluded that at submaximal work loads the O2 deficit is accounted for the fast component of the O2 debt plus the O2 equivalent of the early lactate production.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

A comparison of the response to arm and leg work in patients with ischemic heart disease.

An exercise test based on arm work was evaluated in a series of 33 male patients, mean age 52 years, with ischemic heart disease. The responses to arm exercise on a modified table-mounted bicycle ergometer and to standard bicycle exercise were compared. Twenty six of 33 patients (79 per cent) had identical end-points with both tests. Three patients had an ischemic response, i.e., significant ST abnormality and/or angina pectoris during leg work only, and four patients during arm work only. 41 per cent of the peakload during leg exercise. Mean values were 181 and 439 kpm./min. (p less than 0.001). Comparison of individual data on peak load demonstrated only a weak correlation between arm and leg work capacity (r = 0.37, p less than 0.05). Peak heart rate was slightly higher during leg work, 129 compared to 122 beats/min. (p less than 0.05) but the mean heart rate-systolic blood pressure products were not significantly different. A subgroup of seven patients had a history of angina pectoris preferentially precipitated by arm work but their physiological responses did not differ significantly from those of patients without a history of arm work sensitivity. The data indicate that arm work is a satisfactory alternate diagnostic test method with respect to myocardial ischemia, but measurements of physical work capacity defined as aerobic capacity, cannot be based on arm work.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Upper arm anthropometric indicators of nutritional status.

The growth in arm muscle area and arm fat area of preschool children from rural Guatemala is compared to that of a standard from the U.S.A. It was found that although the Guatemalan children have reduced arm muscle and fat areas, the relative reduction in arm fat area was greater than in arm muscle area. Further, the upper arm cross-sectional area of Guatemalan children had proportionately more muscle than fat when compared to that of U.S.A. children. Lastly, for the same body weight, Guatemalan children had a similar arm muscle area but a clearly smaller arm fat area than North American children. It is concluded that these findings suggest that energy rather than protein is the main nutritional problem in these Guatemalan children.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1976

Maximal oxygen uptake during exercise with various combinations of arm and leg work.

Oxygen uptake (VO2) was determined in 10 males during the following types of maximal exercise (work time: about 5 min): uphill running, bicycling, arm work (cranking), and combined arm work and bicycling (A + L). The A + L exercise was performed in four different ways, the arms doing 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of the same total rate of work; and also with the maximal bicycle work load plus either maximal or submaximal arm work. VO2 was the same in running as in all types of A + L exercise, except when the arm work load was 10% and 40% of the total rate of work, where VO2 was 2.5% (P less than 0.05) and 9.4% (P less than 0.001) lower, respectively. Bicycle VO2 was lower than VO2 in running but equal to A + L VO2 when arm work intensity was 40% of the total rate of work. It is concluded that VO2 during maximal exercise a) to a certain extent depends on the exercising muscle mass, b) is lower than the oxygen-consuming potential of the muscles involved in A + L exercise, and c) in A + L exercise is influenced by the ratio of arm work to total rate of work and the subject's fitness for arm work and bicycling.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Comparison between arm and leg exercise in women and men.

Arm and leg work was performed on bicycle ergometers in sitting position by fourteen women and sixteen men. Heart rate, minute volume of ventilation (VE), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured. Arm exercise was performed until (muscular) exhaustion, leg exercise up to a heart rate of circa 170 beats/min. At comparable work loads arm exercise evoked higher VO2, VE, and heart rate than leg exercise irrespective of sex. At comparable VO2, the heart rate and VE were higher during arm work in both sexes, VE more so among the men. With the same limbs working, the mechanical efficiency was equal in both sexes. The regression coefficients of heart rate on load or VO2 was higher for the women irrespective of work type. A close correlation was obtained between working capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats/min (W170) during leg and arm exercise and between W170 of leg exercise and W150, similarly calculated during arm work. Thus W170 of leg exercise could be calculated from either a maximal or submaximal arm work.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Variation in upper arm length and forarm length in normal British girls: photogrammetric standards.

A photographic measuring technique has been used to study the lengths of the upper arm and forearm in normal British girls. The data are presented graphically, and show: 1. Ellipses which include 97 per cent of normal subjects when upper arm length is plotted against forearm length. 2. Variation of upper arm length and forearm length according to age. 3. Variation of upper arm length in relation to forearm length, irrespective of age. 4. Variation of upper arm length and forearm length in relation to sitting height, irrespective of age. The charts collectively provide a means of defining the exact nature of abnormalities of growth in the arms or of differences between populations. They provide a new aid to the classification of disorders involving abnormal growth of the arms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys.

1. The experiments described here are addressed at identifying some of the processes underlying arm movements in monkeys. 2. We used three adult monkeys that were trained to point to a target light with the forearm and hold at that position for about 1 s in order to obtain a reward. During the experimental sessions the monkey was seated in a primate chair and its forearm was fastened to an apparatus that permitted flexion and extension of the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane. 3. We tested their performance prior to and after bilateral dorsal rhizotomy (C2--T3). Forearm movements were performed without the sight of the arm both before and after the surgical intervention. In intact animals we unexpectedly displaced the arm prior to movement initiation (150--200 ms) and observed the outcome of this displacement on movement termination. Our results indicated that the arm moved accurately to the target. The same procedure was used in the deafferented monkeys, yielding qualitatively the same results; i.e., a displacement of the initial position did not affect the attainment of the intended final position. 4. These results are relevant to the question of what is being controlled by motor commands. It appears that the controlled variable is an equilibrium point resulting from the interaction of agonist and antagonist muscles. Consequently, a change in the equilibrium leads to movement and the attainment of a new posture. The fact that both intact and deafferent monkeys display essentially similar motor behavior in our highly practiced task should not obliterate the dramatic difference in motor performance that exists between intact and rhizotomized animals. In fact, the successful execution of the learned motor performance in the deafferented animal is contingent on the animal's body being in a fixed relation to the arm apparatus. Whenever we changed the usual spatial relationship between the monkey's body and the arm apparatus, the animal's pointing response to the target was inaccurate. All of our intact monkeys, in contrast, were able to compensate quickly for any variations in their accustomed position with respect to the arm apparatus. The dramatic inability of the deafferented monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural setting underscores the great importance of the afferent monkey to execute accurate pointing responses in an unusual postural settiing underscores the great importance of the afferent feedback. These findings suggest that, in the performance of visually evoked learned movements, one of the major functions of the afferent feedback is in the adaptive modifications of learned motor programs.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1976

Transmission of vibration in the hand-arm system with special reference to changes in compression force and acceleration.

The transmission of longitudinal vibration in the hand-arm system of five subjects was investigated. Altogether 405 individual tests were made. Vibration was measured with an accelerometer (weight 0.4 g) fixed in turn to the wrist, the elbow, and the upper arm by means of a supporting device (weight 34 g). A handle with strain gauges attached was used to study the effect of compression force (10, 20 and 40 N) and constant acceleration (1, 3 and 10 g) on the transmission of vibration at frequencies from 20 to 630 Hz. In the curves recorded, sharp dips appeared which were evidently caused by resonances from the soft tissues of the hand. However in the hand-arm system no common resonance frequency was observed that would harmfully affect the health of workers. Vibration in the hand-arm system was attenuated at an average of 3 dB per octave at the frequencies between 20 and 100 Hz. Between 100 and 630 Hz the attenuation was about 6 dB per octave in the wrist and 10 dB per octave in the elbow and upper arm. At the frequency of 630 Hz the attenuation was hence about 35 dB in the wrist and about 45 DB in the elbow. The attenuation of vibration in the elbow joint was 2 to 4 dB at all frequencies. The hand-arm system appears to be linear at the acceleration range considered; the increase in handle vibration by, e.g., 10 dB also increased vibration in the hand by 10 dB. When the grip strength was increased fourfold, i.e., 12 dB, vibration increased only 3 to 5 dB in the hand-arm system. Thus changing the weight of a vibrating tool does not reduce vibration enough. Therefore attempts to reduce vibration should concentrate on the mechanical parts of the engines.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1978

Regenerative ability of double-half and half upper arms in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.

The upper arms of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) were surgically manipulated to create double-half dorsal, double-half ventral, double-half anterior, and double-half posterior upper arms, and longitudinal half-dorsal, half-ventral, half-anterior, and half-posterior upper arms. Amputation through the double-half upper arms usually failed to elicit normal distal regeneration, despite the fact that an apparently normal regeneration blastema was initially formed. Instead, regeneration in these cases was limited to the formation of a variable number of small cartilage elements. On the basis of these results it is concluded that a complete limb circumference is required for distal transformation in newts, in addition to the well-established requirements for a wound epidermis, adequate innervation and dedifferentiation leading to blastema formation. A model for the sequential generation of new parts of the limb pattern during distal transformation from a complete circumference is presented. This model can also account for the occurrence of normal early stages of regeneration in double-half upper arms. Half upper arms which were amputated immediately were shown to develop single, complete regenerates. If amputation of half upper arms was delayed three or more weeks to permit complete wound healing, a supernumerary limb from the lateral wound surface sometimes developed in addition to a complete, single limb from the distal amputation surface.

Amputation, Surgical↗

PubMed1977

Dicentric yields induced by gamma-radiation and chromosome arm number in primates.

To evaluate the effect of the chromosome arm number on the yield of dicentric chromosomes, frequencies of gamma-ray-induced chromosome aberrations were examined with peripheral lymphocytes from three different primate species, Saimiri sciureus (arm number, 77), Macaca fascicularis (arm number, 83) and Nycticebus coucang (arm number, 99). Irradiated blood samples were cultured by the same standard technique as that commonly used for human lymphocytes. The yields of dicentrics and dicentrics plus rings at doses of 100, 200 and 300 rad of gamma-irradiation were not significantly different among the three species, in spite of the difference in the chromosome arm number. Furthermore, dose-response relationships for these species were consistent with that for man. Statistical analysis indicated that the expected dicentric yields calculated from the arm number model were significantly different from the observed yields at 200 and 300 rad doses (P less than 0.01). From these results it can be pointed out that there is no correlation between the yield of dicentrics and the effective chromosome arm number, and that the chromosomal radiosensitivity of these primates is essentially the same as that of man, at least in the lymphocyte system.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Identification of dynein as the outer arms of sea urchin sperm axonemes.

The location of dynein, the main flagellar ATPase, within the sea urchin sperm axoneme was investigated by the use of immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, employing an antiserum against a tryptic fragment of dynein 1 (Fragment 1A) purified from sea urchin sperm flagella. The axonemes were found to be stained with the antiserum when examined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoelectron microscopy with the antiserum and a ferritin-conjugated IgG fraction of goat antiserum to rabbit IgG revealed that, among the structures within the axoneme, only the outer arms were labeled with ferritin particles. With either the normal serum or antiserum absorbed with Fragment 1A, there were no ferritin particles within the axonemes. When the outer arms were extracted with 0.5 M NaCl, leaving the inner arms intact, again no ferritin dots were detected. Furthermore, it was found that the outer arm on the no. 5 doublet microtubule, which connects with the extra arm projection backward from the no. 6 doublet, had no attached ferritin particles. From these observations, it can be concluded that the outer arm consists of dynein (at least dynein 1) and that Fragment 1A, containing the active site for ATPase activity of dynein 1, is located at the distal end of the outer arms. The significance of the present findings is considered in connection with flagellar movement.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1992

A ribozyme with DNA in the hybridising arms displays enhanced cleavage ability.

Hammerhead ribozymes cleave RNA substrates containing the UX sequence, where X = U, C or A, embedded within sequences which are complementary to the hybridising 'arms' of the ribozyme. In this study we have replaced the RNA in the hybridising arms of the ribozyme with DNA, and the resulting ribozyme is many times more active than its precursor. In turnover-kinetics experiments with a 13-mer RNA substrate, the kcat/Km ratios are 10 and 150 microM-1min-1 for the RNA- and DNA-armed ribozymes, respectively. The effect is due mainly to differences in kcat. In independent experiments where the cleavage step is rate-limiting, the DNA-armed ribozyme cleaves the substrate with a rate constant more than 3 times greater than the all-RNA ribozyme. DNA substrates containing a ribocytidine at the cleavage site have been shown to be cleaved less efficiently than their all-RNA analogues; again however, the DNA-armed ribozyme is more effective than the all-RNA ribozyme against such DNA substrates. These results demonstrate that there are no 2'-hydroxyl groups in the arms of the ribozyme that are required for cleavage; and that the structure of the complex formed by the DNA-armed ribozyme with its substrate is more favourable for cleavage than that formed by the all-RNA ribozyme and its substrate.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Effects of training on maximal working capacity and haemodynamic response during arm and leg-exercise in a group of paddlers.

Maximal oxygen uptake and circulatory adaptation to work with legs and arms were studied in a group of 5 paddlers members of the Belgian national squad and a control-group of 9 trained subjects. The results showed that the specific armtraining of paddlers induced changes in the arm-to-leg ration of physiological parameters at submaximal and maximal work. In the group of paddlers maximal oxygen intake and workload during arm-exercise averaged respectively 88.6% and 80.3% of the scores obtained with leg-exercise. In the control group the arm to leg ratio varied between 81.2% and 65.2%. At a submaximal load of 100 W the difference in heartfrequency was 21 beats/min in the canoe group and 35 beats/min in the control group. Oxygen consumption and ventilation during work with the arms was lower in the group of paddlers. The data of our study suggest that the specific training of paddlers do result in a effect on the haemodynamic adaptations to arm work.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1977

Central and regional circulatory effects of adding arm exercise to leg exercise.

7 young, healthy, male subjects performed exercise on bicycle ergometers in two 20 min periods with an interval of 1 h. The first 10 min of each 20 min period consisted of arm exercise (38--62% of Vo2 max for arm exercise) or leg exercise (58--78% of Vo2 max for leg exercise). During the last 10 min the subjects performed combined arm and leg exercise (71--83% of Vo2 max for this type of exercise). The following variables were measured during each type of exercise: oxygen uptake, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, leg blood flow (only during leg exercise and combined exercise), arterio-venous concentration differences for O2 and lactate at the levels of the axillary and the external iliac vessels. Superimposing a sufficiently strenuous arm exercise (oxygen uptake for arm exercise greater than 40% of oxygen uptake for combined exercise) on leg exercise caused a reduction in blood flow and oxygen uptake in the exercising legs with unchanged mean arterial blood pressure. Superimposing leg exercise on arm exercise caused a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and an increased axillary arterio-venous oxygen difference. These findings indicate that the oxygen supply to one large group of exercising muscles may be limited by vasoconstriction or by a fall in arterial pressure, when another large group of muscles is exercising simultaneously.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Comparison of arm versus leg work in induction of acute episodes of asthma.

The severity of exercise-induced asthma varies with the type of exercise performed. To determine whether such variation could be attributed to the use of different muscle groups, we exercised arms separately from legs using a bicycle ergometer. First, arms were exercised to exhaustion, then legs were exercised at the same load for the same duration. Arm work resulted in greater ventilation, heart rate, hydrogen ion concentration, and airway obstruction than did leg work. Later, legs were exercised to exhaustion using a load more than twice that of the arm work. Both the exhausting leg work and exhausting arm work resulted in significant bronchospasm and acidosis, whereas the nonexhausting leg work did not. These data suggest that, in arm and/or leg exercise, the relationship of work load to muscle mass is a determinant of airway obstruction.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5: a case due to balanced paternal translocation and review of the literature.

A partial duplication of the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 5 (q31 leads to qter) was observed in an infant with congenital malformations and dysmorphic features. The phenotypically normal father had a balanced translocation between the long arm of chromosome 5 and the short arm of chromosome 9: 46,XY,t(5;9)(q31;p24). The clinical and cytogenetic data obtained from six patients with partial duplications of two different long arm segments of chromosome 5 suggest that partial duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 5 is associated with microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, strabismus, large upper lip, low-set, dysplastic ears, in addition to growth and psychomotor retardation. Partial duplication of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 5, on the other hand, is associated mainly with musculoskeletal abnormalities including muscle hypotrophy and hypotonia, scoliosis, lordosis, pectus carinatum, cubitus valgus, and genu valgum, in addition to psychomotor retardation. The dysmorphic features in this latter group include a bulging forehead, short nose, thick upper lip, low-set protruding ears and tapering, thin fingers.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1975

Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila VIII. Faster replication and hyperactivity of both arms of the X-chromosome in males of Drosophila pseudoobscura and their possible significance.

3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine labeling patterns of the X-chromosome arms of Drosophila pseudoobscura have been examined autoradiographically. Results show that in all phases of replication, namely, initial, middle and terminal, both arms of the X-chromosome in the male are advanced by one or two steps of 3H-thymidine labeling in comparison with the autosomes, and both arms in the female show more or less similar labeling profile as the autosomes. Both the arms in the male show pale stainability and enlarged width ratio, as reported in other species. The 3H-uridine labeling patterns also reveal that both arms in the male incorporate twice as much precursor as the individual X in the female. Results, therefore, suggest that both arms of the X in D. pseudoobscura are faster replicating and hyperactive in the male, although it is considered that XL is homologous to the X and XR to part of the third chromosome of D. melanogaster.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Hyperactivity and faster replicating property of the two arms of the male X of Drosophila pseudoobscura.

The two arms of the X chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura have different phylogenetic origin, the XL being homologous to the X and the XR homologous to the 3L of D. melanogaster. The replicative and transcriptive activities of the two arms have been examined in order to understand how such phylogenetically different components of the X contribute toward the chromosomal basis of dosage compensation. The 3H-uridine labelled autoradiograms of the polytene chromosomes of larval salivary glands reveal that the intensity of labelling in the XL and XR of the male is not significantly different from that in the two arms of the female, respectively. The number of grains on the two arms plotted against the grain number on an autosome follows a linear regression, and neither slope in the male is significantly different from its counterpart in the female. The 3H-thymidine autoradiograms show that in all phases of replication, viz. initial, middle and terminal, both arms of the X chromosome in the male are advanced by one step in the cycle. Results, therefore, suggest that both arms of the X of D. pseudoobscura, are hyperactive and faster replicating in the male. Such a situation might arise due to a primary signal coming from autosomally located regulators controlling the super-operon structure of the X chromosomal genes.

Animals↗