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PubMed1978

A comparison of rimiterol and salbutamol by inhalation at high and low dose in asthmatic patients.

Rimiterol hydrobromide (Pulmadil) has been shown to have a dose-related bronchodilator effect; the optimum dose by inhalation appears to lie between 200 and 1,000 microgram. When given to a group of asthmatic patients at 'recommended' and 5--10 times 'recommended' dose by aerosol, cardiovascular effects were minimal and of a magnitude similar to that of salbutamol given in the same dosages to the same patients. The very rapid bronchodilator effect of rimiterol would appear to make the drug particularly suitable for the treatment of patients with intermittent asthmatic attacks, before exercise in patients with exercise-induced asthma and for bronchodilatation before using inhaled sodium cromoglycate or corticosteroid aerosols.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1976

A trial of an alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking drug (indoramin) in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

In 10 patients with exercise-induced asthma oral indoramin, an alpha adrenoreceptor blocking drug, was ineffective in preventing the post-exercise fall in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). The values of PEFR at rest increased after administration of indoramin, providing indirect evidence for the existence of alpha receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle of asthmatic subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by nebulised sodium cromoglycate in patients with bronchial asthma.

In this double blind study, 10 patients with bronchial asthma underwent exercise challenge on five occasions. The first of these was a control test carried out without prior drug administration; the other tests were preceded by the administration, in random order, of a sodium cromoglycate (SCG) capsule, a placebo capsule, an ampoule of sodium cromoglycate solution, and a placebo ampoule. Comparisons of the largest falls in PEFR after exercise showed statistically significant inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm, compared with control, with both SCG inhalation solution (P less than 0.01) and SCG powder (P less than 0.01). SCG powder was more active, but the difference was not significant. A significant difference in protection was found between SCG powder and its placebo (P less than 0.01). SCG inhalation solution was also more effective than its placebo, but the difference did not reach significance, since the latter conferred some protection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

BRL10833 in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children.

A double-blind controlled exercise challenge study has been performed in 16 asthmatic chlidren to show the effectiveness of BRL10833 in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The children attended the respiratory laboratory on four occasions within the space of two weeks; on each occassion a routine 6-min exercise test was performed. At the first visit no drugs were given before the exercise test and all the children demonstrated abnormal exercise-induced bronchoconstriction as measured by peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). On the other three occasions the children were given sodium cromoglycate, BRL10833 or placebo medications before the exercise test. After sodium cromoglycate administration four children showed complete blocking and four showed partial blocking of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. After BRL10833 four children showed complete blocking and six showed partial blocking of exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Placebo administration produced complete blocking of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in three and partial blocking in two children. The results indicated that BRL10833 was almost as effective as sodium cromoglycate in inhibiting exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and placebo, although less effective than the two preparations, did afford protection from exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in some of the children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Bronchodilator effect of sodium cromoglycate and its clinical implications.

The bronchodilator effect of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) solution was investigated. Twenty asthmatic children aged 6-15 years (mean 11.3) were examined and the action of SCG compared with that of salbutamol and placebo (water). SCG produced a significantly raised peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) before exercise, which reached a maximum immediately after exercise. The bronchodilatation was sustained for up to four hours, when the PEFR was still significantly above the resting value. This effect was comparable in degree and duration with that of salbutamol. In contrast, placebo produced insignificant bronchodilatation before exercise but significant albeit short-lived bronchodilatation after exercise, which is the characteristic response of the asthmatic to a short period of exercise. This powerful bronchodilator action of SCG and its equally potent inhibitory action on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction was achieved by administering the solution via an efficient nebuliser. In order to achieve maximum clinical effect the SCG must, therefore, be given in this form.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with bronchial asthma. Its prevention with an antihistaminic agent.

14 asthmatic patients developing regularly exercise-induced bronchoconstriction were subjected to a submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. On the first day the exercise was not preceded by any medication; on the second, 50 mg thiazinamium was given, and on the third day 2 mg atropine was given before the exercise. The changes in the calibre of the bronchi were assessed with a Wright peak flow meter. With thiazinamium a complete protection against the bronchoconstriction was observed in 12 patients, in one the protection was partial and in an other no beneficial effect of the drug was found. It seems that protection given by thiazinamium was due to its antihistaminic property and not to the anticholinergic one, as among 10 patients protected by thiazinamium, only 2 were also protected by the atropine.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Blood histamine levels after exercise testing.

Histamine has been measured in whole blood and in the plasma of twenty-three subjects following exercise testing of seventeen asthmatics and six normal controls. Whole blood histamine rose in both asthmatics and controls and was associated with a concomitant rise in the basophil count. Plasma histamine in the peripheral venous blood only rose in one patient who developed urticaria after exercise.

Asthma↗
PubMed2024

Long-term PM2.5 exposure is associated with asthma prevalence and exhaled nitric oxide levels in children.

BACKGROUND: Exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FENO) is a marker of airway inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the association of air pollution exposure with FENO levels and asthma prevalence with respiratory symptoms in school children. METHODS: We analyzed 4736 school children who reside in six townships near industrial areas in central Taiwan. We evaluated asthmatic symptoms, FENO, and conducted the environmental questionnaire. The personal exposure of PM2.5, NO, and SO2 was estimated using land-use regression models data on children's school and home addresses. RESULTS: Annual exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased odds of physician-diagnosed asthma (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.595), exercise-induced wheezing (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.726), itchy eyes (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.417), and current nasal problems (OR&#x2009;=&#x2009;1.334) (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). FENO levels in the absence of infection were positively correlated with age, previous wheezing, allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema, near the road, and for children with high exposure to PM2.5 (P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05). An increase of 1 &#x3bc;g/m3 PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with a 1.0% increase in FENO levels for children after adjusting for potential confounding variables, including exposures to NO and SO2. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposures to PM2.5 posed a significant risk of asthma prevalence and airway inflammation in a community-based population of children. IMPACT: Annual exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased odds of physician-diagnosed asthma and nasal problems and itchy eyes. Long-term exposures to PM2.5 were significantly associated with FENO levels after adjusting for potential confounding variables. This is first study to assess the association between FENO levels and long-term air pollution exposures in children near coal-based power plants. An increase of 1 &#x3bc;g/m3 annual PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with a 1.0% increase in FENO levels. Long-term exposures to PM2.5 posed a significant risk of asthma prevalence and airway inflammation in a community-based population of children.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Parasites and asthma in Tanzanian children.

It has been claimed that parasitic infestation suppresses the development of asthma. Eight Tanzanian schoolchildren in whom asthma was confirmed by the demonstration of exercise-induced bronchospasm were found in an ascaris-endemic area of rural Tanzania. Faecal parasites were found equally commonly in the children with asthma and the ninety-seven non-asthmatic controls. The prevalence of asthma (3.3%) in the school under study was comparable with that found in developed countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of aerosolized atropine sulfate and SCH 1000 on exercise-induced bronchospasm in children.

The new anticholinergic compound Sch 1000 (ipratropium bromide) has been reported to be an effective bronchodilator without significant atropine-like side effects. We evaluated the effectiveness of different doses of nebulized Sch 1000 (40 microgram and 80 microgram) aerosolized atropine sulfate (1 mg) and placebo in the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in 20 children with atopic bronchial asthma. A random, crossover double-blind protocol was used. Standard exercise on a cycloergometer was used to induce EIB. Pulmonary function was determined before and after drug administration and exercise. Following no treatment or placebo, exercise resulted in average reductions of 33% to 43% in plethysmographic specific airway conductance (SGaw), of 20% to 25% in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and of 25% to 32% in maximal midexpiratory flow rate. Exercise following no treatment or placebo resulted in average increases of 23% to 30% in thoracic gas volume (Vtg). Prior to exercise atropine and either dose of Sch 1000 caused significant increases in SGaw (48% to 59%). After pretreatment with Sch 1000 or atropine, exercise caused SGaw to fall to values that were not significantly different from pretreatment medication values, but were significantly higher than values following exercise without pretreatment or after pretreatment with placebo. No significant differences were noted between the effects of atropine and Sch 1000 on EIB. We conclude that at the doses used atropine and Sch 1000 cause equivalent degrees of bronchodilation but neither drug specifically inhibits EIB.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Effects of cardioselective beta adrenoceptor blockade on specific airways resistance in normal subjects and in patients with bronchial asthma.

The effects of single oral doses of the cardioselective beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs, metoprolol and tolamolol, on specific airways resistance (SRaw) were compared with those of propranolol and practolol in 6 healthy volunteers and in 12 patients with bronchial asthma. Whole-body plethysmography was used to measure SRaw and the blocking potency of different antagonists assessed by the degree of inhibition of tachycardia due to exercise on a treadmill. The changes correlated with plasma drug levels. Propranolol and practolol were measured fluorometrically and metoprolol by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. In normal subjects, about 30% reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia resulted from single doses of 80 mg propranolol (plasma levels, 50.3, SD, 29.5 to 60.8, SD, 26 ng/ml), 250 mg practolol (plasma levels, 1.05, SD, 0.32 to 1.10, SD, 0.55 mug/ml), 100 mg metoprolol (plasma levels, 137, SD, 111 to 152, SD, 100 ng/ml), and 100 mg tolamolol. In patients, these doses of the drugs produced significant increases in SRaw. These increases were greater than those after placebo but significantly so only during the peak effect 1 hr after propranolol. Compared with changes after placebo, significant effects on SRaw were also found in 3 patients given 200 mg of tolamolol. None of the drugs had a significant effect on SRaw in normal subjects. It is concluded that metoprolol, practolol, and tolamolol may impair ventilatory function in asthmatics less than propranolol and that at high doses this difference may not be demonstrable.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1978

Role of alpha-adrenergic receptors in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

The role of alpha-adrenergic receptors in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was studied. 9 asthmatic patients with a marked degree of EIB (group I) and 6 asthmatic patients with no or a less severe EIB (group II) were investigated and compared with 8 healthy control persons. Pulse rate, airway resistance and end-expiratory thoracic gas volume were measured at rest and immediately and 15 min after exercise. Group I subjects showed a significant inhibition of EIB after alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (10 mg as aerosol) and after cholinergic blockade with an atropine-ester (60 mg as aerosol). In 7 of 9 patients who had received phentolamine, and in 3 of 6 patients who had received atropine-ester, the EIB was completely suppressed. In group II the administration of propranolol (40 mg orally) produced a significant increase in EIB. The effect of propranolol could be inhibited by the addition of alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (10 mg as aerosol). The control subjects had no measurable EIB, even after the administration of propranolol (40 mg orally). It is concluded that, in addition to the vagal system, an activated alpha-adrenergic system is involved in the phenomenon of EIB.

Adult↗