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PubMed2001

Granuloma annulare: another manifestation of Bartonella infection?

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a common cutaneous eruption whose pathogenesis remains unknown. Recent literature has suggested a relation between Borrelia infection and GA, a relation that has not been widely accepted. Earlier works attempted unsuccessfully to implicate various other infectious agents. Some reports have demonstrated the increased frequency of GA in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, again raising the possibility of an infectious etiology. Using polymerase chain reaction amplification, we examined 19 biopsy specimens from 19 patients with GA (14 with classic palisading GA and 5 with an interstitial pattern) for the presence of a 153-base pair sequence specific for Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana. None of our patients were known to be human immunodeficiency virus-positive. These primers failed to detect B. henselae and B. quintana DNA in any of the specimens examined. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that GA represents a granulomatous reaction pattern to cutaneous Bartonella infection. Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that there may be a relation in other geographic locations or in immunocompromised patients or that GA represents an autosensitization reaction in response to a distant site of infection. Additional studies are needed to address these hypotheses.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Rickettsial, ehrlichial and Bartonella infections of the myocardium and pericardium.

Myocarditis and pericarditis are uncommon complications of human rickettsial, ehrlichial and Bartonella infections. Myocardial inflammation usually occurs in the setting of acute disseminated infection. Organisms associated with myocarditis include: Rickettsia rickettsii, R. conorii, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Coxiella burnetii, Anaplasma phagocytophila (the causative agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis) and Bartonella henselae. Pericarditis has been described in the setting of R. conorii and Coxiella burnetii infections. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathologic characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis and pericarditis caused by these organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Bartonella infection in sylvatic small mammals of central Sweden.

Sylvatic small mammals were captured in rural habitats near Uppsala, Sweden, to measure the prevalence of bartonella infections, characterize bacterial isolates and identify their host range, and increase our understanding of host-pathogen ecology. During 7 nights of trapping at 3 localities, 236 small mammals were captured (trap success 30%). Bartonella were isolated from bloods of Apodemus flavicollis (19 of 110 tested), Apodemus sylvaticus (6/25), Clethrionomys glareolus (9/60), Microtus agrestis (1/3), Mus musculus (1/18), and Sorex araneus (3/20). Nucleotide sequencing (a 338 bp fragment of the gltA gene) of 40 isolates yielded 6 unique genotypes. Five of the 6 genotypes were most similar to other known bartonella isolated from Old World small-mammal hosts. The most frequent genotype (83%) was isolated from A. flavicollis and M. musculus and was identical to Bartonella grahamii, a recently demonstrated human pathogen. These two hosts were most frequently captured in and around human structures and work places, thus providing conditions that could potentially lead to frequent human infections.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Subacute bartonella infection in Swedish orienteers succumbing to sudden unexpected cardiac death or having malignant arrhythmias.

During the period 1979-92, an increasing number of sudden unexpected cardiac deaths (SUCD) occurred in young, Swedish, male elite orienteers. Myocarditis was the most common diagnosis in the 16 victims, and in 4 cases was also associated with fatty infiltration mimicking arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Tissues from autopsies of 5 orienteers were tested for Bartonella by PCR targeting the gltA (citrate-synthase) gene. The products were then sequenced. Antibodies to B. henselae, B. quintana and B. elizabethae were measured by indirect fluorescence antibody assay. Bartonella spp. DNA was detected in the hearts of 4 deceased orienteers, and in the lung of a fifth deceased case. The sequences were close to B. quintana in 2 cases and identical to B. henselae in 3. Four of these 5 cases, as well as 2 additional cases of elite orienteers with ARVC, indicated antibodies to Bartonella. It is suggested that Bartonella-induced silent subacute myocarditis, eventually leading to electric instability, caused the increased SUCD rate among the Swedish orienteers. It is further suggested that Bartonella infection may be a major pathogenetic factor in the development of ARVC-like disease. Although the mode of transmission is unknown, both zoonotic/vector-borne and parenteral person-to-person transmission may be involved.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Granulomatous disease associated with Bartonella infection in 2 dogs.

Shortly after removal of an engorged tick from the left ear, a 4-year-old Greyhound was referred for evaluation of fever and a rapidly enlarging mass in the region of the left submandibular lymph node. Histopathologic evaluation of the lymph node resulted in a diagnosis of severe granulomatous lymphadenitis. An 11-year-old mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of a 6-week history of serous nasal discharge. Histologic examination of a surgical biopsy from a nasal mass indicated multifocal granulomatous inflammation with fibrosis. Serum samples obtained from both dogs were reactive by immunofluorescent assay to Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii antigens (reciprocal titers of 128). Although Bartonella organisms were not isolated by lysis centrifugation blood culture, Bartonella DNA was amplified from tissue samples obtained from each dog (lymph node biopsy from dog 1 and nasal biopsy from dog 2) using primers that amplify a portion of the 16S rRNA gene followed by Southern blot hybridization using a genus-specific probe. Additionally, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a Bartonella-specific citrate synthase gene product obtained from dog 2 resulted in a restriction pattern identical to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. This is the 1st report of granulomatous disease in dogs associated with Bartonella infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiology of Bartonella infection in domestic cats in France.

Blood samples were collected between February and June 1996 from a convenience sample of 436 domestic French cats living in Paris and its environs and were tested for Bartonella bacteremia and seropositivity. Seventy-two cats (16.5%) were Bartonella bacteremic, of which 36 cats (50%) were infected with Bartonella henselae type II (B.h. II) only, 15 cats (21%) were infected with Bartonella clarridgeiae (B.c.) only, and 11 cats (15%) were infected with B. henselae type I (B.h. I) only. Eight cats (11%) were co-infected with B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae (B.h. II/B.c.: five cats; B.h. I/B.c.: three cats). Two cats (2.8%) were concurrently bacteremic with B. henselae types I and II. Risk factors associated with bacteremia included ownership for <6months (prevalence ratio (PR)=1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13-2.85), adoption from the pound or found as a stray (PR=1.67, 95% CI=1.05-2.65), and cohabitation with one or more cats (PR=1.60, 95% CI=1.01-2.53). Bartonella antibodies to either B. henselae or B. clarridgeiae were detected in 179 cats (41.1%). Risk factors associated with seroposivity paralleled those for bacteremia, except for lack of association with time of ownership. Prevalence ratios of bacteremic or seropositive cats increased with the number of cats per household (p=0.02). The lack of antibodies to B. henselae or B. clarridgeiae was highly predictive of the absence of bacteremia (predictive value of a negative test=97.3%). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that bacteremia, after adjustment for age and flea infestation, and positive serology, after adjustment for age, were associated with origin of adoption and number of cats in the household. Flea infestation was associated with positive serology.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Experimental evidence of host specificity of Bartonella infection in rodents.

A large number of Bartonella species and genetic variants were compared for their ability to cause bacteremia in different rodent species: the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), BALB/c mouse and Wistar rat. Experimental data supported field observations that host specificity can occur among certain Bartonella species and rodent species. Bacteremia could only be readily produced in cotton rats or white-footed mice if the strains used for inoculation were originally obtained from the same species or from a phylogenetically close species. A few Bartonella colonies could be observed in the blood of some BALB/c mice by 7 days after inoculation, but no evidence of the persistence of the infection was found. Host specificity suggests the possibility of a long co-speciation of Bartonella species with their rodent hosts. Host-parasite relationships measured by the duration and level of bacteremia and the minimal infectious dose may serve as additional criteria for classification of Bartonella isolates obtained from natural environments.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Bartonella infection in animals: carriership, reservoir potential, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential for human infection.

Recent observations have begun to support a role for Bartonella spp. as animal as well as human pathogens. Bartonella spp. are vector-transmitted, blood-borne, intracellular, gram-negative bacteria that can induce prolonged infection in the host. Persistent infections in domestic and wild animals result in a substantial reservoir of Bartonella organisms in nature that can serve as a source for inadvertent human infection. The prevalence of bacteremia can range from 50 to 95% in selected rodent, cat, deer, and cattle populations. Dogs infected with Bartonella spp. can develop lameness, endocarditis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and peliosis hepatis, lesions that have also been reported in association with human infection. Understanding the role of Bartonella spp. as pathogens in cats and other wild or domestic animals awaits the results of additional studies. Considering the extensive animal reservoirs and the large number of insects that have been implicated in the transmission of Bartonella spp., both animal and human exposure to these organisms may be more substantial than is currently believed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Clinical evaluation of commercial serological test for Bartonella infection].

We evaluated the usefulness of a serological diagnostic kit (Bartonella IFA IgG, IgM; MRL Diagnostics) for Bartonella henselae infection. Of the 110 healthy individuals, 107 (97.3%) were with titers being less than 1:64 for IgG antibody to B. henselae, 2 were with titers being 1:64 and 1 with 1:128, IgM antibody to B. henselae was negative in all individuals. Serological diagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD) using indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) methods (in-house and diagnostic kit) was made in either elevated titers of IgM (> or = 1:20) or IgG (> or = 1:256) antibodies, or a four-fold rise in IgG titer between acute and convalescent sera. Of the 18 individuals with serological diagnosis of CSD by in-house IFA method in 26 CSD clinical diagnosed patients, 15 (83%) were compatible with the results of the diagnostic kit, whereas 3 (17%) were not compatible. Of the 8 without serological diagnosis, 1 (13%) was serologically diagnosed as CSD, and the others were negative. Overall, the serological diagnosis was made in 16 of 26 (62%). The specificity and sensitivity of this kit were 100% and 62%, respectively. The cross-reaction between B. henselae and Bartonella quintana was observed in sera from controls and patients. Our results show that the diagnostic kit as well as in-house method is an useful tool for the serological diagnosis of cat scratch disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Lack of correlation between Bartonella DNA detection within fleas, serological results, and results of blood culture in a Bartonella-infected stray cat population.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the presence of different Bartonella species in the blood of a stray cat population trapped on a French military base with specific antibodies and species detected in cat fleas. METHODS: The prevalence of Bartonella bacteremia was investigated in 61 cats by plating frozen whole blood on blood agar plates. Identification of isolates and detection of Bartonella DNA from cat flea batches from ten cats was achieved by PCR amplification and sequencing. Antibody detection was performed by microimmunofluorescence. RESULTS: We obtained 38 isolates of Bartonella from blood. Sixteen were identified as B. clarridgeiae, 15 as B. henselae genotype/serotype Houston 1 (type I), and seven as B. henselae genotype/serotype Marseille (type II). B. henselae was detected in five fleas, and B. clarridgeiae in one flea. Sixty-one per cent of the cats had detectable antibodies against at least one species or serotype. Sixteen cats had antibodies against only one antigen. For each species, the distribution of bacteremia among the cats could not be correlated with either the distribution of infected fleas or the distribution of specific antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of correlation between Bartonella DNA detection within fleas, serological results, and results of blood culture is probably due to a lack of natural heterologous protection between species or serotypes. Cats suffer bacteremia with three Bartonella species and should therefore be considered the reservoirs of at least three human pathogens.

Animals↗