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PubMed2003

Anatomical study of the "trochanteric bursa".

To resolve ambiguity in the literature about the anatomy of the "trochanteric bursa" or trochanteric subgluteus maximus bursa, this study examines the constancy, structure, and relationships of this bursa in a series of anatomical dissections of the hip. Sixteen embalmed hip specimens, from subjects aged 63-91 years, were examined. Subgluteus maximus bursae were demonstrated in 13 hips. In each of these a bursa, the deep bursa, was seen immediately superficial to the common attachment of the gluteus medius, minimus, and vastus lateralis muscles onto the greater trochanter. In five hips a smaller second bursa, the superficial bursa, was reflected with the gluteus maximus muscle. In two hips, four bursae were identified. The additional bursae were associated with either the deep or the superficial bursa. Examination of histological samples from the bursal walls confirmed the presence of a synovial lining in varying stages of development in seven of the eight bursae examined. Branches of the inferior gluteal nerve were seen to supply deep and superficial bursae in two dissections. The study data indicate that subgluteus maximus bursae at the level of the greater trochanter are an expected finding in the older age group and that they vary in number, position, and histological appearance. These features give rise to the hypothesis that these bursae are acquired as a consequence of excessive friction between the greater trochanter and the gluteus maximus as it inserts into the fascia lata.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

MR imaging of the subcoracoid bursa.

OBJECTIVE: The subcoracoid bursa, a bursa anterior to the shoulder joint, can be identified on MR images. Awareness of the MR appearance and location of this bursa, which can connect with the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, enables appropriate diagnosis in patients with shoulder pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dictated reports involving all MR imaging of the shoulder (n = 1545) performed at our institution from June 1993 to February 1998 were reviewed from computer archives. Films were reviewed in 16 cases describing a subcoracoid bursa; in nine MR imaging correctly revealed this bursa, whereas in seven MR imaging revealed the subscapular recess, an outpouching of the glenohumeral joint often confused with the subcoracoid bursa. RESULTS: Of the 1545 shoulders examined, MR imaging revealed the subcoracoid bursa in nine (0.6%) patients. Two cases from a teaching file were also included, for a total of 11 cases. In five (45%) of the 11 cases, the subcoracoid bursa contained a small amount of fluid (<1 cm in largest diameter on sagittal images). In the remaining six cases (55%), the subcoracoid bursa contained a moderate (1-2 cm in largest diameter) or a large amount (>2 cm in largest diameter) of fluid. Of the 11 cases, six (55%) also showed connection with the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa. CONCLUSION: It is important to correctly identify the subcoracoid bursa on MR imaging because it is believed to cause isolated shoulder pain. Fluid in the subcoracoid bursa can also communicate with the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Postnatal development of the ovarian bursa of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): its complete closure and morphogenesis of lymphatic stomata.

The golden hamster ovarian bursa was studied by light and electron microscopy to clarify the process of its complete closure and the development of lymphatics that leads to morphogenesis of stomata. The results were as follows. 1) The bursa completely closed at 9 days of age primarily due to development of the mesotubarium superius. 2) With the closure, the ovary and bursa became closely apposed, and most of the original bursal cavity disappeared. 3) Between 9 and 12 days of age U-shaped folds of the bursal mesothelium began to invade the connective tissue of the bursa. 4) Widening of the internal angle of the U-shaped folds contributed to reappearance of the bursal cavity, and thus separation of the bursa from the ovary. It also contributed to future geometrical proximity of lymphatics to the cavity of the bursa. 5) The separation of the bursa from the ovary began as early as 12 days of age in the cephalic half of the bursa. It occurred remarkably late in the caudal half. Juxtaposition of the window portion of the bursa to the ovary remained in some adult animals. 6) Development of lymphatics in the cephalic half of the bursa was divided into two stages, before and after days 21-24 of life. In the first stage, lymphatics grew in the submesothelial connective tissue, and the framework of lymphatics was formed. In the second stage, lymphatics extended small branches to form the submesothelial plexus or lymphatic lacuna. 7) Intercellular junctions between contiguous lymphatic endothelial cells were mostly tight and desmosomelike. Open junctions were, if they occurred at all, rare. (8) A smooth-surfaced area lined with the lymphatic endothelium was found in the bursa on day 27 of life, before the initiation of ovulation. Valvelike stomal orifices were absent before the initiation of ovulation and extremely rare even after the first ovulation. They were commonly present in the bursae after the fourth ovulation, however. The process of complete closure of the ovarian bursa is very complex and may be related to the later development of the bursal mesothelium and lymphatics. Some liplike stomal orifices are of purely developmental origin. However, all valvelike stomal orifices are assumed to be formed as a result of damage to the bursal mesothelium, as well as to the submesothelial connective tissue and lymphatics, by repetition of ovulation. It is possible that liplike stomal orifices may be formed in the process of repairing the damage.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Hyaluronic acid content of deep and subcutaneous bursae of man.

To provide a comparison of the contents of subcutaneous and deep bursae we dissected these structures from unfixed cadavers without apparent joint disease. No free fluid was found within any olecranon or prepatellar bursae (examples of subcutaneous bursae), while viscous fluid was invariably present in the (deep) retrocalcaneal bursae. The hyaluronic acid content of the washings of 5 rectrocalcaneal bursae ranged from 142 to 591 nmol hexosamine (mean = 281 nmol hexosamine). In contrast, the hyaluronic acid content of 4 olecranon bursae was much lower (range 35-72 nmol, mean 53 nmol hexosamine), and hyaluronate was not detected in washings from either of 2 prepatellar bursae. The greater hyaluronate content of the retrocalcaneal bursae did not appear to be due to a greater surface area, since on the basis of calculations made from plaster casts the surface areas of the olecranon and prepatellar bursae were approximately 3 times and 2 times, respectively, greater than that of the retrocalcaneal bursae. The data suggest that, although hyaluronic acid may lubricate deep bursae, other factors may be more important in reducing friction within superficial bursae.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Bicipitoradial bursitis: MR imaging findings in eight patients and anatomic data from contrast material opacification of bursae followed by routine radiography and MR imaging in cadavers.

PURPOSE: To use radiography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after contrast material opacification of the bursae in cadaveric specimens to demonstrate the anatomy of the bicipitoradial bursa and to report MR imaging findings in patients with bicipitoradial bursitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bicipitoradial bursa in eight cadaveric elbows were injected with a solution containing gadodiamide, iodinated contrast agent, and gelatin. Radiographs and MR images were obtained in each specimen, with both supination and pronation of the forearm. The morphology and relationships of the bursa were studied. Anatomic sections subsequently were obtained. MR imaging studies in eight patients with bicipitoradial bursitis were also evaluated. RESULTS: The bicipitoradial bursa revealed a smooth outline and a wide base along the superficial aspect of the radius. The mean volume of contrast material that could be injected before extravasation was 4 mL. The mean size of the bursa was 1.8 x 2.5 cm. The bicipitoradial bursa enveloped the biceps tendon, with internal septation seen in two cases. Displacement of the superficial branch of the radial nerve by the bursa was found in two specimens. Communication between the bicipitoradial bursa and elbow joint was not observed. In patients, MR imaging demonstrated fluid collections in the bicipitoradial bursa in all cases, with compression of branches of the radial nerve in two cases. CONCLUSION: The anatomy of the bicipitoradial bursa is demonstrated with radiography and MR imaging of bursae. MR imaging allows accurate diagnosis of bicipitoradial bursitis and its effects on adjacent structures.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The subscapular and subcoracoid bursae: descriptive and functional anatomy.

The subscapularis and subcoracoid bursae, as well as the subscapularis muscle, were studied in 42 fresh cadaveric shoulders. Fibrous bands were found in the medial part of the muscle; they were intercalated with the distal tendon-like bands. The superior distal fibrous band was always found to be thicker than the others. Strong fibrous attachments of the subscapularis muscle were found along the lateral border of the scapula as well as along the medial third of the bony crests in the subscapular fossa. Between the crests, the muscle bundles were directly attached to the bone. In the lateral part of the scapula, the subscapularis muscle had only weak connective links with the bone. The subscapularis bursa was found in all cases as a pouch strongly attached to the scapular neck and the adjacent part of the joint capsule. The top of the bursa was linked to the coracoid process by a fibrous attachment called the suspensory ligament. The subcoracoid bursa had only weak connective links with the coracoid process. In 28% of cases, the subscapularis and subcoracoid bursae merged into a unique wide bursa. The subscapular bursa had two types of links with the muscle: (1). weak connective links with the superficial muscle bundles and (2). at least 2 fibrous arcs joining the lateral tendon-like bands, the bursa, and bony crests of the subscapularis fossa. These arcs allow the bursa to follow the course of the muscle exactly. During movements of the glenohumeral joint, the subscapularis muscle sustains huge changes of orientation, particularly the upper part of the muscle that coils around the coracoid process. The strong superior fibrous band enables the muscle to maintain contact with the coracoid process. It is the function of the subscapularis and subcoracoid bursae to manage the friction of the superficial fibers against the scapular neck, the humeral head, and the coracoid process.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the bursa around the knee joint].

INTRODUCTION: Since fluid filled bursae lead to visible structures on MR images it is important to establish criteria to recognize them and to differentiate them from tumorous fluid-like structures. With this study the bursae around the knee joint were analyzed for potential differential diagnostic criteria such as localisation, size and shape. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a retrospective study of 133 MR exams the frequency, localization and morphology were registered. The frequency of occurrence was correlated with the frequency of an effusion by means of the chi 2 test. RESULTS: The most frequently recognized bursae were bursa subtendinea musculi gastrocnemii medialis (54.9%), bursa musculi semimembranosi (21%), and bursa infrapatellaris profunda (18.8%). 8 different bursae were identified in complete. Size roanged from 2 to 18 mm. The shape was round and ovoid. The bursa subtendinea musculi gastrocnemii medialis and bursa musculi semimembranosi correlated with the occureance of an effusion. CONCLUSION: Bursae around the knee are frequently visualized as asymptomatic fluid like structures. Knowledge of the typical localization, size and contour is important for identification and differentiation diagnosis against ganglia, cysts or joint recesses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

A contribution to the study of lymphopoiesis in the bursa of Fabricius in Gallus domesticus.

It has been proposed that the anatomical connection between the bursa of Fabricius and the cloaca is the pathway for unknown intestinal factors which are necessary for the induction of normal bursal lymphopoiesis. It has also been suggested that normal lymphopoiesis occurs only if nerve and vascular connections are intact. Experiments were performed to test these hypotheses. To test the influence of the intestinal contents, the bursal stalk was cut on the 16th day of incubation or at hatching. In this way, contact between the bursa and the intestinal flow in embryos was avoided and bacterial contamination of the bursa at hatching was also avoided. No change in the bursal follicles was observed. To study the influence of the nervous system on bursal lymphopoiesis, the bursa was isolated from the cloaca at hatching, and by maintaining vascularization the bursa was sutured to the peritoneum of the abdominal wall after scratching the contact surfaces. Once a new vascular network was established, one fragment of bursa was completely isolated from its normal anatomical site, causing interruption of the blood vessels and nerves of the bursa. The histological appearance of the bursa was not changed. It would appear that the integrity of the anatomical relation between bursa and cloaca and an intact nerve supply is not necessary for normal lymphopoiesis to occur in the bursa of Fabricius. In contrast, sufficient vascularization appears to be essential.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Findings of the subcoracoid bursa on MR arthrography and their clinical significance].

We studied visualization of the subcoracoid bursa by conducting a retrospective analysis of the MR arthrograms of 101 shoulders with surgical confirmation. MR arthrography showed the subcoracoid bursa in 28 shoulders, among which the bursa was revealed by inadvertent direct injection of contrast material into the bursa in 10 shoulders. Of the remaining 18 shoulders, 16 shoulders had rotator cuff tears, one had shoulder instability, and one had dislocation of the long head of the biceps tendon. Both the subcoracoid and subscapularis bursae are located in the subcoracoid space. The subcoracoid bursa does not communicate with the subscapularis bursa, but occasionally communicates with the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa. On MR arthrography, contrast material in the subcoracoid bursa indicates a pathologic condition such as rotator cuff tear. Careful examination of the subcoracoid bursa on MR arthrography helps to achieve better assessment of the rotator cuff.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Role of environmental antigen in the development of IgG+ cells in the bursa of fabricius.

IgG+ cells were detected in the bursa of Fabricius after hatching by immunofluorescence staining of single cells and immunohistologic studies using mAb anti-Ig gamma-heavy chain. The frequency of IgG+ cells in the bursa increased rapidly immediately after hatching. In histologic studies, most of the IgG+ cells were found in the medullary areas of the bursal follicle. Isolation of the bursa from the gut by bursal duct ligation before hatching suppressed the development of IgG+ cells in the bursa after hatching. In addition, administration of Ags into the bursal lumen just before bursal duct ligation caused a significant increase of IgG+ cells in the bursa compared with the isolated bursa. However, parenteral administration of Ags had no effect on the frequency of IgG+ cells in the isolated and normal bursa. These results suggest that Ags in the bursa are a prerequisite for the development of IgG+ cells in the bursa. Although the majority of IgG+ bursal cells were IgM+ IgG+ double-positive cells, sorted Bu1+ bursal cells, which contained 99.9% of IgG+ cells but not plasma cells, synthesized de novo IgM but little or no IgG. Therefore, it is likely that surface IgG on the bursal cells is not produced locally, but is trapped by IgM+ bursal cells. We speculate that Ags derived from the bursal lumen form immune complexes within the bursa, which are subsequently trapped on the surface of IgM+ bursal cells mediated either by Fc-receptors, C3 receptors, or surface Ig.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Structure of bursae ovaricae surrounding the ovaries of golden hamster.

The ovaries of many mammals lie within membranous sacs called bursae ovaricae. In this study, we have examined the morphology of the bursa surrounding the hamster ovary using light and electron microscopy. The bursa is composed of three layers: (1) an inner, discontinuous bursal epithelium that faces the ovary; (2) a middle layer of connective tissue that contains fibroblasts, bundles of smooth muscle cells, and blood vessels; and (3) an outer, continuous epithelium that faces the peritoneal cavity. One side of the bursa has a thin layer of connective tissue, and because the ovary may be seen through it, we refer to this region of the bursa as the "window.' Elsewhere a thick layer of fat joins the connective tissue and blocks visualization of the ovary. Tracers (Evans blue and lanthanum) applied to the peritoneal surface do not penetrate beyond the peritoneal epithelium. Tracers injected into the bursal cavity penetrate all layers of the bursa, but do not pass through the peritoneal epithelium. Therefore, the bursa prevents tracer exchange between the bursal and peritoneal cavities, but exchange does take place between the bursal cavity and blood vessels within the bursa. We suggest that bundles of smooth muscle cells within the bursa may serve to regulate fluid volume and pressure within the bursal cavity. Possible functions of the complete bursa in the hamster are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Range of normal and abnormal subacromial/subdeltoid bursa fluid.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the range of normal and abnormal subacromial/subdeltoid (SA/SD) bursa fluid. METHODS: Using a 1.5-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanner, 2 observers evaluated coronal oblique T2-weighted, fast spin echo, fat-suppressed images of 71 persons (36 asymptomatic volunteers and 35 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears [RCTs]) for the 1) widest thickness of the SA/SD bursa; 2) medial extent of bursa from the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ); and 3) because patients were supine, whether fluid was in the posterior quarter, middle quarter, anterior quarter, or anterior-most quarter of the bursa. RESULTS: The range of bursa thickness was 0 to 7 mm (mean = 1.3 mm, median = 2 mm) in normal bursas and 0 to 8 mm (mean = 3.3 mm, median = 3 mm; P < 0.05, t test) in RCTs. Only 2 volunteers exceeded 3 mm in bursa thickness. In volunteers, 36% had no fluid present, 61% had a small amount of fluid lateral to the ACJ, and 1 had fluid directly beneath the ACJ (P < 0.05). In RCT patients, 37% had fluid directly under the ACJ or medial to the ACJ. Only 1 patient with an RCT had no bursal fluid. In volunteers, most fluid was in the posterior quarter (53%) or middle quarter (22%) of the bursa, whereas in RCT patients, most fluid was located in the anterior quarter of the humerus or anterior to the humerus (89%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Normal SA/SD bursa fluid is rarely thicker than 2 mm and tends to be located posteriorly. An abnormal amount of fluid is present when the thickness exceeds 3 mm, fluid is present medial to the ACJ, and fluid is seen in the part of the bursa anterior to the humerus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Obturator externus bursa: anatomic origin and MR imaging features of pathologic involvement.

PURPOSE: To investigate the anatomy of the obturator externus bursa of the hip and describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of pathologic involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors dissected eight cadaver hemipelvises to assess for the presence of periarticular bursae of the hip and bursal communication with the fascial plane of the obturator externus muscle. In addition, 10 consecutive patients with obturator externus bursa enlargement were prospectively identified with MR imaging. A bursa was considered present when a fluid collection was seen extending along the obturator externus muscle, continuous with the posterior inferior hip joint. The direction, extent, contour, and thickness of the bursa and hip capsule were recorded. Surgical findings were available for eight of the 10 patients, with histopathologic correlation between the bursal lining and hip capsule. RESULTS: At cadaveric dissection, one specimen showed a bursa communicating with and extending from the posteroinferior aspect of the hip joint deep to the obturator externus tendon. In all 10 patients, MR images showed a hip joint effusion with a continuous bursa extending medially and displacing the obturator externus inferiorly. At surgery, a bursa was seen displacing the obturator externus muscle inferiorly and originating from the posteroinferior aspect of the hip joint in all eight patients. Results of pathologic analysis confirmed disease identical to the primary hip abnormality in all eight patients. CONCLUSION: The obturator externus bursa is a potential posteroinferior communication of the hip joint capsule, can be a site of disease spread from the hip joint, and can be accurately identified with MR imaging.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Bursae and abscess cavities communicating with the hip. Diagnosis using arthrography and CT.

Bursae or abscess cavities communicating with the hip joint were demonstrated by hip arthrography or by computed tomography (CT) in 40 cases. The bursae or abscess cavities were associated with underlying abnormalities in the hip, including painful hip prostheses, infection, and inflammatory or degenerative arthritis. Structures communicating with the joint capsule included iliopsoas bursae (13 cases), bursae associated with the greater trochanter (21 cases), ischiotrochanteric bursae created by abnormal articulation between the ischium and lesser trochanter (two cases), and abscess cavities not associated with a bursa (four cases). Symptoms may be produced directly as a result of infection or indirectly as a result of inflammation or pressure on adjacent structures. In cases of suspected infection, direct puncture and aspiration of the bursa or abscess cavity, in addition to joint aspiration, may be necessary to obtain organisms for culture as joint aspiration may not yield fluid. Hip arthrography can confirm a diagnosis of bursae and abscess cavities communicating with the hip joint in patients with hip pain or soft-tissue masses around the groin. Differentiation of enlarged bursae from other abnormalities is important to avoid unnecessary or incorrect surgery.

Abscess↗

PubMed1992

The retrocalcaneal bursa: anatomy and bursography.

The retrocalcaneal bursae, located between the posterior angle of the os calcis and the Achilles tendon, may become inflamed and hypertrophied. There are few objective tests available for the diagnosis of pain syndromes involving the hindfoot and it is often difficult to differentiate Achilles tendinitis and retrocalcaneal bursitis. Retrocalcaneal bursograms can provide further insight into chronic changes in the bursae associated with traumatic and inflammatory conditions. This report describes the anatomy of the retrocalcaneal bursa, the technique of its opacification, and the application of this technique to the diagnosis and treatment of painful hindfoot syndromes. In addition, the anatomy of the retrocalcaneal bursa was investigated further using latex casting techniques. Twelve cadaver limbs were injected with radiopaque latex casting material or renografin into the retrocalcaneal bursae. AP, lateral, and oblique radiographs were then obtained on the specimens. The size, capacity, and configuration of the postmortem bursae were measured and recorded. Subsequently, the cadaver limbs injected with the latex material were cooled and dissection was made of the retrocalcaneal bursae. The latex bursal molds were measured, graphically recorded, and photographed. Fifteen patients with signs and symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis and eight asymptomatic patients were selected for this study and injected with radiopaque material into the bursae. Anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs were then obtained. The size, capacity, and configuration of the retrocalcaneal bursae were measured and recorded. The anatomic characteristics noted from the latex bursal molds correlated well with the findings on bursography. Bursographic findings in patients with retrocalcaneal bursitis can provide insight into the diagnosis and clinical management of this disorder.

Achilles Tendon↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of two techniques for injection of the podotrochlear bursa in horses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare accuracy of 2 methods for injection of the podotrochlear bursa in horses. DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: 17 French Standardbreds. PROCEDURE: In each horse, contrast medium was injected into the podotrochlear bursa of 1 foot by use of a distal palmar approach with the needle inserted parallel to the sole (DPPS) and into the podotrochlear bursa of the other foot by use of a distal palmar approach to the navicular position (DPNP). Podotrochlear bursa injection was evaluated by means of radiographic examination in all horses and postmortem examination in 6. RESULTS: Contrast medium was successfully injected into the podotrochlear bursa in 6 of 16 feet in which the DPPS method was used and 14 of 17 feet in which the DPNP method was used; these results were significantly different. Failure was attributed to contrast medium invading the distal interphalangeal joint, contrast medium pooling palmar to the deep digital flexor tendon, contrast medium located in the podotrochlear bursa and the distal interphalangeal joint, contrast medium located in the podotrochlear bursa and the area palmar to the deep digital flexor tendon, and an inability to inject contrast medium despite adequate needle placement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the DPNP technique can be used successfully for injection into the podotrochlear bursa in horses. However, radiographic assessment should be used to confirm that material was injected into the bursa.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Immunocytochemical and dye distribution studies of nerves potentially desensitized by injections into the distal interphalangeal joint or the navicular bursa of horses.

To determine whether the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint directly or indirectly communicates with the navicular bursa (bursa podotrochlearis) and to identify sensory nerves in these synovial structures that might be desensitized by intra-articular injections of anesthetics, Evans blue dye in physiologic saline solution, Luxol fast blue dye with mepivicaine, or commercial latex was injected into the DIP joint (5 ml) or the navicular bursa (3 ml) of 152 digits obtained from horses or ponies at necropsy. The digits were frozen, cut with a band saw, and examined for distribution of dye or latex. Of 122 digits that had injections into the DIP joint, 120 did not have evidence of a communication between the DIP joint and either the navicular bursa or digital flexor tendon sheath. Of 16 digits that had injections into the navicular bursa, 14 did not have evidence of a direct communication with the DIP joint. Injection of dye into the DIP joint resulted in diffusion of dye and staining of other structures, including the synovial linings of the collateral sesamoidean ligaments and of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and the medullary cavity of the navicular bone. In addition, a blue tinge was observed in the navicular bursa after dye was injected into the DIP joint, suggesting an indirect, and potentially functional, communication between the DIP joint and the navicular bursa. Injection of dye into the navicular bursa resulted in staining only of the bursa's synovial lining. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed nerves immunoreactive for the peptidergic neurotransmitters substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide located in structures that were stained after dye was injected into the DIP joint.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Local↗

PubMed1988

Pressure recording in the subacromial bursa.

The microcapillary infusion (MCI) technique was evaluated in monitoring pressure in the subacromial bursa in 30 shoulders in healthy volunteers. The total pressure in the bursa was studied as the volunteers held their arms at rest and as they lifted their arms and held them lifted with or without a weight of 1 kg in the hands. The pressure in the bursae at rest averaged 8 mm Hg and was found stable during a 40-min period. When the arms were lifted, the average bursa pressure increased from 8 to 39 mm Hg. As the arms were held up, the weights were put in the hands, and the average bursa pressure then further increased to 56 mm Hg. When the infusion catheters were repeatedly flushed, during a period of 5 min and with a total of 1.2 ml of saline, the average bursa pressure doubled regardless of arm position and load in the hands. The compliance of the bursae decreased from 0.09 to 0.04 ml/mm Hg when the arms were lifted and from 0.04 to 0.02 ml/mm Hg when the arms were lifted and the hands were loaded. The MCI method was found suitable for recording pressure in the subacromial bursa during exercise.

Adult↗