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PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence enabled social robotic interventions (PARO) in Australian dementia care: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although there is a growing body of research indicating that Personal Robot/Social Robot could be used in various aspects of care for individuals with dementia, little is known about how well these types of interventions work in an actual hospital setting in Australia. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the effectiveness of PARO-based socially assistive robotic intervention in terms of its effectiveness outcomes towards the reduction of dementia-related behavioural and psychological symptoms in Australian based healthcare settings. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across five electronic databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library, to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating PARO-based socially assistive robotic interventions for dementia in Australian healthcare settings. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251251916) and followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. In addition, the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2) was used to evaluate the risk of bias across all studies. Pooled standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for agitation, anxiety, and depression. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: Six RCTs involving 1444 participants were identified for inclusion in this review. AI-enabled socially assistive robotic interventions, specifically the PARO therapeutic robot, significantly reduced agitation and anxiety when compared to standard treatment or control conditions. The pooled analysis showed that agitation [SMD = -0.44 (95 % CI: -0.70, -0.18) p = 0.0008] and anxiety [SMD = -0.59 (95 % CI: -0.91, -0.27) p = 0.0003] were reduced significantly, while the decrease in depression [SMD = -0.44 (95 % CI: -0.95, -0.07) p = 0.09] scores was non-significant among dementia patients receiving PARO-based socially assistive robotic interventions as compared to the control. The overall risk of bias across all six studies was considered low to moderate. CONCLUSION: PARO-based socially assistive robotic interventions may provide preliminary evidence of effectiveness in reducing agitation and anxiety in individuals with dementia in Australian healthcare, but the evidence regarding the reduction of depression remains unclear. Therefore, additional high-quality trials with consistent methodology and extended follow-up will be necessary to determine both the short-term and long-term clinical efficacy and practicality of implementing these interventions into practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

[Present day Marxist sociology and psychoanalysis].

The main common theme in psychoanalysis and Marxist sociology is the understanding that it is not consciousness that determines being, but being (spiritual, social) that determines consciousness. The different variations of Marxist movements today are in fact distant from Marx's theory of sociology. They have become representatives of utopian socialism, using anarchistic methods to achieve that aim. This development can only be understood as a social neurosis, with the narcistic frustation of the intellectual class as its cause, and grandiose claims, intolerance, dogmatic thinking and destructive behaviour as its symptoms. The only justified criticism of psychoanalysis from the pseudo-Marxist side is based on the imperfection and error in the analytical doctrine of superego. This should be replaced by the idea of conscious, subjective, emotional morality which clearly explains the aggression contained in social structures.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Functional abnormality of 'non-provocative' bladder instability in children.

In the last years the symptom of unstable bladder behaviour has been interpreted with increasing clinical importance, sometimes being regarded as a diagnosis or as a causative factor for different complaints (1, 3-6, 16, 18, 20). The term 'unstable bladder' is still not precisely defined (17). Few investigations on this topic had been done in children, therefore, the urodynamic findings of 216 children were analysed to look for co-findings of bladder instability and, if possible, to demonstrate some causative factors. The investigations revealed that unstable bladder behaviour seems to be a secondary cystometric phenomenon (directly or indirectly induced). The treatment of unstable bladder should be concentrated on the causative disorder rather than on the cystometric symptom

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

New admissions to Woodbridge Hospital 1975 with special reference to schizophrenia.

Woodbrige Hospital had 2,257 patients in 1975. Of these 75 percent were suffering from Schizophrenia. This pattern was similar to that of developing countries like Padistan and Malaya. A study was carried out on all new admissions in 1975. There were 1,068 patients whose age ranged from 10 to 89. Schizophrenia which constituted 62% of the cases was analysed in detail. They were mainly in the age range 10-29 (64%). The sex ratio was 3 males to 2 females. Their distribution by their type of housing was similar to that of the general populations. They were better educated. The most common presentation were reports of aggressive, violent, disturbed, abnormal or withdrawn behaviour. The 10 most common symptoms were paranoid ideas, hearing of voices, talking to oneself, insomnia, aggression, abnormal behaviour, laughing to oneself, disturbed behaviour, crying to oneself and withdrawn behaviour. The most common drugs used were trifluoperazine (47%) and chlorpromazine (45%). Electroconvulsive therapy was given to 25% of the patients. Most of the patients (63%) stayed less than 20 days.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Some effects of piracetam (UCB 6215, Nootropyl) on chronic schizophrenia.

A study is described of effects of a nootropic drug on chronic schizophrenia. The nootropic drugs act on the central nervous system with the cerebral cortex as their target. Chronic schizophrenic patients on the drug showed improvement in object naming and in tests where the patient was required to indicate the number of times he had been tapped. Improvements were also noted in learning and memory tasks. In dichotic listening the patients showed a reduction in the amount of incorrect verbal responses produced. There were no improvements in symptom rating or social behaviour rating. These results suggest some cognitive improvement but little if any change in the disease state of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Neuroblastoma in adults.

Two cases of neuroblastoma are described in patients who were both more than 25 years old when their symptoms first appeared. The behaviour of this tumour appears less aggressive in adults than in children, but the cases presented illustrate its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and surgery is suggested as the first line of treatment in adults, even if the growth cannot be removed completely.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

[Functional peripheral ischemia].

The terminal circulation which plays an important role in the thermoregulation particularly at the periphery of the extremities is not infrequently irritated by false multifactorial regulations. As their sequela an increased tonus of vasoconstrictors and pathological vasodilatation lead to idiopathic and symptomatic functional angiolopathies. Transitions into organic vascular processes are no rarity. From the extreme functional behaviour patterns complaints and symptoms of the individual angiolopathies may be derived. Clinic, differential diagnostics and therapeutic possibilities of the angiopathic reaction position, of the acrocyanosis and its variants, of the intermittent functional acrosyndromes and of the erythromelalgia are treated from practical points of view. In contrast to the secondary functional angiolopathies, in which the basic disease is of decisive importance in questions concerning expertise, the idiopathic forms alone are scarcely of high significance concerning the restriction of the physical function.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed2026

Cognitive behavioural therapy-based interventions on stress outcomes in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Stress symptoms were the most common psychological problem in pregnancy. Cognitive behavioural therapy-based interventions are effective for antenatal depression and anxiety symptoms; but there are fewer studies for stress symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The review aims to (1) examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy-based interventions in reducing stress outcomes (pregnancy-specific stress symptoms, generic symptoms, and objective stress) in pregnant women, and (2) identify significant moderators affecting the effectiveness of the intervention. DESIGN: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials. METHODS: We conducted a three-step search (12 databases, 4 clinical registries, and citation searches) in English and Chinese up to July 24, 2025, by two independent reviewers. Meta-analysis, subgroup, and meta-regression analyses were performed using the R software. Quality assessment and certainty of the evidence were assessed with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool version 2 and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS: We included 20 randomised controlled trials involving a total of 6966 pregnant women from nine countries. Random-effects meta-analyses found that interventions significantly alleviated pregnancy-specific stress symptoms (Hedges' g&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.84, 95% Confidence Interval, CI -1.42, -0.26, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;.01, I2&#xa0;=&#xa0;92.3%), reduced generic stress symptoms (g&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.64, 95% CI -1.09, -0.20, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;.01, I2&#xa0;=&#xa0;87.4%) with median and large effect sizes at post-intervention. No effect was found in lowering cortisol levels (g&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.99, 95% CI -2.58, -0.60, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;.12, I2&#xa0;=&#xa0;84%) at post-intervention. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses indicated that region, age of participants, use of intention-to-treat, missing data management analyses, frequency, modalities, and approaches of interventions, use of different comparators, and attrition rate were significant factors affecting the effectiveness of interventions. Subgroup analyses suggested that the intensity of intervention should be more than once per week using a blended mode among Asian populations. Multivariate meta-regression analyses indicated that both younger age (&#x3b2;&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.13, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;.02) and a lower attrition rate (&#x3b2;&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.03, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;.03) significantly improved the effectiveness of interventions. The overall certainty of the evidence was rated as either very low or low. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive behavioural therapy-based interventions can supplement antenatal care to alleviate pregnancy-specific stress symptoms and generic stress symptoms, particularly in young Asian women. However, the evidence has some uncertainties. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to substantial heterogeneity. Well-designed trials on a large-scale with long-term follow-ups were needed. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration ID: CRD420251115913.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation.

There were 44 young men who participated in strenuous combat courses of 4 d (course I) or 5 d (course II), almost without sleep. They were tested and examined clinically each morning. Groups 1 and 2 had no organized sleep, whereas groups 3 and 4 got 3 and 6 h, respectively, in the middle of each course. Substantial impairment was observed in all tests, as well as clinical symptoms toward the end of the courses for groups 1 and 2. In the vigilance test, the reaction time task, the code test, and the profile of mood-state, significant impairment was observed even after 24 h. Complaints of symptoms came first. Disturbance of senses and behaviour appeared later. Group 4 had significantly better results than groups 1 and 2 in clinical symptoms and all tests, except the positive score in mood-state. Group 3 occupied an intermediate position. Corresponding results were obtained in the two separate courses. In the morning following the course, recovery after 4 h of sleep was less extensive for courses II than course I participants.

Achievement↗
PubMed1975

In vivo desensitization of a phobic shop steward.

Techniques used in behaviour therapy effectively counteract the symptoms presented by the patient. The question arises as to the precise nature of such intervention, and whether this form of treatment is in fact a superficial one which deals only with symptom removal, or whether this is really a much more fundamental form of therapy, in which the patient alters as a whole. The case reported here is of interest in that, during a course of in vivo desensitization, in which the therapist accompanied the patient on journeys through London, it was shown that, as the symptoms were alleviated, there were concomitant changes in his whole personality structure. He no longer needed to be a militant shop steward and developed an amicable relationship with his employers, and yet he was still able to negotiate a pay rise for the men. This suggests that the treatment had an effect on his hostility level, so that he could deal effectively with his superiors without the need to fight them. This has important theoretical and ethnical implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

A better outlook for schizophrenics living in extended families.

Cases of schizophrenia and schizophreniform attacks living in extended families have been compared to cases with similar diagnoses in nuclear families. Both diagnostic groups living in extended families presented earlier: they had lower rates of withdrawal symptoms and higher rates of behavioural disturbances and subjective suffering. Inter-generational conflict was a significantly more common precipitating factor in patients living in extended families; this was therapeutically utilized to induce family support. Patients from extended families had a lower tendency to deteriorate into with drawn, affectively blunted residual states.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A comparison of clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil) and behaviour therapy in the treatment of obsessive neurosis.

A six-week trial of 300 mg clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil, Geigy Pharmaceuticals) was compared to a six-month twice weekly therapeutic programme with two widely used behavioural techniques, flooding and thought-stopping. Clomipramine had a substantial ameliorating effect on the number and severity of obsessional symptoms, reducing the total obsessive symptomatology by half. The trends suggested that the drug was as effective as flooding and more effective than thought-stopping in reducing the ruminative symptoms, and was especially effective in reducing pervading doubt. It was considerably less effective than behaviour therapy in reducing the compulsive symptoms. This suggests, and confirms the authors' clinical impression, that a combination of pharmacotherapy and behaviour therapy is the optimal treatment of choice for ritualistic patients who are almost always very ruinative, doubtful and highly anxious. Clomipramine had the most substantial anxiolytic effect of three groups and seemed to be as effective as behaviour therapy in reducing phobias.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Disassembly of microtubules in the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome? (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and microtubules).

The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is an unusual disease. It combines neurological disorders, behavioural disturbances, metabolic changes and haematological symptoms. The syndrome is caused by an X-chromosomal transmitted enzyme deficiency of the 'salvage pathway' in purine metabolism. The hitherto unexplained pathogenesis was the reason for investigations into metabolism and morphology of the blood cells of a patient suffering from the syndrome. Along with the defect in guanine nucleotide resynthesis there was a defect of microtubules in platelets and a sphaerocytosis in red cells, which could be the result of a disassembly of structural proteins. The development and maintenance of the highly heteromorphic structure of nerve cells and the neuronal function including axonal transport of cell organelles and transmitters is dependent on microtubules. Thus a disassembly of microtubules could be the mechanism in the pathogenesis of this complex syndrome.

Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase↗
PubMed1976

The neurological complications of cardiac transplantation.

Review of the neurological complications encountered in 83 patients who received cardiac homografts over a seven-year period leads to the following conclusions: (1) Neurological disorders are common in transplant recipients, occurring in over 50 per cent of patients. (2) Infection was the single most frequent cause of the neurological dysfunction, being responsible for one-third of all CNS complications. (3) The infective organisms were typically those considered to be usually of low pathogenicity: fungi, viruses, protozoa and an uncommon bacterial strain. (4) Other clinical neurological syndromes were related to vascular lesions, often apparently from cerebral ischaemia or infarction occurring during the surgical procedure, metabolic encephalopathies, cerebral microglioma, acute psychotic episodes and back pain from vertebral compression fractures. (5) The infectious complications and probably the development of neoplasms de novo, are related to immunosuppressive therapy which impairs virtually all host defence mechanisms and alters the nature of the host's response to infective agents or other foreign antigens. (6) Because neurological symptoms and signs were usually those of behavioural changes or deterioration in intellectual performance, the neurological examination was often of little value in diagnosing the nature or even the anatomical site of the neuropathological process. (7) The possibility of an infectious origin of the neurological manifestations must be aggressively pursued even in the absence of fever and a significantly abnormal spinal fluid examination. The diagnostic error made most frequently was to ascribe neurological symptoms erroneously to metabolic disturbances or to "intensive care unit psychosis" when they were in fact due to unrecognized CNS infection. (8) Maintenance of mean cardiopulmonary bypass pressures above 70 mmHg, particularly in patients with known arteriosclerosis, may reduce operative morbidity. (9) Though increased diagnostic accuracy is possible with routine use of a variety of radiological and laboratory techniques, two further requirements probably must be met before a significant reduction in the frequency of neurological complications will occur: the advent of greater immunospecificity in suppressing rejection of the grafted organ while preserving defences against infection; and a more effective armamentarium of antiviral and antifungal drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Treatment of orthostatic disorders of circulatory regulation by means of DET MS retard].

30 patients suffering from troubles in orthostatic circulatory regulation in the sense of a so-called hypersympathicotonic reaction were treated with DET MS retard for 4 weeks and permanently controlled concerning objective changes (circulation by modified Schellong-test on the tilting table) as well as subjective changes (symptoms). The evaluation of the findings shows the stabilisation of the regulation of blood pressure, an extensive economization of the circulatory behaviour during orthostasis, and a statistically evident improvement of clinical symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Incongruous referrals.

A survey of 1344 patients registered at a new health centre in Glasgow assessed the prevalence of symptoms and referrals together with subjective, gradings of medical symptoms in terms of pain, disability, and perceived seriousness, and of social symptoms in terms of worry or inconvenience. These grading scales were used to define referral behaviour which appeared to be incongruous in the light of the respondents' own perceptions of their symptoms. In this way incongruous referrals indicated the size of the medical and social symptom "iceberg" and "trivia". For both medical and social symptoms the "icebergs" were larger than the "trivia"; the medical-symptom "iceberg" was two to three times greater than the medical-symptom "trivia".

Adult↗