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PubMed1992

Total quality management (TQM) in a hospital library: identifying service benchmarks.

Hospitals are turning to total quality management (TQM) to lower costs of providing care. A hospital library in a TQM environment needs to embrace corporate goals while maintaining its accountability as a contributor to quality patient care. Alliant Health System (AHS) Library at Norton Hospital and Kosair Children's Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky, conducted a study to establish TQM benchmarks and to examine the significance of its role in clinical care. Using a methodology designed to allow both library user and nonuser to respond, 2,091 surveys were distributed to physicians and nursing and allied health personnel. Areas surveyed included frequency of library use, impact of information received on clinical judgments, cognitive value of the information, and satisfaction with library products and services. Results confirm that the library has a substantial clinical role. Eighty-eight percent of reporting physicians agreed that information from the library contributed to higher quality care. Nursing and allied health were less convinced of the importance of the library's clinical role. Sixty-nine percent of nursing personnel and 58% of allied health personnel agreed that the library contributed to higher quality care. Nursing and allied health personnel also used the library less frequently than physicians. With these results as benchmarks, improving the clinical role of the library will take commitment to the TQM process and a willingness to change.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2026

Benchmarking of Reference-Based Tools for Strain-Level Resolution of Plant Microbiome.

Strain-level identification of each microbe is crucial for understanding its role in the host. Most of the existing tools have primarily been evaluated on human metagenomic datasets, whereas the plant microbiome exhibits greater diversity and complexity and thus poses a challenge in the strain-level resolution of individual microbes. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive benchmarking of available reference-based tools for strain-level resolution of the plant microbiome. We evaluated seven tools on various performance parameters, like computational requirements, F1-score and relative abundances using synthetic datasets comprising microbes known to have strong associations with plants as well as real plant microbiome datasets. Our results demonstrated a better performance of StrainScan on the synthetic data, achieving higher F1-score and more accurate relative abundance estimates as compared to other tools, but its performance declined gradually with increasing strain diversity. However, StrainGE and StrainScan exhibited competitive performance on real plant metagenome data. Overall, though StrainGE exhibited better performance, it was more computationally expensive. However, StrainScan performed better in detecting low-abundance strains. Our findings suggest the comparative suitability of the available tools for the strain-level analysis of plant metagenome data and highlight the need for the development of more efficient and accurate taxonomic classifiers capable of handling the complex plant metagenome data while maintaining computational efficiency.

Microbiota↗

PubMed2026

Benchmarking the OptiSpray-μPAC Workflow against a Traditional Nanospray Capillary Interface for Multiplexed Quantitative Proteomics.

Nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) underpins modern quantitative proteomics, yet the column-to-mass spectrometer interface remains an important yet often underappreciated determinant of analytical depth, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Here, we benchmark an integrated workflow comprising the newly developed OptiSpray ion source and a micropillar array column (μPAC) cartridge against a conventional Nanospray Flex Source with an Accucore resin-packed capillary column. We performed a TMTpro 18-plex experiment across nine human cell lines on a FAIMS Pro-equipped Orbitrap Exploris 480. Following basic-pH reversed-phase fractionation, 12 fractions were analyzed on both workflow configurations under matched chromatographic gradient and acquisition conditions. Across both configurations, we quantified >9000 protein groups with highly comparable quantitative reproducibility and principal component clustering. Direct comparison of protein abundance ratios across cell lines showed agreement (Pearson R2 ≈ 0.7-0.8) without systematic bias. These results were achieved without workflow-specific optimization of the OptiSpray-μPAC platform, enabling direct transfer of established acquisition methods. Despite differences in column architecture, both configurations delivered comparable proteome coverage and quantitative fidelity. These findings establish the OptiSpray-μPAC workflow as a standardized alternative to conventional capillary-based interfaces, offering simplified operation while preserving quantitative performance.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Benchmarking methods for measuring biosynthetic gene cluster similarity and determination of gene cluster families.

MOTIVATION: Natural products are often produced by a set of biosynthetic enzymes that are encoded by genes clustered together in the producer's genome, referred to as a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). The ability to compare and cluster BGCs is essential for several applications, including predicting which bacteria will make a known product and assessing the potential diversity of natural products produced by a set of bacteria. There are multiple methods for comparing and clustering BGCs based on their similarity, but there has been a lack of investigation into how strongly BGC similarity relates to product structural similarity and how these methods perform relative to each other. RESULTS: Using publicly available databases, we developed a benchmark dataset to assess how well different BGC similarity metrics correlate with the structural similarity of their products and how well these methods cluster BGCs. We found that all methods showed moderate correlation between BGC and structural similarity, with correlations improving for more similar BGCs and varying significantly by BGC biosynthetic class. Analysis of outliers revealed some outliers were due to mistakes or omissions in public datasets, while others represented deviation between BGC similarity and product structural similarity. All methods generally performed better on clustering metrics, with BiG-SCAPE performing the best after errors in the public datasets had been corrected. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Scripts and data required to reproduce the results are available at https://github.com/aswalker-lab/BGC-clustering-benchmark and processed similarity, clusters, and scaffolds are also available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/allie-walker/BGC-clustering-benchmark. Code is also available at Zenodo: 10.5281/zenodo.17373546.

Multigene Family↗

PubMed2025

Benchmarking with synthetic communities provides a baseline for virus-host inferences from Hi-C proximity linking.

Microbiomes influence diverse ecosystems, and viruses increasingly appear to impose key constraints. While viromics has expanded genomic catalogs, host identification for these viruses remains challenging due to the limitations in scaling cultivation-based approaches and the uncertain reliability and relative low resolution of in silico predictions - particularly for understudied viral taxa. Towards this, Hi-C proximity ligation uses sequenced, cross-linked virus and host genomic fragments to infer virus-host linkages and has now been applied in at least 10 studies. However, its accuracy remains unknown. Here we assess Hi-C performance in recovering virus-host interactions using synthetic communities (SynComs) composed of four marine bacterial strains and nine phages with known interactions and then apply optimized bioinformatic protocols to natural soil samples. In SynComs, standard Hi-C sample preparations and analyses showed poor normalized contact score performance (26% specificity, 100% sensitivity, incorrect matches up to class level) that could be dramatically improved by Z-score filtering (Z ≥ 0.5, 99% specificity), though at reduced sensitivity (62% down from 100%). Detection limits were established as reproducibility was poor below minimal phage abundances of 105 PFU/mL. Applying optimized bioinformatic protocols to natural soil samples, we compared virus-host linkages inferred from proximity-ligated Hi-C sequencing with predictions generated by in silico homology-based and machine learning-based bioinformatic approaches. Prior to Z-score thresholding, agreement was relatively high at the phylum to family levels (72%), but not at the genus (43%) or species (15%) levels. Z-score thresholding reduced sensitivity (only 34% of predictions were retained), with only modest improvements in congruence with bioinformatic methods (48% or 18% at genus or species levels, respectively). Regardless, this led to 79 genus-level-congruent virus-host linkages and 293 new ones revealed by Hi-C alone, i.e., providing many new virus-host interactions to explore in already well-studied climate-critical soils. Overall, these findings provide empirical benchmarks and methodological guidelines to improve the accuracy and reliability of Hi-C for virus-host linkage studies in complex microbial communities.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed2026

Benchmark of biomarker identification and prognostic modeling methods on diverse censored data.

The practices of identifying biomarkers and developing prognostic models using genomic data has become increasingly prevalent. Such data often features characteristics that make these practices difficult, namely high dimensionality, correlations between predictors, and sparsity. Many modern methods have been developed to address these problematic characteristics while performing feature selection and prognostic modeling, but a large-scale comparison of their performances in these tasks on diverse right-censored time to event data (aka survival time data) is much needed. We have compiled many existing methods, including some machine learning methods, several which have performed well in previous benchmarks, primarily for comparison in regards to variable selection capability, and secondarily for survival time prediction on many synthetic datasets with varying levels of sparsity, correlation between predictors, and signal strength of informative predictors. For illustration, we have also performed multiple analyses on a publicly available and widely used cancer cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas using these methods. We evaluated the methods through extensive simulation studies in terms of the false discovery rate, F1-score, concordance index, Brier score, root mean square error, and computation time. Of the methods compared, CoxBoost and the Adaptive LASSO performed well in all metrics, and the LASSO and elastic net excelled when evaluating concordance index and F1-score. The Benjamini-Hoschberg and q-value procedures showed volatile performances in controlling the false discovery rate. Some methods' performances were greatly affected by differences in the data characteristics. With our extensive numerical study, we have identified the best performing methods for a plethora of data characteristics using informative metrics. This will help cancer researchers in choosing the best approach for their needs when working with genomic data.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Spinal meningiomas: histopathological grading using a benchmark radiomics model with notes on disease control.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal meningiomas (SMs) are common primary spinal tumors for which surgery is considered the first-line treatment when safe and feasible. The ability to extrapolate the tumor grade from preoperative imaging may significantly inform early patient expectation-setting regarding recurrence. Building on radiomics studies in cranial meningiomas, the authors aimed to construct a benchmark radiomics model to preoperatively identify the histological grade of SMs. METHODS: Institutional surgical records from May 2012 to November 2025 were queried for pathology-confirmed meningiomas below the foramen magnum, with preoperative contrast-enhanced imaging available for segmentation. SMs were classified as low-grade (WHO grade 1) and high-grade (WHO grade 2 tumors and grade 1 tumors with atypia). Tumors were manually segmented, and features were extracted using the PyRadiomics software package. An ensemble model of k-nearest neighbors, random forest, and support vector machine classifiers was trained using nested cross-validation on a subset of 10 features to differentiate tumor grades. Clinical data for the cohort were also extracted, and disease control in an adjunctive clinical series was assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients were included in radiomics analysis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.879 and a mean F1 score of 0.748. The model's top 5 features were all texture features that differed significantly (p < 0.05) across low- and high-grade SMs. These included measures of tumor textural and contrast-enhancement heterogeneity, with overlap with features reported in radiomics models for histological grading of intracranial meningiomas. Fifty-five patients with a median radiographic follow-up of 22.2 (range 1.9-86.4) months remained for clinical analysis after exclusion of patients with less than 1 month of follow-up and syndromic meningiomas. Four recurrences occurred at a median of 20.8 (range 1.8-41.8) months. High-grade tumor pathology did not significantly impact progression-free survival (p = 0.682, log-rank test; Cox regression high vs low grade hazard ratio [HR] 0.62, 95% CI 0.06-6.11, p = 0.685). Subtotal resection was associated with poorer progression-free survival than gross-total resection (p = 0.004, log-rank test; Cox regression subtotal vs gross-total resection HR 10.62, 95% CI 1.46-77.05, p = 0.019). These findings remain contextualized within a relatively limited follow-up window and small recurrence event count, suggesting a need to characterize the interplay between tumor grade and extent of resection as drivers of local disease control in SMs. CONCLUSIONS: A preoperative radiomics model can stratify high-grade SMs using open-source tools applied to single-institution data.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

A CPU benchmark for protein crystallographic refinement.

The CPU time required to complete a cycle of restrained least-squares refinement of a protein structure from X-ray crystallographic data using the FORTRAN codes PROTIN and PROLSQ are reported for 48 different processors, ranging from single-user workstations to supercomputers. Sequential, vector, VLIW, multiprocessor, and RISC hardware architectures are compared using both a small and a large protein structure. Representative compile times for each hardware type are also given, and the improvement in run-time when coding for a specific hardware architecture considered. The benchmarks involve scalar integer and vector floating point arithmetic and are representative of the calculations performed in many scientific disciplines.

Computers↗

PubMed1992

A new transducer for facet force measurement in the lumbar spine: benchmark and in vitro test results.

A new transducer capable of direct measurement of time-dependent loads in human lumbar facet joints was developed and tested. The transducer was comprised of a force-sensitive resistor (FSR) in series with a pressure-sensitive film. A wide range of experiments revealed the performance attributes and limitations of the FSR. The output signal of the FSR is actually sensitive to both force and area of contact independently. Therefore, a pressure-sensitive film was used to quantify the contact area. At least two transformation equations were calculated for each FSR corresponding to known contact areas. Each equation was a linearization of the log of the FSR output vs the log of the applied ramp loads. Coefficients of determination (CD) were calculated for small (21 mm2) and large (32 mm2) contact areas, and were found to exceed 0.900 for all data. The average of nine cycles was nearly linear for some FSRs (CD of 0.999). FSR output signal and contact area were recorded in cadaveric lumbar facets under ramp load. The appropriate transformation equation was determined by a linear interpolation between benchmark equations based on the contact area measured in vitro. Facet force measurements compared well with those of other researchers. The transducer was found to be quite easy to use.

Calibration↗

PubMed1992

Rallpacks: a set of benchmarks for neuronal simulators.

The field of computational neurobiology has advanced to the point where there are several general-purpose simulators to choose from. These cater to various niches in the world of realistic neuronal models, which range from the molecular level to descriptions of entire sensory modalities. In addition, there are numerous custom-designed simulations, adaptations of electrical circuit simulators, and other specific implementations of neurobiological models. As a first step towards evaluating this disparate set of simulators and simulations, and towards establishing standards for comparisons of speed and accuracy, we describe a set of benchmarks. These have been given the name 'Rallpacks' in honor of Wilfrid Rall, who pioneered the study of neuronal systems through analytical and numerical techniques.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2026

Genome-sequencing-based benchmarking of antimicrobial resistance, treatment outcomes and healthcare transmission events for Clostridioides difficile infection in Australian hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a priority for infection prevention and control in health care, particularly with the emergence of hypervirulent strains and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AIM: To characterize the genomic epidemiology and AMR profiles of culture-confirmed CDI cases within tertiary hospitals in Australia. METHODS: A total of 155 C. difficile isolates from 142 patients with CDI diagnosed in four hospitals between 2023 and 2025 were studied. Data collected included patient demographics, severity of infection, antibiotic treatment and clinical outcomes at 8 weeks. Phenotypic susceptibility to vancomycin, fidaxomicin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, meropenem, tetracycline and rifaximin were determined by agar dilution. Isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for genotyping and resistome assessment. FINDINGS: WGS differentiated 39 distinct sequence types among CDI isolates across different healthcare services. In total, 100 isolates were singletons and 55 (35% clustering rate) isolates were considered to be genomically related (difference of two or fewer single-nucleotide polymorphisms). Of these, 12 patients (8.5%) with close hospital contact formed six epidemiologically linked clusters. Phenotypic susceptibility results were obtained for 134 (86.4%) CDI isolates. There was no phenotypic resistance to vancomycin [minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of isolates (MIC90) 1 mg/L], metronidazole (MIC90 0.5 mg/L) or fidaxomicin (MIC90 0.5 mg/L). There was no association in the study cohort between the presence of resistance genes or reduced phenotypic susceptibility and CDI recurrence. CONCLUSION: Genomic analysis of C. difficile isolates did not identify any outbreaks or an association between the sequence type or presence of a resistance gene and clinical outcomes. High-resolution characterization and identification of antibiotic resistance, CDI clinical relapse and recent transmission offered by genome sequencing can provide important benchmarks for hospital infection control.

Antibiotic resistance↗

PubMed1992

The Olmsted County Benchmark Project: primary study findings and potential implications for corporate America.

Since 1965, expenditures for medical care in the United States have increased 10-fold. As a result, corporate outlays for health benefits have skyrocketed. Employers have instituted various cost-containment measures based in part on reports of wide variations in rates of utilization and the assumption that unnecessary or inappropriate utilization of medical care contributes to increasing costs. Frequently, however, employers lack adequate means for identifying sources of variation or for evaluating its appropriateness. In this article, we report on a project in which hospital utilization among several US corporate populations was compared with that for a geographically defined benchmark population to assist employers in the assessment of their rates of utilization and expenditures and to identify specific areas that merit further investigation. Our findings illuminate the difficulties in constructing valid rates from medical-care claims data and emphasize potential biases due to problems of comparability between populations. We also address the potential value of such comparison for helping corporations identify areas in which cost-containment efforts may be most effective and yet not jeopardize the quality of medical care.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Benchmark measurements for lung dose corrections for X-ray beams.

A well defined set of clinically relevant reference measurements for photon dose calculations in the presence of the lung have been provided. These benchmark data were mainly obtained in low-density (rho = 0.31 gcm-3) lunglike material as well as in waterlike plastic for 4 and 15 MV X-ray beams. Some additional measurements were performed with materials having a density of 0.015 gcm-3 and 0.18 gcm-3. Phantom geometries included simple layered geometries, finite lung cross section geometries, simulated mediastinum geometries, and simulated tumor in lung geometries. The data are reported as central axis depth doses. A number of parameters were varied, including the field size, the lung geometry, and the distance in and behind the lung.

Humans↗

PubMed2025

Benchmark for Quantitative Global and Redox Proteomics Analysis by Combining Protein-Aggregation Capture and Data Independent Acquisition.

Oxidative damage plays a critical role in various diseases including cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Thiol redox reactions, acting as oxidative stress sensors, influence protein structure and function. Redox proteomics, based on the differential alkylation of cysteine sites followed by mass spectrometry, enables the comprehensive analysis of thiol redox status in cells and tissues. However, these approaches require extensive sample manipulation and are not compatible with data-independent acquisition techniques. Here, we introduce PACREDOX, an innovative strategy based on protein aggregation capture (PAC), and demonstrate its compatibility with library-free DIA. Compared with traditional methods such as FASILOX, PACREDOX reduces preparation time and costs while maintaining thiol and proteome coverage. To enable library-free DIA, we corrected in silico spectral libraries in DIA-NN using experimental retention time data from methylthiolated-Cys peptides. PACREDOX with DIA was benchmarked against FASILOX in a myocardial infarction model, yielding the same biological insights, while enhancing peptide and protein coverage. Our results underscore the potential and efficiency of this methodology for studying oxidative damage. Overall, PACREDOX offers an automatable, high-throughput, and cost-effective strategy for redox proteomics.

Proteomics↗

PubMed1992

Benchmark test of transport calculations of gold and nickel activation with implications for neutron kerma at Hiroshima.

A benchmark test of the Monte Carlo neutron and photon transport code system (MCNP) was performed using a 252Cf fission neutron source to validate the use of the code for the energy spectrum analyses of Hiroshima atomic bomb neutrons. Nuclear data libraries used in the Monte Carlo neutron and photon transport code calculation were ENDF/B-III, ENDF/B-IV, LASL-SUB, and ENDL-73. The neutron moderators used were granite (the main component of which is SiO2, with a small fraction of hydrogen), Newlight [polyethylene with 3.7% boron (natural)], ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), and water (H2O). Each moderator was 65 cm thick. The neutron detectors were gold and nickel foils, which were used to detect thermal and epithermal neutrons (4.9 eV) and fast neutrons (> 0.5 MeV), respectively. Measured activity data from neutron-irradiated gold and nickel foils in these moderators decreased to about 1/1,000th or 1/10,000th, which correspond to about 1,500 m ground distance from the hypocenter in Hiroshima. For both gold and nickel detectors, the measured activities and the calculated values agreed within 10%. The slopes of the depth-yield relations in each moderator, except granite, were similar for neutrons detected by the gold and nickel foils. From the results of these studies, the Monte Carlo neutron and photon transport code was verified to be accurate enough for use with the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, chlorine, and cadmium, and for the incident 252Cf fission spectrum neutrons.

Californium↗

PubMed2025

Synthetic community Hi-C benchmarking provides a baseline for virus-host inferences.

Microbiomes influence diverse ecosystems, and viruses increasingly appear to impose key constraints. While viromics has expanded genomic catalogs, host identification for these viruses remains challenging due to the limitations in scaling cultivation-based approaches and the uncertain reliability and relative low resolution of in silico predictions - particularly for understudied viral taxa. Towards this, Hi-C proximity ligation uses sequenced, cross-linked virus and host genomic fragments to infer virus-host linkages and has now been applied in at least ten studies. However, its accuracy remains unknown. Here we assess Hi-C performance in recovering virus-host interactions using synthetic communities (SynComs) composed of four marine bacterial strains and nine phages with known interactions and then apply optimized bioinformatic protocols to natural soil samples. In SynComs, standard Hi-C sample preparations and analyses showed poor normalized contact score performance (26% specificity, 100% sensitivity, incorrect matches up to class level) that could be dramatically improved by Z-score filtering (Z ≥ 0.5, 99% specificity), though at reduced sensitivity (62% down from 100%). Detection limits were established as reproducibility was poor below minimal phage abundances of 105 PFU/mL. Applying optimized bioinformatic protocols to natural soil samples, we compared virus-host linkages inferred from proximity-ligated Hi-C sequencing with predictions generated by in silico homology-based and machine learning-based bioinformatic approaches. Prior to Z-score thresholding, agreement was relatively high at the phylum to family levels (72%), but not at the genus (43%) or species (15%) levels. Z-score thresholding reduced sensitivity (only 34% of predictions were retained), with only modest improvements in congruence with bioinformatic methods (48% or 18% at genus or species levels, respectively). Regardless, this led to 79 genus-level-congruent virus-host linkages and 293 new ones revealed by Hi-C alone - i.e., providing many new virus-host interactions to explore in already well-studied climate-critical soils. Overall, these findings provide empirical benchmarks and methodological guidelines to improve the accuracy and reliability of Hi-C for virus-host linkage studies in complex microbial communities.

Genomics↗

PubMed2025

Evaluating Language Models for Biomedical Fact-Checking: A Benchmark Dataset for Cancer Variant Interpretation Verification.

Accurate interpretation of genomic variants is critical for precision oncology but remains slow and dependent on specialized expertise. Public knowledgebases such as the Clinical Interpretation of Variants in Cancer (CIViC) help by curating literature-backed variant interpretations in a structured form, yet verification and review have become major bottlenecks. To address this, we developed CIViC-Fact, a benchmark dataset and pipeline for testing automated systems that verify the accuracy of cancer variant claims. CIViC-Fact links structured claims to sentence-level supporting or refuting evidence from full-text articles, and includes expert annotations and explanations. We evaluated multiple language models. Proprietary models performed well without training, but a smaller open-source model, fine-tuned on CIViC-Fact, achieved the highest accuracy (89%). Applying our fact-checking pipeline to real CIViC entries showed that reviewing less than 20% of content, focusing on flagged entries, would be sufficient to catch over half of all errors. This AI-assisted triage greatly accelerates the review process without replacing or reducing expert insight, ensuring that existing careful oversight remains in place while curators can work more efficiently. CIViC-Fact provides a realistic, high-consequence framework for biomedical fact-checking and a path toward more rigorous and efficient knowledgebase curation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2025

Transcriptional benchmark dose modeling of ultraviolet radiation-induced genomic activation in mouse skin.

The in vivo transcriptional response of mouse skin to ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) exposure reveals key genomic alterations associated with UV-R-induced damage but it does not provide precise dose thresholds for these effects. These initial findings provided the impetus to advance dose-response characterization by integrating benchmark dose (BMD) modeling with transcriptomic data, aiming to identify biologically relevant points of departure for gene and pathway activation. To accomplish this, mice were exposed to five erythemally weighted UV-R doses (0-40 mJ/cm2) emitted from a UV-emitting tanning device, across six post-exposure timepoints (0-96 h). Four analytical methods were used to estimate BMDs, with the lowest consistent response dose (LCRD) approach yielding the most sensitive estimates (1.21-3.44 mJ/cm2). Transcriptomic responses revealed activation of shared pathways related to DNA damage and cancer, oxidative stress and metabolism, inflammation and immunity, and hormonal disruption. Notably, the majority of LCRD BMD estimates (1.21-3.44 mJ/cm2) were lower than the International Electrotechnical Commission standard actinic exposure limit (3 mJ/cm2 (erythemally weighted)) for broadband UV-R (200-400 nm) for unprotected skin and the eye for an 8 h period. These findings suggest that transcriptomic BMD modeling can detect early biological responses to UV-R at doses lower than current exposure limits.

Animals↗