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PubMed2025

Resistance Gene-Guided Discovery of a Fungal Spirotetramate as an Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitor.

Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of bioactive natural products occasionally encode resistant versions of the proteins they inhibit, offering opportunities for resistance gene-guided genome mining to uncover natural products with predictable modes of action. In this study, we developed a genome mining tool designed to identify fungal BGCs harboring putative resistance genes. Applying this tool to approximately 2500 fungal genomes, we identified a BGC designated as the pts cluster, which encodes an acetolactate synthase (ALS) homologue. Functional characterization of the pts cluster resulted in the identification of pterrespiramide A (1), featuring unique spirotetramate and cis-decalin moieties. Consistent with the predicted activity, 1 was confirmed as an ALS inhibitor and exhibited both antifungal and herbicidal activities. This study illuminates the potential of resistance gene-guided genome mining as a powerful strategy for accelerating the discovery of previously undescribed bioactive natural products.

Acetolactate Synthase↗

PubMed2026

Sechium edule: Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Potential Health Effects, Food-Industry Applications, and Future Perspectives.

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (chayote), a neglected and underutilized Cucurbitaceae crop widely cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions, has drawn growing interest as a source of health-promoting food components. This review critically synthesizes studies published between 2000 and 2026 on its botanical features, genome characterization, nutritional value, phytochemistry, bioactivities, safety, and food-industry applications, based on literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library. Different plant parts (fruits, leaves, seeds, tuberous roots, and peels) contain diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, cucurbitacins, pectin polysaccharides, and carotenoids. Reported bioactivities include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, antiproliferative, and geroprotective effects, mediated in part through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and sirtuin (SIRT1/3/5/6) upregulation. Notably, a systematic meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in serum glucose (MD = -20.56; 95% CI: -29.35 to -11.77) and HbA1c following three months of chayote intake in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Industrially, chayote has been developed into fermented products, starch- and peel-derived bioactive films, ultrasound-extracted pectin, α-amylase inhibitory seed protein isolates, and probiotic encapsulation systems. Recent genomic work has further revealed a chromosome-level genome assembly, whole-genome duplication events, and a domestication history tracing to Mexico's Oaxaca region. Collectively, this evidence positions chayote as a promising underutilized resource for food, nutraceutical, and biomedical use, while highlighting key gaps: the need for standardized clinical trials, bioavailability studies, and comprehensive safety evaluation.

Sechium edule↗

PubMed1979

Conversion of high molecular weight human epidermal growth factor (hEGF)/urogastrone (UG) to small molecular weight hEGF/UG by mouse EGF-associated arginine esterase.

Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) has previously been isolated from urine and appears to be identical to beta-urogastrone (UG), an inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretion. A high molecular weight (HMW) form of hEGF/UG has recently been found in human urine which is fully immunoreactive but is less bioactive as measured by receptor binding activity. A specific arginine esterase, the EGF-binding protein from mouse submandibular glands, was capable of cleaving HMW-hEGF to yield a small molecular weight (SMW)-hEGF with full immunoreactivity and bioactivity, whereas trypsin produced a SMW-hEGF with much less bioactivity. SMW-hEGF produced by the arginine esterase appeared to be immunologically, biologically (both by receptor binding and mitogenic activity) and chromatographically similar to highly purified hEGF. These data suggest that HMW-hEGF may play a precursor role in the biosynthesis of hEGF/UG in man.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Functional and Nutritional Potential of Chickpea Protein Hydrolysates: A Systematic Review and Plant-protein Network Analysis.

Chickpea is a protein-rich legume increasingly explored as a substrate for functional plant-based ingredients. Chickpea protein hydrolysates (CPHs) and chickpea-derived peptides (CPs), obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis or simulated gastrointestinal digestion, may provide technological and biological properties while supporting the valorization of chickpea fractions and by-products. This review integrates a network analysis of title-abstract terms from 5,728 unique Scopus and PubMed records on plant protein hydrolysates with a systematic review of 72 studies focused on CPH production, peptide characterization, bioactivity, and translational gaps. The evidence indicates that CPHs and CPs show promising antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer-related activities, mainly supported by biochemical assays, cell models, and animal studies. However, heterogeneous hydrolysis protocols, incomplete peptide characterization, inconsistent bioactivity methods, limited scale-up evidence, and the absence of human intervention trials restrict translation. Future studies should prioritize standardized protocols, mechanistic validation, bioavailability, sensory and regulatory assessment, food-matrix validation, and clinical trials.

Cicer↗

PubMed1977

Bioactivation and covalent binding of halothane to liver macromolecules.

In this manuscript we report our attempts to determine if 14C-halothane or its metabolites interact with DNA. Three bioactivation systems were used: in vitro microsomal incubations, isolated hepatocytes, and in vivo administration. Even though we used optimal conditions for bioactivation, no significant covalent binding of 14C to DNA was observed. Slight 14C activity above background (6 dpm/0.1 mg DNA) was observed in the microsomal incubations but is considered insignificant because it was not reduced when NADPH was omitted from the incubations. We are able to demonstrate covalent binding to nuclear lipids and proteins when rats were pretreated with phenobarbital and maintained in a hypoxic environment (14% O2). Similarly, these conditions markedly increased covalent binding of 14C from 14C-halothane to microsomal proteins and lipids. Isolated rat hepatocytes proved to be a viable system for studying the bioactivation of halothane. In this system it was also possible to demonstrate increased binding under N2 and/or phenobarbital pretreatment.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence for anticancer drug discovery from natural products of macroalgae and sponges: A systematic review.

Marine natural products (MNPs) from macroalgae and marine sponges have inspired clinically important anticancer agents, including the cytarabine pharmacophore and the eribulin scaffold, while cyanobacterial dolastatin chemistry supplies the auristatin payloads of several marine-inspired antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) such as brentuximab vedotin. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods, encompassing both classical machine learning (ML) with hand-engineered features and modern deep learning (DL) with many-layered neural networks, are increasingly supporting key decisions in natural-product anticancer drug discovery, including bioactivity prediction, target identification, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) filtering, generative analogue design, and the selection of preclinical candidates. DL architectures relevant to this field include graph neural networks, transformer-based molecular generators, diffusion models for protein-ligand docking, and convolutional networks for mass spectrometry, while classical ML contributes interpretable fingerprint-based bioactivity models and molecular networking for dereplication. This review follows a systematic literature review methodology to organize the landscape of AI methods now applied to MNP anticancer discovery, distinguishing ML and DL approaches where relevant, situating them within the chemical context of macroalgal and sponge-derived oncology leads, and critically examining published case studies, including validation level (computational, in vitro, in vivo, clinical). The principal bottleneck for medical translation has shifted partly from algorithmic capability toward data infrastructure and experimental validation. Sparse, heterogeneous, and taxonomically biased bioactivity records limit what current models can learn and reduce the reliability of AI-prioritized candidates entering the preclinical pipeline. A roadmap is proposed that prioritizes open MNP-specific benchmarks, symbiont-aware modeling, and active learning loops with synthesizability and ADMET constraints. These AI workflows may accelerate the prioritization of marine-derived anticancer leads and support earlier, more evidence-based translational decisions in oncology drug development.

Biological Products↗

PubMed1979

Human chorionic gonadotropin--like material: presence in normal human tissues.

With the use of radioreceptor assay for gonadotropin and a beta-chain radioimmunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), we have been able to demonstrate the presence of hCG-like material in all normal human tissues tested. This activity was completely absorbed by a hCHG-antibody affinity column and was demonstrated to have altered carbohydrate content by studies showing this material did not bind to concanavalin A (con A)-Sepharose affinity columns. In identical studies greater than 90% of placental hCG was bound to con A. However, if placental hCG is rendered carbohydrate free it also does not bind to con A. It is known that carbohydrate-free hCG is cleared rapidly from the circulation and thus possesses little or no biological potency in vivo. Accordingly, we hypothesize: (1) that this hCG-like material in normal tissues has the protein structure of hCG but does not possess the carbohydrate moieties of placental hCG and probably has little or no bioactivity in vivo and (2) that the trophoblastic cell is not unique in its ability to synthesize hCG but has developed the ability to glycosylate hCG, transforming a ubiquitous cellular protein into a hormone, hCG might better be called human cellular gonadotropin.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗

PubMed2026

Proteomic insights into the immunomodulatory effects of Ca/Sr co-doped sol-gel coatings for titanium implants.

Ionic functionalization of biomaterial coatings has emerged as a powerful strategy to regulate early host responses at the implant interface. However, how combined Ca/Sr incorporation governs the adsorbed proteome and downstream immune signaling remains poorly understood. This study analyses, employing in vitro tests and proteomics, the effect of adding Sr and Ca to Si-based coatings designed to bioactivate Ti implants. Hybrid Si-based coatings were synthesized by the sol-gel route with a fixed Ca content (0.5 wt%) and increasing Sr contents (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%), and their physicochemical properties, ion release kinetics, and hydrolytic stability were characterized. The coatings remained highly crosslinked despite Ca/Sr incorporation, whereas the highest Sr content increased hydrolytic degradation to around 70% after 56 days. Proteomic analysis identified 183 adsorbed proteins, of which 56 were differentially adsorbed on Ca/Sr-coatings, mainly associated with immune and coagulation pathways. In vitro, RAW 264.7 showed increased gene expression of TNF-α and TGF-β; with an enhanced TNF-α secretion by the addition of Ca and Sr. In parallel, MC3T3-E1 indicated that Ca/Sr-coatings were not cytotoxic and did not impair cell proliferation. However, ALP activity was reduced in the co-doped groups, indicating that the immunomodulatory effects induced by Ca/Sr incorporation were not accompanied by enhanced early osteogenic differentiation. The Ca/Sr combination induced alterations in the adsorption of immune-related proteins, which correlated with the in vitro findings. The deeper insight into how Ca/Sr mixtures modulate protein adsorption on biomaterial surfaces may be key to understanding the immunomodulatory capacity of these bioactive cations.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Miconazole in coccidiodomycosis. II. Therapeutic and pharmacologic studies in man.

Fourteen patients with chronic coccidioidomycosis, many of whom had complicating concurrent diseases and/or had failed to respond to amphotericin therapy, were treated with intravenous miconazole, a synthetic imidazole drug previously shown to be effective in experimental murine coccidioidomycosis. Up to 3.6 g/day was given for up to three months. 7inimal inhibitory concentrations of mycelial and endospore phases of all clinical isolates of C. immitis were less than 2.0 mug/ml. Peak concentrations in the blood of up to 7.5 mug/ml (by assay against C. immitis in vitro) were achieved. Doses above 9 mg/kg or 350 mg/m2 were more efficacious in producing blood levels over 1 mug/ml. Serum protein binding, determined by several methods, was approximately 90 per cent. The disappearance of bioactive drug from blood after infusion has a rapid initial phase (t1/2 approximately 30 minutes) and a final plateau (t1/2 approximately 20 hours). Eight patients had objective evidence of response, three had slight or equivocal responses, two could not be evaluated, and one was a treatment failure. Side effects were generally uncommon, minor and transient except for phlebitis. Infusion into central venous catheters appears to circumvent this problem. Miconazole is a potentially useful drug in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Preparation of colony stimulating activity from large batches of human urine and production of antisera against it.

In vitro induction of myelopoetic colonies from mouse bone marrow has been used for measurement of leucopoetic colony stimulating activity (CSA) isolated from large batches of human urine. After high flow dialysis in artificial kidneys and immediate adsorption to DEAE-Cellulose, followed by purification on Con A-Sepharose, treatment with insoluble Papain and gelfiltration on Sephadex G 100, enrichment of CSA was about 6,000-fold. An important step of the enrichment procedure was the separation from a CSA-inhibiting protein, probably combining with CSA. Specific activity was further increased by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to 5.3 X 10(6) units per mg protein. The total enrichment exceeded 25,000-fold. The final purification product consisted of a group of closely related proteins with high specific activity. Antisera raised with one of the electrophoretic fractions suppressed bioactivity in each of the different purification steps including the final CSA fractions differing in electrophoretic mobility. The antisera furthermore inhibited CSA in human lung and monocyte conditioned media but had only very little effect on partially purified CSA from stimulated human lymphocytes as well as CSA derived from mouse lung conditioned medium.

Chromatography, Gel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolic activation of norethisterone (norethindrone) to an irreversibly protein-bound derivative by rat liver microsomes.

Norethisterone, specifically labeled with tritium, was incubated with hepatic microsomes of rats. About 2% of 3H radioactivity was irreversibly incorporated into the microsomal protein. This protein binding of norethisterone (about 0.7-1.6 nmol/mg of microsomal protein) was dependent on oxygen, NADPH, substrate concentration, and microsomal protein content and could be inhibited by carbon monoxide. Glutathione and other cysteine derivatives with free sulfhydryl groups diminished the microsomal protein binding diminished the microsomal protein binding as did the addition of bovine serum albumin. Norethisterone-derived radioactivity was also irreversibly bound to albumin. Solvent-extraction and charcoal-adsorption methods were employed to prove the irreversible nature of this binding. After trypsin digestion of albumin and microsomal protein loaded with norethisterone, peptides which were labeled with 3H could be isolated. To explain our results, a metabolic bioactivation of norethisterone to norethisterone-4,5-epoxide, catalyzed by the microsomal mixed-function oxidase cytochrome P-450, is proposed.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2026

Multidimensional Protein Corona Analysis Toward Predictive Nano-Bio Interface Design.

Nanoparticles entering biological fluids are rapidly coated by proteins and other biomolecules, converting their synthetic surfaces into biologically active nano-bio interfaces. These coronas regulate colloidal stability, immune recognition, cellular uptake, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, cargo delivery, and toxicity. Yet a protein list obtained by mass spectrometry captures only part of this interface. Corona identity and function are also shaped by protein organization, binding stability, exchange dynamics, conformational changes, and molecular accessibility. Here, we discuss recent progress in protein corona isolation and analysis from a question-oriented analytical perspective, with emphasis on how centrifugation, magnetic recovery, affinity- or chemistry-enabled capture, chromatography, filtration, and field-flow fractionation (FFF) influence the fidelity, integrity, and comparability of recovered coronas. We then examine how proteomic profiling can be integrated with binding measurements, interfacial structural analysis and functional validation to distinguish descriptive corona signatures from biologically meaningful mechanisms. We further consider how biofluid composition, disease state, tissue interfaces and cellular environments remodel corona identity, presentation, and bioactivity. Finally, we argue that standardized reporting, computational modeling, and AI-enabled approaches are essential for converting protein corona datasets into reproducible and predictive knowledge that can guide the design of drug delivery systems and precision nanomedicines.

Protein Corona↗

PubMed2025

Dual localization of JA receptor, CaCOI2, explains JA perception dynamics in chickpea.

Jasmonates (JAs) are a group of oxylipin-derived phytohormones involved in various biotic and abiotic stress responses and regulate plant development. JAs are perceived by receptor proteins called coronatine insensitive (COI). These JA receptors encode F-box proteins that form the SCFCOI ubiquitin ligase complex (comprising Skp, Cullin, and F-box) and activate JA signaling by promoting the degradation of the transcriptional repressor JAZ (JA associated ZIM domain containing) proteins via the 26S proteasomal pathway. However, JA signaling is not well understood in chickpea, a vital legume. In this study, we identified two potential chickpea JA receptors, named CaCOI1 and CaCOI2, and characterized CaCOI2 as a functional JA receptor. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that CaCOI2 is localized outside the nucleus but moves into the nucleus upon JA perception to activate signaling. Using domain-swapping experiments between CaCOI1 and CaCOI2, we demonstrated that the leucine-rich repeat region of the receptors, which interacts with bioactive JA such as JA-Isoleucine, also plays a crucial role in controlling the subcellular localization of CaCOI proteins. Our findings identify a functional JA receptor in chickpea and reveal new aspects of JA signaling and perception, which may also be relevant to other plants.

Cicer↗

PubMed2026

Bovine Colostrum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Impair Cancer Cell Proliferation Through Transcriptional Dysregulation.

Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising source of molecules with therapeutic potential. Bovine colostrum is particularly enriched in EVs, which carry cargo of proteins involved in immune regulation, development and cellular signalling. Some studies have explored their role as bioactive anti-cancer agents, however, their mechanistic effects remain underexplored. Here, we show that colostrum-derived EVs (Col-EVs) exert anti-proliferative effects in gastrointestinal cancer models, including cell lines and patient-derived organoids, which is independent of apoptosis induction. Using a multi-modal approach combining proteomics, imaging and functional assays, we demonstrate that Col-EVs induce a reversible growth-arrest state, characterized by widespread transcriptional and RNA-processing dysregulation, chromatin compaction, nuclear reorganization and cytoskeletal remodelling. Proteomic analyses reveal that Col-EV treatment disrupts key components of the transcriptional machinery and cell cycle regulatory pathways, effects that are reversible upon EV withdrawal and can be rescued pharmacologically using an EZH2 inhibitor. Col-EVs enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells as well to DNA-targeting chemotherapies such as 5-fluorouracil, indicating their potential as modulatory adjuvants rather than cytotoxic agents. Overall, our findings reveal that Col-EVs can reversibly suppress cancer cell proliferation by reprogramming transcriptional and nuclear architecture, offering a natural, biocompatible strategy for modulating tumour growth and sensitizing cancer cells to conventional therapies.

Extracellular Vesicles↗

PubMed2026

Sex-Specific Renal Proteomic Responses to Mycotoxins and Their Mitigation by Bioactive Food Ingredients.

This study aimed to evaluate sex-related differences in kidney toxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), administered either individually or in combination, and to investigate the mitigating potential of fermented whey (FW) and pumpkin (P) using a proteomic approach in a sub-chronic rat model. Diets naturally contaminated with AFB1 and OTA fungal producers, or enriched with FW and P, were administered to 120 Wistar rats for 28 days. Afterwards, kidneys were collected and subjected to protein extraction and digestion to peptides. For proteomic analysis, peptides were separated using an LC-QTOF-MS system, and differentially expressed proteins between control and treated groups were statistically filtered (p < 0.05) to distinguish sex-related differences between males and females. Proteomic analysis revealed that non-supplemented diets induced significant protein alterations, with male kidneys showing greater sensitivity to mycotoxin exposure, particularly to OTA, and exhibiting a distinct expression pattern compared with females. Notably, FW and FW + P supplementation mitigated these adverse effects by reducing the number of differentially expressed proteins, stabilizing mitochondrial function, and enhancing xenobiotic metabolism pathways. These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific factors in evaluating the protective potential of bioactive ingredients against mycotoxin-induced renal injury.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Network pharmacology-based study on the mechanism of Tangfukang formula against type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of Tangfukang formula (, TFK) in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: We employed network pharmacology combined with experimental validation to explore the potential mechanism of TFK against T2DM. Initially, we filtered bioactive compounds with the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Symptom Mapping (SymMap), and gathered targets of TFK and T2DM. Subsequently, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, enriched core targets through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and adopted molecular docking to study the binding mode of compounds and the signaling pathway. Finally, we employed a KKAy mice model to investigate the effect and mechanism of TFK against T2DM. Biochemical assay, histology assay, and Western blot (WB) were used to assess the mechanism. RESULTS: There were 492 bioactive compounds of TFK screened, and 1226 overlapping targets of TFK against T2DM identified. A compound-T2DM-related target network with 997 nodes and 4439 edges was constructed. KEGG enrichment analysis identified some core pathways related to T2DM, including adenosine 5-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Molecular docking study revealed that compounds of TFK, including citric acid, could bind to the active pocket of AMPK crystal structure with free binding energy of －4.8, －8 and －7.9, respectively. Animal experiments indicated that TFK decreased body weight, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, glycosylated serum protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and improve oral glucose tolerance test results. TFK reduced steatosis in liver tissue, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and protected liver cells to a certain extent. WB analysis revealed that, TFK upregulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase proteins. CONCLUSION: TFK has the potential to effectively manage T2DM, possibly by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. The present study lays a new foundation for the therapeutic application of TFK in the treatment of T2DM.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗

PubMed2025

Integrated data mining and network pharmacology to explore the prescription patterns from a senior TCM oncologist's clinical practice in treating chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome.

Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a common and refractory adverse effect of chemotherapy lacking specific therapeutic strategies currently. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown empirical efficacy in clinical HFS management. This study integrated data mining and network pharmacology to systematically elucidate the medication principles and molecular mechanisms underlying Professor Gang Xie's prescriptions for HFS. All medical records from Professor Xie's specialist clinic (January 2020 to March 2025) were retrospectively collected and standardized in Excel. Prescriptions were analyzed through frequency statistics, association and clustering. Active ingredients of core herb pairs and their disease-related targets were identified using TCMSP, HERB, GeneCards, PharmGKB and GEO databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. Molecular docking validated interactions between key bioactive compounds and targets. This study involved 217 prescriptions containing 150 herbs. Core herb combinations comprised Radix Astragali (Huangqi), Poria (Fuling), and Radix Pseudostellariae (Taizishen), predominantly classified as spleen-tonifying agents with warm properties, targeting lung, spleen, and stomach meridians. Network analysis identified 67 bioactive compounds and 899 disease targets. Quercetin, kaempferol, acacetin and luteolin were identified the key ingredients. The core targets (TP53, STAT3, PIK3CA, HSP90AA1, AKT1, CTNNB1, PI3KR1, MAPK1) were enriched in MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinity between key compounds and targets. Professor Xie's therapeutic strategy for HFS emphasizes "spleen fortification, phlegm elimination, and stasis resolution." The core herb combination likely exerts anti-HFS effects via modulation of MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways, providing a pharmacological basis for TCM-driven HFS management.

Network Pharmacology↗

PubMed2026

Hybrid genome assembly of Penicillium oxalicum UV4 delineates cryptic secondary metabolite pathways and robust lignocellulolytic potential.

Penicillium oxalicum is a saprophytic fungus well-known for its hydrolytic potential; however, little is known about its metabolic flexibility and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, especially in isolates from underrepresented areas. In this study, we sequenced the genomic DNA of Penicillium oxalicum UV4 using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms, generating a high-quality hybrid genome assembly of 30.28 Mb. The genome features 7,944 predicted genes (7,747 protein-coding sequences and 197 tRNAs) and demonstrates high completeness (99.0% BUSCO). Genomic analysis revealed 40 Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs), including distant orthologs of the Alternaria phytotoxin ACT-toxin II and the mycotoxin alternariol, as well as a putative clavaric acid-like biosynthetic cluster. Further investigation revealed an expanded CAZyme repertoire comprising 150 secreted proteins, featuring an AA16 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and putative multi-domain architectures, such as a pectin methylesterase-polygalacturonase fusion. This comprehensive genomic profiling highlights the dynamic metabolic capacity of P. oxalicum UV4, establishing it as a highly promising candidate for bio-refining studies and the discovery of cryptic bioactive metabolites.

Penicillium↗