[Biocompatibility of amalgam with calcium fluoride].
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Animals↗
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Results for “Biocompatibility”
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Biocompatible materials in reconstructive surgery.
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Biocompatible Materials↗
Biological properties of denture base resins.
The biocompatibility and clinical efficacy of dental materials have been and continue to be a major concern of the dental profession. There are some cases of dental materials that have demonstrated problems with biocompatibility, for example, silicone soft liners. Although rare, allergic stomatitis caused by denture base resin is another example. High purity, very large polymer size, and nonoccurrence in nature significantly contribute to the acceptance of polymers used as biomaterials. New Federal Food and Drug Administration law and requirements of the specification and testing program of the American Dental Association will control the biocompatibility and clinical efficacy of dental biomaterials presently available to the dental profession.
American Dental Association↗
Integrated experimental and bioinformatics analysis reveals ECM-integrin and redox signaling associated with PMMA/NiO nanocomposites for craniofacial applications.
BACKGROUND: Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used in dental and craniofacial applications; however, its clinical performance is limited by poor surface wettability, moderate mechanical strength, and restricted biological activity. Integrating nanomaterial engineering with computational biology offers an opportunity to better understand biomaterial-cell interactions and support the rational design of functional biomaterials. METHODS: Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation and incorporated into PMMA to fabricate nanocomposites. Physicochemical characterization included contact angle measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Vickers hardness testing. Biocompatibility was evaluated using zebrafish embryo developmental assays. To explore biological processes potentially associated with biomaterial-cell interactions, bioinformatics analyses including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and STRING protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were performed. RESULTS: Incorporation of NiO nanoparticles improved the surface and mechanical properties of PMMA, reducing the contact angle from 105.35° to 90.46° and increasing Vickers hardness compared with unmodified PMMA. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed successful synthesis and homogeneous nanoparticle incorporation. Zebrafish embryo studies demonstrated minimal developmental toxicity, supporting the biocompatibility of the nanocomposite. Bioinformatics analyses identified significant enrichment of pathways related to extracellular matrix organization, cell adhesion, focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling, and oxidative stress regulation. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed highly interconnected networks associated with ECM-integrin signaling and redox homeostasis, highlighting biological processes potentially associated with biomaterial-cell communication. CONCLUSIONS: PMMA/NiO nanocomposites exhibited improved physicochemical performance and favorable biocompatibility characteristics. The integration of experimental characterization with bioinformatics and network-based analyses provides a systems-level perspective on biomaterial-associated cellular processes and identifies ECM-integrin signaling and oxidative stress-related pathways as candidate biological processes for future experimental validation. These findings support the continued development of PMMA/NiO nanocomposites for oral and craniofacial biomedical applications.
Nanocomposites↗
Ultrasound-driven mechanophore activation in living plants.
This study presents a biocompatible, ultrasound-responsive platform for remotely activating mechanochemical reactions within live plant tissue. Fluorogenic Mechanophore-embedded silica NanoParticles (FMNPs) that are thermally stable were engineered to emit blue fluorescence at 440 nm upon mechanical activation. In Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) leaves, activation was achieved through the synergistic combination of gas vesicles (GVs) and high-frequency focused ultrasound (FUS, 550 kHz), enabling spatially localized and minimally invasive stimulation. Low-frequency ultrasound (25 kHz) triggered activation but caused extensive tissue damage, while high-frequency FUS alone was biocompatible yet insufficient to activate FMNPs. Incorporation of GVs as a cavitation amplifier significantly boosted activation efficiency under mild acoustic conditions without observable tissue disruption. In planta fluorescence imaging confirmed that FMNPs retained their functionality after injection into leaf vasculature, and only the combination of GV and FUS produced a statistically significant fluorescence increase, indicating successful mechanochemical activation. This represents a demonstration of noninvasive and biocompatible ultrasound-induced mechanophore activation in live plants. This modular and noninvasive strategy opens possibilities for programmable release of regulatory and metabolic chemicals, biosensing, and synthetic molecular control in plant systems.
Plant Leaves↗
Presence of adipose fat as a criterion of implant compatibility.
An analysis of the tissue sections from previous implant studies was performed define additional criteria which could be considered in determinations of biocompatibility of implant materials. Adult albino rabbits were implanted with biomaterials in the sacrospinalis muscle for periods of 2, 6, 18, and 54 weeks. Fourteen different implant materials were used in this study. The tissues were examined histologically for the appearance of adipose fat cells within the membrane surrounding the implant as an important criterion of tissues implant compatibility. The results were compared with other previously used criteria in judging biocompatibility of implant materials. For the most compatible nonreactive materials, adipose tissue formation within the pseudomembrane began at 6 weeks and was quite extensive at 54 weeks. The reactive materials studied by us did not exhibit this phenomenon.
Acrylates↗
Tissue reaction to ceramic implant material.
The biocompatibility of alumina ceramic was tested by means of macrophage cultures, intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) application of powdered particles in rats, and by implantation of solid samples in the paravertebral muscles and the condylus femur. No acute cytotoxicity was found in macrophage cultures. The i.p. and i.m. application of powdered particles in the beginning showed a granulocytic reaction, later followed by a histiocytic reaction. Also, the morphological changes in the organs of reticulo histiocytic system (RHS) are shown. In the solid samples implantation, the fibrogenetic stimulus is measured by morphological analysis of the connective tissue membrane around the sample. The importance of the individual cell observation by transmission-electron microscope (TEM) examination is evidenced. The experimental results are compared to the environmental reaction of smaller animal-adapted prostheses and prostheses having been implanted in human patients. Good biocompatibility is confirmed by these investigations; also regarding central position of the macrophages, the environmental reaction due to implant material is shown.
Aluminum↗
Retinal hypoxia reversal with PLGA-oxygen nanobubbles.
Pathologies associated with retinal hypoxia, including diabetic retinopathy, central/branch retinal artery occlusion (CRAO/BRAO), central/branch retinal vein occlusion (CRVO/BRVO), retinopathy of prematurity, sickle cell retinopathy, etc., have limited effective therapeutic intervention strategies. To address this shortcoming, herein we propose a biocompatible and biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) shell-based oxygen nanobubbles (PLGA-ONBs) platform, formulated with PLGA, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and NaHCO3. The formulation of a novel PLGA-ONBs was proposed, and the synthesis process was optimized with respect to dependent (sonication power, PVA, and NaHCO3 concentrations) and response (hydrodynamic diameter and oxygen capacity) variables. The optimized formulation has a concentration of (13.8 ± 0.01) × 1010 particles per ml with a hydrodynamic diameter of 142.83 ± 11.46 nm, and oxygen loading capacity of 47.2 ± 2.4 mg L-1. After 4 weeks of storage, the ONBs were found to have an oxygen concentration of 38.9 ± 2.9 mg L-1, indicating excellent oxygen retention capability. The PLGA-ONBs tested in vitro in Muller and R28 retinal cell lines demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and potential to mitigate hypoxia. In addition, the PLGA-ONBs treatment on hypoxic cells demonstrated restoration of mRNA expression of three key hypoxic genes (HIF-1α, PAI-1, and VEGF-A) to normoxic states, indicating hypoxia reversal potential. Biosafety of the PLGA-ONBs was demonstrated in a rabbit model, demonstrating promise in clinical translation. The PLGA-ONBs developed exhibited excellent oxygen loading and retention, potential in hypoxia mitigation, and a safety profile that could be a promising route to treating ischemic diseases of the eye.
Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer↗
The hidden threat from food-derived carbon dots: Formation, biodistribution, and potential health risks.
Food-derived carbon dots (CDs) are a new class of carbon-based nanoparticles generated during the thermal processing of food matrices. These nanomaterials have been extensively studied for their unique fluorescence, good biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry in food detection, intelligent packaging, and biomedical applications. However, their nanoscale size and high surface activity have raised safety concerns regarding biological interactions, in vivo biodistribution, and potential long-term health hazards. Although CDs have traditionally been regarded as low-toxicity materials due to their favorable biocompatibility, the potential hidden risks of CDs have not received sufficient attention. CDs exhibit dose-dependent toxicity, not only accumulating in various tissues and organs but also potentially inducing oxidative stress and interfering with cellular metabolic functions. Therefore, this review summarizes the advances in sources, synthetic strategies, and core properties of CDs, with a special focus on in vivo biological interactions, fates, and potential safety challenges. In addition, it is proposed that the standardized detection and risk assessment system should be established to further explore the long-term health effects of CDs under real dietary exposure, thereby ensuring their safety and sustainable application.
Carbon Quantum Dots↗
Identification and characterization of a wet adhesive protein extracted from Dreissena bugensis, the freshwater quagga mussel.
Mechanisms of wet adhesion have evolved in several aquatic organisms over millions of years. Yet, the repertoire of synthetic biocompatible wet adhesive materials is still limited. The byssus is a well-studied proteinaceous bioadhesive structure utilized by several bivalves to support sessile lifestyles in turbulent conditions. The quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) is a freshwater byssate and a notorious invasive species in the Great Lakes region. To identify adhesive proteins in the quagga mussel byssus, we utilized quantitative proteomics and found several proteins enriched at the byssus-substrate interface. Among the identified proteins was the Dbfp7 protein family. Dbfp7 is a small, polymorphic, and mostly disordered protein that lacks significant amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), a modified amino acid found in several marine mussel byssal proteins. Atomic force microscopy nanomechanical mapping of Dbfp7 films demonstrates that this protein exhibits adhesive ability in aqueous conditions. While DOPA is critical for marine mussel adhesion, interfacial electrochemistry of freshwater adhesive plaques suggests that freshwater byssates circumvent catechol-based adhesion. The functional characterization of Dbfp7 as a freshwater mussel adhesive protein advances the understanding of fundamental requirements for biocompatible wet adhesion, a crucial step for the development of bioinspired wet adhesive materials, such as improved medical adhesives.
Animals↗
Ossicular replacement prostheses.
To find a way of improving the results of ossicular reconstruction in ears that were rendered hard of hearing by chronic otitis media, the suitability of two biocompatible materials has been investigated. After three years' experience with Proplast and two years with Plastipore, it is concluded that for ears which lack an incus and stapes arch, these materials provide results at least as good as those previously reported with homologous materials and have the advantage of easy manipulation, timesaving, and ready availability. As with all foreign material in the chronically infected middle ear, the risks of extrusion cannot be ignored. The results so far indicate that this problem can be overcome with the use of cartilage film to separate the prosthesis from the tympanic membrane.
Auditory Threshold↗
Soft tissue response to four dense ceramic materials and two clinically used biomaterials.
Disk-shaped implants of spinel, alumina, mullite, zircon, a cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), were implanted in the paraspinalis muscle of 12 adult, male, white New Zealand rabbits. Prior to implantation the implants were characterized with respect to size and shape, weight and surface roughness. After periods of 1 month, 2 months, and 4 months, the rabbits were sacrificed and the tissue specimens were retrieved with the implants still intact. Histological examination of the tissues surrounding the implants along with changes in the size and shape, weight, and surface roughness of the implants were used as criteria for evaluating these materials for implant purposes. No surfaces degradation of any of the materials was detected using scanning electron microscopy. Fibrous tissue seemed to adhere to the UHMWPE implants more than any other material used in this study. Large amounts of fibrous tissue were also found to adhere to the cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy implants. The histological results indicated that within the limits of this investigation, the biocompatibility of the ceramic materials used in this study compared favorably with the clinically used Co-Cr-Mo alloy implants and the UHMWPE implants.
Aluminum↗
Surface characteristics of the cardiac prostheses in vivo.
The pseudoneointima (PNI) deposited onto a cardiac prosthesis surface reflects many factors of biocompatibility, surface morphology, flow distribution, design, animal's physiological condition, and duration. In the evaluation of any prosthesis, the PNI is one of the prime considerations from both material and functional standpoints. Historically, Dacron fabric has been used as an internal lining for cardiac prostheses. However, we have observed cracks on the Dacron fibers, fiber fracture, fiber protrusion, and poor attachment to the diaphragm, which can cause potentially disastrous complications. In addition, there are basic differences in the PNI formation on aldehyde-treated pericardium and natural aortic valves as compared to the Dacron fabric. 1) Minimal degeneration takes place on the chemically treated natural tissue compared with the fabtic surface. Intact cells on the tissue suggest a greater compatibility. In later specimens (13 and 24 days), there is active cell infiltration onto the pericardium structure with capillary formation. 2) The deposits on natural tissue are mostly fibrin, with minimum cellular involvement and a trend toward reduction in thickness. 3) Fibroblast cells are found on the natural tissue as early as 7 days but were not observed on the Dacron fabrics. Based on these findings, the Dacron fabric-covered diaphragm studied was not favorable for use in long-term implantation of cardiac prostheses.
Adsorption↗
Neurocranial reconstruction using an elastomer-coated cloth mesh and bone grafting.
The purpose of this report is to present out 5-year experience in reconstructing large bony defects in the cranial vault of 16 patients. The method employs an alloplastic implant device made of elastomer-coated cloth mesh, used in conjunction with bone grafting [D. L. Leake and M. Habal, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 10, 555 (1976)]. The cranial defects ranged in size from 6 X 6 cm to 15 X 17 cm. The defects were in the frontal, temporoparietal, and occipital regions. Particularly challenging was the frontal-orbital region involving the superciliary ridges. The alloplastic implant provides controlled contour of the bone graft material while providing strength and stability during healing. The implant has adequate but not complete ridigity, allowing adaptability inthe operating room. The elastomer used is a polyetherurethane. Any biocompatible cloth mesh can be used, but Dacron [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] was chosen because of its extensive implant history. Contrasted with reconstruction using only bone, where as many as half of the cases had uneveness and were found to be anesthetically unsatisfactory, the technique described here has resulted in aesthetically excellent results and an intact neurocranium in the 16 patients studied thus far.
Adolescent↗
Direct anchorage of Al2O3-ceramic hip components: three years of clinical experience and results of further animal studies.
The biocompatibility of high-purity dense Al2O3-ceramics had been shown to open the possibility of direct cement-free anchorage of joint endoprostheses. Three years of clinical experience with ceramic-metal composite total hip prostheses confirm the biomechanical design criteria used for the acetabular components. They also allow for additional conclusions regarding the reaction of bone tissue towards a bioinert implant. Further research activities are directed towards a solution for biomechanically stable anchorage of the femoral component of hip prostheses.
Aged↗
Bioevaluation of plasma polymerized films in skeletal muscle.
Plasma polymerized ethylene (PPE), styrene (PPS), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (PPCTFE) were synthesized by exposing the monomeric gases to an inductively coupled radio frequency "glow-discharge" field. The polymer films were deposited on poly(dimethyl) siloxane (medical grade Silastic), which was then surgically implanted in rat paravertebral muscle for periods up to 84 weeks. The biocompatibility of the plasma deposited films and uncoated Silastic was evaluated by qualitative (graded inflammatory cell response) and quantitative (connnective tissue capsule thickness) techniques as a function of time. The morphological features of the connective tissue capsule and the plasma polymerized films were examined by SEM after 75 weeks of implantation. Results showed that the acute inflammatory cell migration around PPS and PPCTFE was at a maximum in 2 weeks, decaying to control levels in 4 to 8 weeks. The PPE response was judged as less than the control response up to 4 weeks. After 8 weeks no qualitative difference could be detected between the plasma polymerized films and Silastic. On the other hand, a quantifiable change in fibrous capsule response as a function of time and material was noted until 24 weeks. From these data we conclude that these types of films do not elicit an untoward foreign body reaction at a skeletal muscle implant site in rats.
Animals↗
In vivo evaluation of a high-strength, high-ductility stainless steel for use in surgical implants.
A high-strength, high-ductility, austenitic stainless steel has been evaluated for use in surgical implants by performing in vivo tests in rats, rabbits, dogs, and rhesus monkeys. This stainless steel, a TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) steel containing about 4% Mo, was compared with two alloys in current clinical use: Type 316L stainless steel and cast Vitallium. Compared with the other two alloys, cast Vitallium generally had higher resistance to corrosion and superior biocompatibility in all animals. The tests in rats and dogs indicated that the corrosion resistances of the TRIP steel and the Type 316L stainless steel were similar and that the tissue reactions caused by these alloys were also similar. However, in rhesus monkeys, the TRIP steel was shown to be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking and much more susceptible to crevice corrosion than Type 316L stainless steel. Limited tests in rabbits supported the observation that the TRIP steel is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. These inconsistencies in the in vivo tests underline the need for a reevaluation of the popular test techniques and of the animals commonly chosen for assessing the suitability of candidate implant materials. The "worst case" results from the rhesus monkey tests were entirely consistent with previous results obtained from in vitro studies. However, further work must be performed before the behavior of metals in humans, rhesus monkeys, or any other animal, can be predicted with confidence from an in vitro test program.
Animals↗
Vapor-deposited carbon-coated tooth root implants: preliminary evaluation of a stylized tooth implant system in dogs.
The results of this preliminary evaluation of a tooth implant model combining a stylized tooth root design and a thin, highly biocompatible microporous carbon coating, although tentative, add support to the feasibility of developing a statisfactory system for the immediate replacement of selected teeth in healthy bone.
Alveolar Process↗