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Results for “Biogenic amines”

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PubMed1976

Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. IV. Behaviour of biogenic amines.

Behaviour of biogenic amines was studied in the brains of Mongolian gerbils subjected to unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Assays on the hemispheres ipsilateral to occlusion revealed in symptom-positive animals a progressive decrease in norepinephrine and dopamine, and an increase in serotonin throughout the duration of an ischemic insult. In post-ischemic periods following the release of the clip, changes in biogenic amine levels generally conformed to the principles of a previously described "maturation" phenomenon, with delayed reactions occurring after the shorter ischemic insults.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Biogenic amines in natural ciders.

Biogenic amines play an important physiological role in mammals, and high amounts of some exogenous amines in human diet may contribute to a wide variety of toxic effects. These amines are commonly found in many foodstuffs, particularly in fermented products such as cheese, meat products, beer, wine, and ciders. Here, the level of biogenic amines in some natural ciders was examined. Twenty-four samples of cider purchased from commercial sources were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection after precolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Amine levels were variable, ranging from not detected to 23 mg/liter. The average level of total biogenic amines in ciders was 5.94 +/- 8.42 mg/liter. Putrescine, histamine, and tyramine were the prevailing amines being present in 50.0, 37.5, and 33.3% of the ciders studied; very small amounts of ethylamine and phenylethylamine were observed in only one sample. Other cider parameters were analyzed to determine whether they affect the biogenic amine content in ciders, and the results were evaluated by applying cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Ciders that showed lower glycerol contents and higher amounts of 1,3-propanediol had much higher levels of histamine, tyramine, and putrescine, suggesting a high activity of lactic acid bacteria during cider making and thus the need for effective control of lactic acid bacteria.

Beverages↗

PubMed2001

Application of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection to the determination of biogenic amines and amino acids in brain microdialysate and homogenate samples.

A procedure is described to derivatize 16 primary-amine-containing biogenic amines and amino acids in brain mixtures with the fluorogenic reagent 5-furoylquinoline-3-carboxaldehyde (FQ). These FQ-tagged compounds in the brain sample were resolved in less than 16 min based on micellar electrokinetic chromatography and laser-induced fluorescence. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of analyte and the fluorescence intensity, with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.96-1.00. The utility of this method for the quantification of the important inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid in microdialysates and brain homogenates from rats is illustrated.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1993

Abnormalities of biogenic amine metabolism.

The term biogenic amine is an umbrella term that encompasses all amines with an origin in biological processes. This review will be restricted to the biogenic amine abnormalities that affect the metabolism of serotonin and the catecholamines. The synthesis and catabolism of these neurotransmitters are outlined, and a summary is given of the neurological details, biochemical features, and treatment of the inborn errors that primarily affect their metabolism. An idea is also developed that proposes that abnormalities of biogenic amine metabolism are far more common than is currently considered, and that the search for these problems may be appropriate in any neonate or infant who presents with neurological problems of unknown origin.

Biopterins↗

PubMed2003

The influence of the brewing process on the formation of biogenic amines in beers.

Biogenic amines, as dabsyl derivatives, were determined in beer samples, intermediate products, and raw materials (malt and maize) by HPLC. A procedure for the extraction of the amines from malt and maize with diluted hydrochloric acid was optimised by combining a Response Surface Methodology with a Simultaneous Decision Making Approach. The results of the analysis indicate that, in brewing, technology and hygiene are the decisive factors that determine the amine concentrations in the final product.

Beer↗

PubMed1987

Dietary folate and biogenic amines in the CNS.

Abnormal biogenic amine biosynthesis has been observed in humans and animals with endogenous and exogenous disturbances in folate metabolism. In an attempt to study this interaction biochemically, rats were depleted or repleted with folate for 10 weeks. Folate levels in depleted animals in serum and CSF correlated with stores in liver and brain, respectively. In depleted or repleted animals, there was no significant effect on biogenic amine metabolism in the CNS, as determined by quantitation of biogenic amines in brain and their respective metabolites in brain and CSF. These results are contrary to studies by other investigators. We suspect, however, that specific genetic defects in folate metabolism do result in impaired biogenic amine metabolism and probably at the level of disturbed biopterin cofactor functions.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of biogenic amines in poultry carcasses.

Biogenic amines, produced by bacterial decarboxylation of amino acids, have been associated with toxicological symptoms in broilers fed various poultry byproducts. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitation of eight biogenic amines (tryptamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine) in chicken carcasses. Amines were extracted with perchloric acid, derivatized with dansyl chloride, separated using gradient elution (methanol and water), and detected by fluorescence. Benzylamine was used as the internal standard. Linearity, repeatability, and recovery of the method were evaluated. The method was linear for all of the amines studied at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 25 microg/mL. Average recoveries ranged from 92.6% to 96.8% for all amines except for histamine, which was 74.6%.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Multiple compound quality index for cold-smoked salmon (Salmo salar) developed by multivariate regression of biogenic amines and pH.

Production of biogenic amines during chill storage of 12 lots of cold-smoked salmon was studied. These data allowed for a multiple compound quality index to be developed by multivariate regression (partial least square regression). The quality index was based on concentrations of cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, and tyramine and pH and showed good correlation with sensory assessments. Biogenic amines were indicators of spoilage rather than casual agents of spoilage off-flavors. Four different biogenic amine profiles were found at the time of spoilage in cold-smoked salmon. These were the results of differences in the spoilage microflora. Histamine was detected above regulatory limits but below toxic levels. Measurements of salt and dry matter for calculation of water phase salt could be substituted by rapid water activity measurements.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Biogenic amines in dry fermented sausages: a review.

Biogenic amines are compounds commonly present in living organisms in which they are responsible for many essential functions. They can be naturally present in many foods such as fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, chocolate and milk, but they can also be produced in high amounts by microorganisms through the activity of amino acid decarboxylases. Excessive consumption of these amines can be of health concern because their not equilibrate assumption in human organism can generate different degrees of diseases determined by their action on nervous, gastric and intestinal systems and blood pressure. High microbial counts, which characterise fermented foods, often unavoidably lead to considerable accumulation of biogenic amines, especially tyramine, 2-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, putrescine and histamine. However, great fluctuations of amine content are reported in the same type of product. These differences depend on many variables: the quali-quantitative composition of microbial microflora, the chemico-physical variables, the hygienic procedure adopted during production, and the availability of precursors. Dry fermented sausages are worldwide diffused fermented meat products that can be a source of biogenic amines. Even in the absence of specific rules and regulations regarding the presence of these compounds in sausages and other fermented products, an increasing attention is given to biogenic amines, especially in relation to the higher number of consumers with enhanced sensitivity to biogenic amines determined by the inhibition of the action of amino oxidases, the enzymes involved in the detoxification of these substances. The aim of this paper is to give an overview on the presence of these compounds in dry fermented sausages and to discuss the most important factors influencing their accumulation. These include process and implicit factors as well as the role of starter and nonstarter microflora growing in the different steps of sausage production. Moreover, the role of microorganisms with amino oxidase activity as starter cultures to control or reduce the accumulation of biogenic amines during ripening and storage of sausages is discussed.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗

PubMed2000

Content of biogenic amines in table olives.

Content of biogenic amines in flesh and brines of table olives was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of their benzoyl derivatives. No biogenic amines were found in the flesh of fresh fruits at any stage of ripeness. Contents of biogenic amines in Spanish-style green or stored olives increased throughout the brining period but were always higher in the former. Putrescine was the amine found in the highest concentration. Small quantities of cadaverine were found in the samples taken after 3 months of brining. This compound and histamine, tyramine, and tryptamine were also found in samples taken after 12 months. Gordal cultivar showed the highest contents, followed by Manzanilla and Hojiblanca. No relationship was found between contents of biogenic amines and lactic acid production or table olive spoilages, although zapatera olives had considerably higher amounts than those brines that had undergone a normal process. Concentrations in directly brined olives were markedly lower than contents in Spanish-style olives. With respect to partition between flesh and brine, there was equilibrium between both media in the case of Spanish-style olives, whereas the contents in directly brined olives were higher in flesh than brine.

Biogenic Amines↗

PubMed2006

Biogenic amines in Portuguese traditional foods and wines.

The presence of biogenic amines in foodstuffs is an important food safety problem because of the implication of these compounds in food intolerance and intoxication. The separation and quantification of biogenic amines in foods is normally performed by chromatographic techniques. This review contains descriptions of the quantification of biogenic amines in Portuguese traditional fermented and/or ripened foods and wines, including Protected Denomination of Origin cheeses, dry-cured sausages, and Portuguese wines (including Port wines), using different analytical methods based on high-pressure liquid chromatography (UV or diode array and/or fluorometric detectors) and gas chromatography (with a mass spectrometry detector). The evolution of biogenic amines during fermentation, ripening, aging, or storage of those products was also evaluated. Biogenic amine concentrations ranged widely within individual food items, and storage, transport, and handling conditions can influence to some extent the biogenic amines present and their concentrations. Traditional foods are an important part of the Portuguese diet, and a high intake of harmful amounts of biogenic amines from traditional Portuguese fermented foods is possible. However, extensive research is needed to extend the current limited database.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Ethanol pretreatment enhances NMDA excitotoxicity in biogenic amine neurons: protection by brain derived neurotrophic factor.

BACKGROUND: Biogenic amine neurons are involved in a number of mental diseases including addiction and alcohol dependence. Because chronic ethanol is known to cause supersensitivity to NMDA excitotoxicity in cortical neurons, this study sought to determine the effect of ethanol treatment on biogenic amine neurons. METHODS: To determine if ethanol exposure alters the vitality of biogenic amine neurons, cultures were prepared from E14 rat brain. After 24 hr in culture, cells were divided into control or ethanol (100 mM) treatment groups, cultured an additional 48 hr, and then half of them exposed to NMDA for 25 min. The NMDA was then removed and cells cultured in fresh media for an additional 24 hr to allow for excitotoxic delayed neuronal death. Cultures were then stained with antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine or tyrosine hydroxylase to identify serotonin and dopamine neurons, respectively. Cultures were analyzed for cell number and neuronal morphology. RESULTS: Ethanol treatment alone had no effect on biogenic amine cell number, soma area, number of neurites, or terminal segments, although the field area of dopamine neurons was decreased. Treatment with 30 microM NMDA had no effect on controls, but significantly decreased dopamine neurons in ethanol-treated cultures as well as reduced soma area, field area, number of neurites and number of terminal segments. Treatment with higher concentrations of NMDA reduced dopamine and serotonin neurons in both controls and ethanol-treated groups, and ethanol treatment significantly enhanced NMDA excitotoxic effects. Treatment with Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) prevented ethanol sensitization to NMDA excitotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that ethanol treatment sensitizes biogenic amine neurons to excitotoxic insults. Ethanol sensitization of biogenic amine neurons to insults could contribute to the development of mental disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, a biogenic amine and melatonin metabolite, functions as a potent antioxidant.

The biogenic amine The biogenic amine N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) was investigated for its potential antioxidative capacity. AFMK is a metabolite generated through either an enzymatic or a chemical reaction pathway from melatonin. The physiological function of AFMK remains unknown. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document the potent antioxidant action of this biogenic amine. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that AFMK donates two electrons at potentials of 456 mV and 668 mV, and therefore it functions as a reductive force. This function contrasts with all other physiological antioxidants that donate a single electron only when they neutralize free radicals. AFMK reduced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation induced by the incubation of DNA with oxidants significantly. Lipid peroxidation resulting from free radical damage to rat liver homogenates was also prevented by the addition of AFMK. The inhibitory effects of AFMK on both DNA and lipid damage appear to be dose-response related. In cell culture, AFMK efficiently reduced hippocampal neuronal death induced by either hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, or amyloid b25-35 peptide. AFMK is a naturally occurring molecule with potent free radical scavenging capacity (donating two electrons/molecule) and thus may be a valuable new antioxidant for preventing and treating free radical-related disorders.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗

PubMed1976

Biogenic amines and affective disorders. A critical analysis.

The evidence linking biogenic amines and affective disorders is critically reviewed. Surveyed are studies on the level of biogenic amines and their metabolites in the brain, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective conditions; the effects of biogenic amine precursors, depletors and blockers on affective states and the action of present methods of treatment of these disorders on the level of biogenic amines. Reference is also made to the existence of various disease states where abnormalities of biogenic amines exist in the absence of affective disorders. The review fails to uncover convincing evidence that affective disorders are related to abnormal levels of biogenic amines. Reasons are outlined why the "catecholamine hypothesis" and related theories can neither be proven nor disproven with the available techniques.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMed1991

The molecular mechanism of nondegranulative release of biogenic amines.

According to current teaching biogenic amines are released by exocytosis, i.e. by evacuation of amine storing vesicles or granules into the extracellular space. The release of transmitter amines is quantal, i.e. occurs in packs of transmitter molecules. These packs are assumed to be identical with vesicle contents, in other words, the smallest releasable quantum equals the amine content of one vesicle. However, there are experimental observations which do not fit in with this version of an exocytotic release theory. Observed quantitative discrepancies could be explained if the release mechanism allowed a fractional release of transmitter amine from several vesicles instead of the total evacuation of a few. The lack of adequate knowledge about the mechanisms of storage of biogenic amines within the vesicles has up til now rendered it difficult to envisage the machinery behind a fractional release of the amine content of a vesicle. In extensive in-vitro studies we have found that the matrices of amine storing granules (i.e. from mast cells, chromaffin cells and nerve terminals) show the properties of weak cation exchanger materials, carboxyl groups serving as amine binding ionic sites. When exposed to cations like sodium and potassium ions, the amines are released from their storage sites according to kinetics characteristic of weak cation exchangers. In vivo, amine release from cat adrenals on splanchnic nerve stimulation also occurs according to ion exchange kinetics. Histamine release from mast cells is considered to occur as the result of degranulation, i.e. the expulsion of histamine storing granules to the extracellular space, a typical example of exocytosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed2001

Biogenic amines in wines: role of lactic acid bacteria.

Biogenic amines have undesirable physiological effects when absorbed at too high a concentration. Several kinds of food and beverages contain biogenic amines. Lactic acid bacteria can decarboxylate amino acids. Since winemaking involves the growth of lactic acid bacteria for malolactic fermentation, biogenic amines may occur. However, not all bacterial strains carry these activities. In the same wine-producing area, some wines may contain very low amounts of biogenic amines while others may have relatively large quantities. It is now possible to detect the presence of undesirable histamine-producing strains by PCR test or DNA probe based on the presence of the gene encoding histidine decarboxylase. Other strains have the ornithine and/or tyrosine decarboxylase. When biogenic amine-producing strains are present, the winemaker is encouraged to inoculate selected malolactic starters to replace the indigenous microflora.

Biogenic Amines↗

PubMed2004

Differences between biogenic amine detection by HPLC methods using OPA and dansyl derivates.

Biogenic amines can be formed and degraded as a result of normal metabolic activity in animals, plants, and microorganisms and are usually produced by the decarboxylation of amino acids. Recent trends in food security are promoting an increasing search for trace compounds that can affect human health. Although they are present in fermented foods and beverages in low quantities, they exhibit interactions with normal human metabolism (e.g., having vasoactive or psychoactive properties) that justify the research on their presence in foods and the possible related toxicological effects that they may cause. Estimation of the biogenic amines histamine, tyramine, agmatine, putrescine, and cadaverine is important not only from the point of view of their toxicity, but also because they can be used as indicators of the degree of freshness or spoilage of food. Until recently, because of the difficulty in detecting and quantifying amines reliably we have had insufficient information about their occurrence in different types of foods and beverages. These problems are related to matrix interference (e.g., the presence of free amino acids) and the low levels at which the amines are found. Early techniques for the determination of biogenic amines in foods were based on thin-layer chromatography. More modern analytical techniques have since been developed that allow the acquisition of reliable quantitative data and better separation/resolution of various amines. The quantitative determination of biogenic amines is generally accomplished by overpressure-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography. The use of reverse-phase column and precolumn derivatization was more efficient and faster than the conventional ion-exchange techniques. This study was conducted to evaluate two HPLC derivatization methods for quantitative determination of biogenic amines: the method described by Gonzales de Llano et al. for amino acid analysis and the method described by Eerola et al.

Biogenic Amines↗

PubMed1999

New views of biogenic amine transporter function: implications for neuropsychopharmacology.

Biogenic amine transporters, namely the dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) transporters (DAT, NET and 5-HTT, respectively) appear to be the key elements in regulating biogenic amine neurotransmission. These proteins therefore represent a primary target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of numerous psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety and perhaps even schizophrenia as well as drug abuse. The cloning of DAT, NET and 5-HTT and development of selective radioligands for them over the last decade has dramatically increased our understanding of their location, structure and function. These breakthroughs have also enabled remarkable progress in determining how biogenic amine transporters are regulated under not only normal conditions but also when confronted with acute or chronic exposure to a variety of stimuli including psychotherapeutic drugs. Because of the important therapeutic consequences of a better understanding of these transporters, the present review discusses recent advances in defining their mechanism of action, location and regulation and the implications of the newer data for neuropsychopharmacology.

Journal Article↗