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PubMed1994

Relationship between body weight, body surface area and serum zidovudine pharmacokinetic parameters in adult, male HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a simple relationship between body weight or body surface area (BSA) and serum zidovudine pharmacokinetic parameters in patients receiving oral zidovudine. DESIGN: Single-dose, pharmacokinetic study. PATIENTS: Fifty-three asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV-infected men (CD4+ cell count < 500 x 10(6)/l) participated in the study. Results of renal function and haematology tests were within normal limits and all hepatic function tests were up to three times the upper limit of normal. Patients received 200 mg oral zidovudine and serial blood samples were collected for 4 h (18 patients) or 8 h (35 patients). Serum zidovudine concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (12 patients) or radioimmunoassay (41 patients). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods. The relationships between body weight or BSA and maximum serum concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), apparent serum clearance (CL/F), and apparent terminal volume of distribution (Vz/F) were determined by simple least-squares linear regression. RESULTS: There were no significant relationships between either body weight or BSA and Cmax, AUC, Vz/F (corrected for weight), and clearance (P > 0.07; R2 < 0.06 for all comparisons). A significant positive association between Vz/F, uncorrected for weight, and either weight (P = 0.011; R2 = 0.121) or BSA (P = 0.022; R2 = 0.098) was observed. The interindividual coefficients of variation of CL/F and Vz/F values were only marginally reduced when the parameters were corrected for weight (31.3 versus 30.8% and 28.0 versus 26.0% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There is little or no linear association between either body weight or BSA and observed serum zidovudine concentrations following administration of 200 mg zidovudine in adult male patients who are within 20% of their ideal weight.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats fed soybean oil or butter.

BACKGROUND: Dietary fat composition is thought to affect body weight regulation independent of the amount of fat ingested. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the feeding behavior, body weight gain, body composition, and energy metabolism in lean and obese rats fed a diet in which fat was in the form of either butter or soybean oil. DESIGN: Ten lean (Fa/?) and 10 obese (fa/fa) adult Zucker rats were divided into 4 groups according to a 2 x 2 experimental design. They were fed a normally balanced diet over 11 wk in which 30% of energy was either soybean oil or butter. Food intake, body weight gain, and body composition were measured. Indirect calorimetry was used to study energy metabolism at rest and in relation to feeding and activity. RESULTS: Food intake increased similarly in lean and obese rats after butter feeding. Body weight gain increased in obese rats and decreased in lean rats after butter feeding. Body weight gain in obese rats was due mainly to an increase in the weight of lean tissues besides muscle, whereas adiposity and distribution of fat between the various pads did not change. Resting metabolic rates and postprandial lipid oxidation increased in butter-fed obese rats. Lipid oxidation during exercise was not significantly different between obese and lean rats. Fat oxidation increased in butter-fed lean rats during treadmill running at moderate intensity. CONCLUSIONS: In obese rats, basal metabolism and postprandial lipid oxidation increased during butter feeding, which appeared to prevent fat accumulation in the long term. In lean rats, butter feeding favored lipid utilization by working muscles, an observation that deserves further investigation in terms of endurance and performance.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The presence of the "fa" gene in heterozygous (FA/fa) lean female rats, effects on body weight, body fat and serum leptin.

OBJECTIVE: In previous studies, suckling lean heterozygous (FA/fa) pups had higher body fat levels in comparison to lean homozygous (FA/FA) pups. However, in older male rats fed either low- or high-fat diets, we found no effects of the "fa" gene in heterozygous lean rats compared to homozygous lean rats. Other studies have reported effects of the "fa" gene on aspects of insulin metabolism for lean heterozygous female rats compared to their homozygous counterparts. In the present study, the effect of the "fa" gene on body weight and body fat in lean female rats was investigated. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Homozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous lean male and female rats. Heterozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous obese male rats with heterozygous lean female rats. Following weaning, rats were maintained on a standard laboratory diet until 10 weeks of age when they were killed after an overnight fast. RESULTS: Body weight (p<0.03) and inguinal (p = 0.01) and combined retroperitoneal+parametrial (p = 0.06) fat pad weights were heavier in heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean female rats. Combined fat pad-to-body weight ratio (p = 0.05) and fat cell sizes (p = 0.06) were also higher in the heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean rats. No differences in serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol, glucose, or insulin concentrations were found between the two groups, but serum leptin levels were significantly higher (p<0.004) in heterozygous lean rats. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that effects of the "fa" gene are present during the postweaning period in lean female rats. Implications for increased body fat and leptin with respect to sexual maturation and fertility are discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

Early adult body weight, body mass index, and premenopausal bilateral breast cancer: data from a case-control study.

Previous studies using current or recent adult body weight and body mass index are inconclusive as to a possible effect of increased body mass on premenopausal breast cancer incidence. Only five studies have presented data on early adult body mass, and no study has reported these data for premenopausal bilateral breast cancer. Because premenopausal bilateral breast cancer is assumed to be partly genetic and partly environmental in origin, it is crucial to identify possible modifiable risk factors for this cancer. We present data on early adult body weight and body mass (Quetelet Index, QI) from a case-control study of 142 premenopausal bilateral breast cancer cases from Los Angeles County, California, Connecticut, and Quebec, Canada, and 229 sister controls. The odds ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of premenopausal breast cancer adjusted for age, education, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptive use was 0.7 (0.3-1.4) for women in the highest tertile of QI at age 18. The results do not suggest that elevated body mass index at a young age increases the risk of premenopausal bilateral breast cancer, but lend only weak support to the hypothesis of an inverse association between body mass index and premenopausal breast cancer.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Cord blood leptin levels: relationship to body weight, body mass index, sex and insulin and cortisol levels of maternal-newborn pairs at delivery.

To investigate leptin and to which factors it is related during the perinatal period, we measured serum leptin levels of 46 mothers at delivery, umbilical cord blood and infants on the third day of life. Maternal leptin was higher than in cord (p < 0.001), and did not correlate with maternal age, body weight, body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, CPE, cortisol or HbA1c levels, nor any biochemical values or anthropometric data of the newborns (p > 0.05). In cord blood, leptin was significantly higher than in 3 day-old infants (p < 0.05), and correlated only with maternal insulin and glucose (r = 0.5, p < 0.01 and r = 0.4, p < 0.05, respectively). In 3 day-old infants, leptin did not correlate with any clinical data (p > 0.05). Leptin was not different in the two sexes (p > 0.05). Serum leptin levels were not related to adiposity of the mother-infant pairs or neonatal growth, and were not different in the two sexes during the perinatal period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Relationship of serum leptin with age, body weight, body mass index, and bone mineral density in healthy mainland Chinese women.

BACKGROUND: Serum leptin concentration is associated with age, fat and bone mineral density (BMD), and there are ethnic differences in physique and BMD values. The relationship between serum leptin concentration and BMD in Chinese women is presently unknown. We examined the relationship of serum leptin concentration with age, body weight, BMI and BMD in mainland Chinese women. METHODS: Serum leptin concentration in a population of 676 Chinese females, aged 20-80 years (45.4+/-14.8 years, mean+/-S.D.), was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BMD values were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at a number of sites: the posteroanterior lumbar spine (PA, L1-L4), lateral lumbar spine (Lat, L2-L4), hip (including the femoral neck (FN) and total hip (T-hip)), and forearm (one-third region (RU1/3) and total region (RUT)). The relationship between changes in serum leptin concentration with age, body weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and BMD values at six sites were analyzed using 10 different regression models, and the models giving the best fit were selected. RESULTS: The cubic regression model best described the changes in serum leptin concentration with age (R(2)=0.048, p<0.001) and body weight (R(2)=0.352, p<0.001), while the quadratic regression model was best for serum leptin concentration changes with BMI (R(2)=0.410, p<0.001); serum leptin concentration was not correlated with height. Serum leptin concentration was significantly higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal women (p<0.001). Serum leptin concentration was correlated with Lat BMD (R(2)=0.012, p<0.018), FN BMD (R(2)=0.006, p<0.041) and T-hip BMD (R(2)=0.013, p<0.004) in the whole population. In premenopausal women, leptin was positively associated with BMD except for Lat (R(2)=0.029-0.055, p<0.008); in postmenopausal women, leptin was also positively associated with AP, FN, T-hip BMD (R(2)=0.026-0.042, p<0.007). However, after adjusting for BMI not for body weight, there was no association between serum leptin concentration and age. Meanwhile, after adjustment for age, body weight and BMI, there was no association between serum leptin concentration and BMD values in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: Age-related changes in serum leptin concentration is dependent on BMI, but not a direct determinant of BMD in Chinese females.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1993

Relationship between body weight, body position, support surface, and tissue interface pressure at the sacrum.

This descriptive, comparative study examined the relationship between three body positions, body weight, and tissue interface pressure measurement on three support surfaces among residents who were 65 years of age or older. The support surfaces included the Sof. Care bed cushion, Biogard foam mattress, and hospital mattress. Subjects included 12 ideal body-weight and six less-than-ideal body-weight individuals from a long-term care facility in a Mid-western state. Results indicated no significant difference in sacral tissue interface difference between ideal body weight and less-than-ideal body weight subjects. However, the sacral measurements were significantly greater in the supine position than those taken in the Fowler's and semi-Fowler's positions. A significant interaction was found between position and support surface with subjects in Fowler and semi-Fowler positions on the Sof. Care Surface exhibiting the lowest mean tissue interface pressure at the sacrum.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

The effect of fluoxetine on body weight, body composition and visceral fat accumulation.

In this study the effect of fluoxetine versus placebo treatment on body weight, body composition and abdominal fat areas, assessed from three magnetic resonance imaging scans at umbilicus level, was investigated. Thirty-eight abdominal overweight men aged 41 +/- 7 years (mean +/- s.d.), BMI 27.9 +/- 1.2 kg/m2 and WHR 0.97 +/- 0.03 were given dietary advice and a placebo (n = 20) or fluoxetine treatment (n = 18, 60 mg/day) for 12 weeks after a placebo run-in of two weeks. Measurements were carried out during run-in and at week 12 of treatment. The treatment groups did not differ at the start of the study. After treatment, weight loss (on average) was observed in both groups: -2.4 +/- 0.6 kg and -5.9 +/- 0.7 kg for the placebo and fluoxetine groups, respectively. Weight loss was significantly larger in the fluoxetine group (P = 0.0004). The reduction of fat mass tended to be larger (P = 0.08), and the reduction of fat-free mass was considerably larger in the fluoxetine group (P = 0.0005). Absolute (and proportional) changes in visceral and subcutaneous fat areas (cm2) were +2 +/- 26 (+1%) and -9 +/- 26 (-4%) in the placebo group, and -9 +/- 30 (-3%) and -30 +/- 27 (-13%) in the fluoxetine group. In both groups the proportional change in subcutaneous fat area was larger than the change in visceral fat (P < 0.02). Only in the fluoxetine group was the decrease in subcutaneous fat area significant, and larger compared to the placebo group (P = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abdomen↗

PubMed2003

[Is the Swiss population gaining body weight? Body mass index in insurance applications between 1950 and 1990].

In this study 4435 insurance applications to the Swiss Life insurance company ("Rentenanstalt") by individuals aged 20-39 years from the time period 1950-1990 were evaluated. Each application contained the self-reported body weight, height, and other informations such as martial status or city of residence. For each individual the body mass index (BMI) was computed and the prevalence of overweight and obesity for each year was calculated using standard definitions. This is the first study which tries to determine the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in Switzerland over time. The absolute body weight (kg) increased continuously from 1950 to the year 2000. The most pronounced increase was seen in individuals (aged 20-29 years) above the 90th percentile of body weight and BMI, i.e. already overweight and/or obese individuals showed the largest increase in body weight. In men (aged 20-29 years) the prevalence of overweight increased between 1980 and 1990 by more than 10% to a prevalence rate of 25%. In women (aged 20-29 years) the prevalence of overweight increased continuously from 1960 onward and reached a rate of 10.5% in 1990. In the age group of the 30-39 years old individuals no change in the prevalence rates was observed. These data suggest that there is a trend for an increased prevalence of overweight in Switzerland. Since the study sample was not representative for the Swiss population the results have to be interpreted with caution only. Nevertheless the results are in agreement with the trends in other countries and it can be assumed that similar developments do occur also in Switzerland.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Effects of an ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on body weight, body composition, and fat distribution in older men and women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of ad libitum low-fat diets in reducing body weight and fat in overweight and obese adults remains controversial. METHODS: We examined the effect of a 12-week low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diet alone (HI-CHO) and in combination with aerobic exercise training (HI-CHO + EX) on body weight and composition in 34 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (20 women and 14 men; mean +/- SEM age, 66 +/- 1 years). Participants were randomly assigned to a control diet (41% fat, 14% protein, 45% carbohydrates, and 7 g of fiber per 1000 kcal), a HI-CHO diet (18% fat, 19% protein, 63% carbohydrates, and 26 g of fiber per 1000 kcal), or a HI-CHO diet plus endurance exercise 4 d/wk, 45 min/d, at 80% peak oxygen consumption (HI-CHO + EX). Participants were provided 150% of estimated energy needs and were instructed to consume food ad libitum. Total food intake, body composition, resting metabolic rate, and substrate oxidation were measured. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in total food intake among the 3 groups and no change in energy intake over time. The HI-CHO + EX and HI-CHO groups lost more body weight (-4.8 +/- 0.9 kg [P=.003] and -3.2 +/- 1.2 kg [P=.02]) and a higher percentage of body fat (-3.5% +/- 0.7% [P=.01] and -2.2% +/- 1.2% [P=.049]) than controls (-0.1 +/- 0.6 kg and 0.2% +/- 0.6%). In addition, thigh fat area decreased in the HI-CHO (P=.003) and HI-CHO + EX (P<.001) groups compared with controls. High carbohydrate intake and weight loss did not result in a decreased resting metabolic rate or reduced fat oxidation. CONCLUSION: A high-carbohydrate diet consumed ad libitum, with no attempt at energy restriction or change in energy intake, results in losses of body weight and body fat in older men and women.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Brain weight-body weight scaling in breeds of dogs and cats.

Autopsy data from 2,100 pet dogs are used to demonstrate that mean brain weight (y) in 26 breeds of dogs is related to mean body weight (x) by the function y = 0.39 x 0.27. Power functions with the exponent 0.27 appear to define intra-species brain-body weight scaling in several other species. These functions may serve as base lines for measuring increases or decreases in encephalization during species evolution. Curiously, averaged data from 1,250 domestic cats of 2 breeds can be plotted on a line with slope of 0.67, which is known to define inter- rather than intra-species brain-body weight scaling among mammals.

Anatomy, Comparative↗

PubMed2005

Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise training on insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese girls. Nineteen overweight and obese girls (mean +/- SD: age, 13.1+/-1.8 years; body mass index, 26.8+/-3.9 kg/m(2)) volunteered for this study. Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance; n=15), adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL) 6, insulin-like growth factor-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 serum levels, and blood lipids and lipoproteins were assessed before and after 12 weeks of aerobic training. Cardiorespiratory fitness increased by 18.8% (P<.05) as a result of training. The area under the insulin concentration curve (insulin area under the curve) decreased by 23.3% (12781.7+/-7454.2 vs 9799.0+/-4918.6 microU.min/mL before and after intervention, respectively; P=.03). Insulin sensitivity was improved without changes in body weight (pre-intervention, 67.9+/-14.5 kg; post-intervention, 68.3+/-14.0 kg) or percent body fat (pre-intervention, 41.4% +/- 4.8%; post-intervention, 40.7%+/-5.2%). The lower limb fat-free mass increased by 6.2% (P<.01) as a result of training, and changes in lower limb fat-free mass were correlated with changes in the insulin area under the curve (r= -.68; P< .01). Serum adiponectin, IL-6, and CRP concentrations did not change (pre-intervention vs post-intervention: adiponectin, 9.57+/-3.01 vs 9.08+/-2.32 microg/mL; IL-6, 1.67+/-1.29 vs 1.65+/-1.25 pg/mL, CRP, 3.21+/-2.48 vs 2.73+/-1.88 mg/L) whereas insulin-like growth factor-1 was lower after training (pre-intervention, 453.8 +/- 159.3 ng/mL; post-intervention, 403.2+/- 155.1 ng/mL; P<.05). In conclusion, 12 weeks of aerobic training improved insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese girls without change in body weight, percent body fat, and circulating concentrations of adiponectin, IL-6, CRP, and other inflammatory markers. These findings suggest that increased physical activity may ameliorate the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity in children with a mechanism other than the parameters cited earlier.

Adiponectin↗

PubMed1996

Influences of body weight, body composition, and substrate oxidation rate on resting postabsorptive glucose production and gluconeogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of body weight, fat mass, and fat distribution on resting endogenous glucose production in healthy lean and overweight individuals. DESIGN: measurements were performed in the resting postabsorptive state in individuals receiving an unrestricted diet. SETTING: Institute of Physiology of Lausanne University. MEASUREMENTS: resting post absorptive glucose production, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; resting energy expenditure and net substrate oxidation. RESULTS: Endogenous glucose production was positively correlated with body weight, lean body mass, energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation. Gluconeogenesis was positively correlated with net lipid oxidation and energy expenditure, and negatively correlated with net carbohydrate oxidation. No correlation with body fat or fat distribution was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Gluconeogenesis shows a large interindividual variability. Net lipid oxidation and not body fat appears to be a major determinant of gluconeogenesis.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Critical periods for the effects of alcohol exposure on brain weight, body weight, activity and investigation.

Using an animal model of fetal alcohol syndrome - which equates peak blood alcohol concentrations across different developmental periods - critical periods for the effect of alcohol on brain weight, activity and investigative behavior were examined. The periods of alcohol exposure were from gestational day (GD) 1 through 10, GD 11 through 22, postnatal day (PD) 2 through 10, or all three periods combined. The critical period of alcohol exposure for an increase in activity in juveniles was GD 11 through 22. This pattern was not seen in the same animals in adulthood; instead, increases in both activity and investigation were seen in animals exposed from PD 2 through 10 and not seen in animals exposed during all three periods combined. Brain weight was reduced by alcohol exposure from GD 11 through 22, PD 2 through 10 and all three periods combined. The period from PD 2 through 10 was the only period when the brain weight to body weight ratio was reduced. In conclusion, exposure to alcohol during the periods in the latter half of gestation or early postnatal period seem to have the most deleterious effects on the brain, activity and investigation in the rat. In addition, the effects of alcohol exposure over both the prenatal and postnatal period cannot be easily predicted from the effects of shorter periods of exposure.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effects of Sendai virus infection on body weight, body temperature and some hematological and serobiochemical values of mice.

Body weight and body temperature of JCL: ICR mice infected with Sendai virus decreased depending on the viral dose. In severely infected mice, there were significantly higher values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, and leucin aminopeptidase (LAP), and lower values of reticulocytes and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). The other values tested were comparable to those of the non-infected mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effects of adrenalectomy on brain weight, body weight and weight of certain endocrine organs in rats.

Albino rats, both males and females were adrenalectomized (Adx.), either on the eleventh or the twenty fifth day after birth and the body weights recorded daily until the sixtieth day when all the animals were sacrificed. Brain (cerebrum and cerebellum), pituitary, thyroid and gonads were weighed post mortem. Body weights decreased in all the Adx. animals, the decrease being statistically significant in the male rats Adx. on day 11 (p less than 0.05). Both cerebrum and cerebellum recorded a significant increase in weight in both the male Adx. groups, whereas pituitary, thyroid and gonads showed a significant decrease. Changes observed in 25 day Adx. female rats were not statistically significant. Thus, adrenalectomy in the young rats appears to have differential effects on the somatic, neural and endocrine growth.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1992

Growth velocity of some fetal parameters. II. Body weight, body length and head circumference.

In this study, fetal growth velocities of the body weight, crown-heel length, crown-rump length and head circumference were established from 478 normal fetuses and neonates, aged 8-41 gestational weeks. The growth rates were computed by time intervals, and the velocity curves were plotted with their 95% confidence intervals. The body weight displayed an accelerating pattern of growth until 34-35 weeks and a breakdown of the growth rate afterwards, as we already observed for the brain weight in another study published in Biology of the Neonate. Decreasing patterns of growth velocity throughout pregnancy were observed for the crown-heel and the crown-rump lengths, with a marked fall at 35 weeks. The growth velocity curve of the head circumference is also decreasing, but in a more irregular way. A curious revival of growth velocity was observed in most parameters at about 38 weeks. These changes in the growth rhythm were similar to those found previously with ultrasound data.

Body Height↗

PubMed1984

Influence of dark-rearing on the ontogenetic development of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Cichlidae, Teleostei): I. Effects on body weight, body growth pattern, swimming activity and visual acuity.

The ontogenesis of the cichlid fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus was investigated under normal- and dark-rearing conditions from hatching to 100 days. Light deprivation did not change normal increase in body weight. The increase in body length was slightly retarded in dark-reared animals (DR), whereas the increase in body height was more pronounced as compared to normal-reared animals (NR). DR failed to swim up after resorption of the yolk sack. Visual acuity was severely impaired. The first deficits in visual discrimination were observed after 20-30 days in the dark. After 50 days DR failed to show any optokinetic nystagmus.

Animals↗