[Recent advances of the image processing in brain imagings (author's transl)].
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Brain↗
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Results for “Brain imaging”
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Brain imaging and behavioral outcome in traumatic brain injury.
Brain imaging studies have become an essential diagnostic assessment procedure in evaluating the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Such imaging studies provide a wealth of information about structural and functional deficits following TBI. But how pathologic changes identified by brain imaging methods relate to neurobehavioral outcome is not as well known. Thus, the focus of this article is on brain imaging findings and outcome following TBI. The article starts with an overview of current research dealing with the cellular pathology associated with TBI. Understanding the cellular elements of pathology permits extrapolation to what is observed with brain imaging. Next, this article reviews the relationship of brain imaging findings to underlying pathology and how that pathology relates to neurobehavioral outcome. The brain imaging techniques of magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography are reviewed. Various image analysis procedures, and how such findings relate to neuropsychological testing, are discussed. The importance of brain imaging in evaluating neurobehavioral deficits following brain injury is stressed.
Adolescent↗
Functional brain imaging and hearing.
Functional brain imaging techniques such as PET, SPECT, and functional MRI have frequently been applied to the study of speech, language, and cognition, but have seldom been used in investigations of hearing. Even the limited research that combines functional brain imaging and acoustic stimuli has often been concerned with processes other than audition, such as attention. This paper provides brief descriptions of these currently available functional brain imaging procedures and gives examples of what may be learned about hearing from their applications. Possible reasons for the limited use of functional brain imaging in studying hearing are explored because attention to these issues may enhance interest in the use of brain imaging for investigating the neurophysiology of hearing. Several potential research questions that apply functional brain imaging while measuring psychoacoustic performance are considered briefly and strategies for increasing brain imaging research on psychoacoustic topics are discussed.
Auditory Cortex↗
Functional brain imaging and human brain function.
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Animals↗
Application of the spark imaging camera to brain imaging.
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Brain↗
High-b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging of adult brain: image contrast and apparent diffusion coefficient map features.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent improvements in MR gradient technology allow significant increases in diffusion weighting without prohibitive signal-to-noise degradation. The purpose of our investigation was to establish normative references for the signal intensity characteristics and apparent diffusion coefficient values of the adult brain at high b values. METHODS: Fifty adults underwent diffusion-weighted single-shot spin-echo echo-planar MR imaging. Isotropic diffusion-weighted images were obtained with b values of 0, 1,000, 2,000, 2,500, 3,000, and 3,500 s/mm2. Qualitative assessments were made in multiple regions of interest in gray and white matter. Three apparent diffusion coefficient maps were generated for each of six patients with a 2-point technique at a b value of 0 and at b values of 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 s/mm2. RESULTS: Increasing b values result in a progressive decrease in the gray to white matter signal intensity ratio. Isointensity between gray and white matter results at b values between 1,000 and 2,000 s/mm2. At b values greater than 2,000, the gray-white pattern reverses relative to the usual b value of 1,000. Apparent diffusion coefficient values were shown to decrease with increasing b values. CONCLUSION: Attention to the reversal of gray-white contrast and the dependence of apparent diffusion coefficient on the b value are important in avoiding erroneous assignment of pathologic abnormalities to normal regions. This study provides the normative data for future diffusion investigations performed at high b values.
Adolescent↗
Comparative evaluation of 99mTc GH, 99mTcO4, and 99mTc DTPA as brain imaging agents.
The brain imaging properties of 99mTc glucoheptonate, 99mTc pertechnetate, and 99mTc DPTA are compared. Results demonstrate that optimum images are obtained at 90, 180, and 180 min., for 99mTc GH, 99mTc DTPA, and 99mTc perterchnetate, respectively. The former two images are not affected by prior bone imaging with 99mTc pyrophosphate, while 99mTc pertechnetate images are adversely affected. 99mTc glucoheptonate appears to be the superior agent for brain imaging, followed by 99mTc DTPA and 99mTc pertechnetate.
Brain Diseases↗
Simulated driving and brain imaging: combining behavior, brain activity, and virtual reality.
INTRODUCTION: Virtual reality in the form of simulated driving is a useful tool for studying the brain. Various clinical questions can be addressed, including both the role of alcohol as a modulator of brain function and regional brain activation related to elements of driving. OBJECTIVE: We reviewed a study of the neural correlates of alcohol intoxication through the use of a simulated-driving paradigm and wished to demonstrate the utility of recording continuous-driving behavior through a new study using a programmable driving simulator developed at our center. METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected from subjects while operating a driving simulator. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to analyze the data. Specific brain regions modulated by alcohol, and relationships between behavior, brain function, and alcohol blood levels were examined with aggregate behavioral measures. Fifteen driving epochs taken from two subjects while also recording continuously recorded driving variables were analyzed with ICA. RESULTS: Preliminary findings reveal that four independent components correlate with various aspects of behavior. An increase in braking while driving was found to increase activation in motor areas, while cerebellar areas showed signal increases during steering maintenance, yet signal decreases during steering changes. Additional components and significant findings are further outlined. CONCLUSION: In summary, continuous behavioral variables conjoined with ICA may offer new insight into the neural correlates of complex human behavior.
Automobile Driving↗
Single photon emission computed tomography brain imaging.
SPECT brain perfusion imaging has definite value in the evaluation of cerebrovascular disease (particularly acute stroke), dementia, epilepsy, and may have a role in the diagnosis of brain death and head trauma. SPECT with tumor tracers T1-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi shows promise for detecting tumor recurrence.
Brain↗
Data mining in brain imaging.
Data mining in brain imaging is proving to be an effective methodology for disease prognosis and prevention. This, together with the rapid accumulation of massive heterogeneous data sets, motivates the need for efficient methods that filter, clarify, assess, correlate and cluster brain-related information. Here, we present data mining methods that have been or could be employed in the analysis of brain images. These methods address two types of brain imaging data: structural and functional. We introduce statistical methods that aid the discovery of interesting associations and patterns between brain images and other clinical data. We consider several applications of these methods, such as the analysis of task-activation, lesion-deficit, and structure morphological variability; the development of probabilistic atlases; and tumour analysis. We include examples of applications to real brain data. Several data mining issues, such as that of method validation or verification, are also discussed.
Algorithms↗
Effect of therapy with oxygen under high pressure on regional cerebral blood flow in the interval form of carbon monoxide poisoning: observation from subtraction of technetium-99m HMPAO SPECT brain imaging.
Changes in brain images with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using 99mTc hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) before and after therapy with oxygen under high pressure (OHP) were measured in a 66-year-old man with the interval form of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning by a new technique, i.e., subtraction of brain images. This study was performed 187 days after acute CO poisoning, in a state of chronic akinetic mutism that followed a lucid interval. A diffuse, but frontal-dominant, hypoperfusion pattern involving both the gray and white matter was observed in the pre-OHP SPECT image. After OHP, regional cerebral blood flow increased in both the gray and white matter and markedly increased in the frontal cortical regions. The present finding suggests that OHP is effective against the chronic state of the interval form of CO poisoning.
Aged↗
New directions in brain imaging research in functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Functional brain imaging has greatly enhanced the ability to investigate brain-gut interactions and to assess the central nervous system role on visceral pain perception. The results of studies using brain imaging in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have demonstrated differences in brain activation between patients with IBS and healthy controls. In addition, the more recent studies are starting to shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the generation of functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms as well as the response to treatment. These studies highlight the potential of functional brain imaging to become an important and exciting investigative tool in research of functional GI disorders. However, the multifactorial, multideterminant nature of these disorders, the current limitations in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorders, and the heterogeneous patient population make brain imaging research in this field difficult and require caution in the interpretation of the data. The continued development of brain imaging techniques provides not only exciting opportunities but also significant challenges to the field. This article focuses on brain imaging research in functional GI disorders. It describes some of the recent developments in the use of brain imaging in research of the brain-gut axis and provides an overview of the current data.
Biomedical Research↗
[Brain imaging and schizophrenia].
Brain structures and brain function have been investigated by the new brain imaging techniques for more than ten years. In Psychiatry, these techniques could afford a new understanding of mental diseases. In schizophrenic patients, CAT scanner and RMI pointed out statistically significant ventricular enlargements which are presently considered as evidence for abnormalities in brain maturation. Functional imaging techniques reported metabolic dysfunctions in the cortical associative areas which are probably linked to the cognitive features of schizophrenics.
Brain↗
Variability in spatial normalization of pediatric and adult brain images.
OBJECTIVE: Normalization of brain images is a necessity for group comparisons of source analyses based on realistic head models. In this paper we compared the outcome of a linear registration method for brain images of psychiatric and control groups of different ages in order to assess the relative adequacy of normalization in such diverse groups. METHODS: Magnetic Resonance images (MRI) of the brains of pediatric and adolescent subjects (mean ages 19 and 10.5 years) with a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and their healthy controls were included. A simple voxel-wise test of the group variances in image intensities was performed to evaluate regional differences in registration quality. Dipole analysis of visual P1 was performed to establish whether source locations were comparable across groups. RESULTS: Significant differences between pediatric groups were found in white matter and thalamic regions of the brain. For all other group-wise comparisons, differences were confined to skull and neck regions. Dipole locations were found to be more anteriorly located in the adolescent groups. CONCLUSIONS: The normalization procedure used in this paper is based on a brain template of normal adult brains from a restricted age group, and the results show that the use of this method in pediatric groups is less adequate. The method seems suitable for use in psychiatric groups. Also, the generators of visual P1 in PDD patients were found to be comparable to controls. SIGNIFICANCE: The results suggest that this existing normalization method can be used in diverse populations, but is less suitable for pediatric images.
Adolescent↗
Constrained Gaussian mixture model framework for automatic segmentation of MR brain images.
An automated algorithm for tissue segmentation of noisy, low-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain is presented. A mixture model composed of a large number of Gaussians is used to represent the brain image. Each tissue is represented by a large number of Gaussian components to capture the complex tissue spatial layout. The intensity of a tissue is considered a global feature and is incorporated into the model through tying of all the related Gaussian parameters. The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is utilized to learn the parameter-tied, constrained Gaussian mixture model. An elaborate initialization scheme is suggested to link the set of Gaussians per tissue type, such that each Gaussian in the set has similar intensity characteristics with minimal overlapping spatial supports. Segmentation of the brain image is achieved by the affiliation of each voxel to the component of the model that maximized the a posteriori probability. The presented algorithm is used to segment three-dimensional, T1-weighted, simulated and real MR images of the brain into three different tissues, under varying noise conditions. Results are compared with state-of-the-art algorithms in the literature. The algorithm does not use an atlas for initialization or parameter learning. Registration processes are therefore not required and the applicability of the framework can be extended to diseased brains and neonatal brains.
Algorithms↗
Techniques for brain imaging in vivo.
Brain imaging technologies provide an unparalleled tool to assess the physiological and pathological changes in the central nervous system. The aim of this work is to review the technical characteristics of widely used imaging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), as well as their utility in clinical diagnosis and follow-up of different neurological disorders. High-resolution developments of MRI and PET, as well as the more recent imaging technology, multiphoton microscopy, for small animal imaging are also analyzed, as rodent models offer an enormous opportunity to study not only the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and schizophrenia among others, but also potential new treatments for all these diseases.
Brain↗
Neuroimaging in traumatic brain imaging.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common and potentially devastating clinical problem. Because prompt proper management of TBI sequelae can significantly alter the clinical course especially within 48 h of the injury, neuroimaging techniques have become an important part of the diagnostic work up of such patients. In the acute setting, these imaging studies can determine the presence and extent of injury and guide surgical planning and minimally invasive interventions. Neuroimaging also can be important in the chronic therapy of TBI, identifying chronic sequelae, determining prognosis, and guiding rehabilitation.
Animals↗