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PubMed1990

Report of the Special Task Force to Study Not-for-Profit Hospitals and Unsponsored Charity Care.

Texas not-for-profit hospitals recently received intense scrutiny regarding their involvement in charity-related contributions when Texas Attorney General Jim Mattox formed the Task Force to Study Not-for-Profit Hospitals and Unsponsored Charity Care. This article details the task force's recommendations concerning charity care obligations of Texas not-for-profit hospitals. Setting the stage for these recommendations was a broad definition of charitable services that included costs for delivering services to indigents and for providing community services to fulfill the hospital's charitable, religious, educational, research, or eleemosynary purposes. The task force unanimously agreed that a mandated level of charity care was incongruent with the hospitals' individual missions and specific community needs, but they supported the formation of standard accounting procedures for charitable services and the voluntary submission of their mission statements to the attorney general of Texas. While the hospitals' role in providing charitable services is very important, the task force emphasized that the overall need for adequate financing and reimbursement of health care is a societal problem that needs specific state and federal actions.

Accounting↗

PubMed2006

A growing hole in the safety net: physician charity care declines again.

Continuing a decade-long trend, the proportion of U.S. physicians providing charity care dropped to 68 percent in 2004-05 from 76 percent in 1996-97, according to a national study from the Center for Studying Health System Change (HSC). The ongoing decline in physician charity care is alarming given the increase in the number of uninsured people, particularly during the first half of the decade. Declines in charity care were observed across most major specialties, practice types, practice income levels and geographic regions. Increasing financial pressures and changes in practice arrangements may account in part for the continuing decrease in physician charity care.

Forecasting↗

PubMed2004

The effect of the availability of charity care to the uninsured on the demand for private health insurance.

The economic reasons why some people do not obtain health insurance are unclear. In this paper, I test the hypothesis that the availability of charity care to the uninsured reduces the likelihood of obtaining private coverage. I utilize variation in the availability of charity care across the different markets in the Community Tracking Study's Household Survey (CTS-HS) using an "access to care" measure of the uninsured's cost-related difficulties in obtaining medical care, to both aggregate across the various "safety net" providers and control for its potentially endogenous supply. I find evidence supporting this hypothesis for low-income people, in both the individual market and the employment-based group market. I also estimate a joint model of offer and take-up decisions for the group market sample and find that the availability of charity care reduces low-income workers' offer rates but not their take-up rates.

Charities↗

PubMed2003

CAM research funding in the UK: surveys of medical charities in 1999 and 2002.

A custom-made questionnaire was sent to all UK medical charities in 1999 and again in 2002. Its primary aim was to assess the commitment of these institutions towards funding research in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Sixty-two (1999) and 60 (2002) answers were received corresponding to response rates of 62% and 55%. The total CAM research funds have increased from pound 70,000 in 1999 to pound 412,755 in 2002. In terms of total research budgets, this amounts to 0.05% and 0.31%, respectively. The number of CAM research projects has increased but so has the number of charities who do not fund CAM research. We conclude from these data that CAM research funding by UK medical charities has increased. In relative terms it does, however, remain low and out of proportion to the prevalence of CAM use in the UK.

Charities↗

PubMed2005

Bioethics, Christian charity and the view from no place.

This essay contrasts the notions of charity employed by Traditional Christianity and by liberal cosmopolitan bioethics, arguing that: (1) bioethics attempts to reconstruct the notion of charity in a manner that is caustic to the Traditional Christian moral vision, (2) Christians are, on the whole, more charitable than proponents of bioethics' reconstructed view (even given the standards of the latter), and (3) the theistically oriented conception of charity employed by Traditional Christianity cannot be expressed in bioethics' purportedly neutral public vocabulary. The upshot is that, in the name of neutrality and pluralism, liberal cosmopolitan bioethicists seek to impose an impoverished moral vocabulary that reflects liberal cosmopolitan ideology while excluding input from Traditional Christianity and other non-liberal-humanistic moral visions.

Bioethics↗

PubMed1991

Empathy, effectiveness and donations to charity: social psychology's contribution.

Charity organizations often use mailed requests to solicit donations from the public. This is not an efficient way to raise large amounts of money. The challenge addressed in this study was to use social psychology's knowledge of helping processes to make mailed requests more effective. Two constructs were identified as possibly useful: empathy and perceived effectiveness of helping. These were manipulated in a field experiment in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (two levels of empathy, two of need extent, and two of need persistence--the last two factors operationalized perceived effectiveness). Letter soliciting donations to a well-known charity were mailed to a random sample of 2648 people in Perth, Western Australia. Manipulations of the three variables were embedded in the letters. The two effectiveness manipulations produced significant main effects, whereas the empathy manipulation was ineffective. We argue that social psychology's knowledge of helping processes is too confined to narrow, theoretical, laboratory-based phenomena to be directly and immediately applicable to the practices of charities.

Charities↗

PubMed1995

Fundraising, government grants and donations to nonprofit hospital charities.

Using 1982-1987 tax return data from California hospital charities, this paper investigates the relationship between fundraising expenditures, government grants and donations, during a time in which significant changes were being made in the system of hospital reimbursement. Empirical results suggest that while donations have been declining, charities have been efficient in their solicitation of donations. Results also suggest that government grants worked to reduce charitable contributions in the period before the institution of Medicare's Prospective Payment System. In more recent years, government grants have been associated with increases in donations to hospital charities.

California↗

PubMed1991

The supply of charity services by nonprofit hospitals: motives and market structure.

This article studies provision of charity care by private, nonprofit hospitals. We demonstrate that in the absence of large positive income effects on charity care supply, convex preferences for the nonprofit hospital imply crowding out by other private or government hospitals. Extending our model to include impure altruism (rivalry) provides a possible explanation for the previously reported empirical result that both crowding out and income effects on indigent care supply are often weak or insignificant. Empirical analysis of data for hospitals in Maryland provides evidence of rivalry on the supply of charity care.

Altruism↗

PubMed1995

Do UK charities have a lot to learn?

This article discusses the key findings of some recent research carried out into the application of market segmentation in the UK charity sector. 410 of the top performing charities (as ranked by income from voluntary donations) were surveyed to profile their major donor groups. Respondents were also asked to indicate how this data was used for fund-raising purposes both in terms of new donor recruitment and existing donor development. The findings show that with the exception of a very few large organizations, the UK charity sector still has much room for improving the sophistication of its fund-raising techniques.

Charities↗

PubMed1995

Paying physicians for charity care.

The Internal Revenue Service's (IRS's) Announcement 95-25 gives important new legal support to the practice of compensating physicians for providing charity care. The announcement describes a situation in which tax-exempt hospitals may compensate non-employee physicians who are members of their staffs for providing charity care--a practice that in the past has had only indirect legal support. Before creating arrangements to compensate physicians for charity care, however, healthcare executives first must establish guidelines that ensure the arrangements comply with IRS rules and Federal antikickback laws. Careful planning on the part of healthcare executives can ensure that an important community service is provided without jeopardizing the hospital's tax-exempt status or exposing it to monetary penalties.

Charities↗

PubMedDate not supplied

New Orleans Charity Hospital--your trauma center at work.

The Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans-Charity Hospital stands with pride as one of only two level I trauma centers in the state and one of the largest trauma centers in the United States, seeing over 4,000 trauma patients per year. Despite perennial funding issues, Charity Hospital's Emergency Department treated almost 200,000 patients in 2003. This brief report gives an overview of the emergency- and trauma-related services provided by Charity Hospital and underscores its value as a critical asset to healthcare in the Louisiana.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Viability and release of Salmonella charity and Escherichia coli from oyster feces.

Sydney Rock oysters (Crassostrea commercialis) contaminated with Salmonella charity and Escherichia coli produced feces containing viable cells of these species. The level of these bacteria in the feces depended upon the level of oyster contamination. Both S. charity and E. coli were released from the feces into overlying seawater. The extent of release into seawater depended upon the physical state of the fecal material, water temperature, and the time of contact with the water. The viability of S. charity and E. coli associated with the feces and released into seawater decreased with time and was a function of seawater temperature. The association and release of bacteria from oyster feces has important implications in oyster purification and purification tank design and may lead to a recontamination of purified oysters.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Physicians pulling back from charity care.

Physicians have long provided care to the medically indigent for free or at reduced rates. However, recent findings from the Center for Studying Health System Change (HSC) indicate that the proportion of physicians providing charity care dropped from 76 percent to 72 percent between 1997 and 1999. In the short term, most medically indigent people are still getting care. But policy makers should take note that reduced physician participation in charity care will hurt the poor if-as projected-growth in physician supply slows and the number of uninsured rises along with escalating health care costs. This Issue Brief discusses the extent of the decline in physician provision of charity care, the reasons for the decline and implications for the future of the safety net.

Forecasting↗

PubMed2002

Hospital charity care policies and the California health care safety net.

Estimates of charity care expenditures provide a quantitative measure of hospitals' commitment to expanding access to the medically uninsured in their communities but fail to provide information about the subset of uninsured who benefit or the gaps in public insurance programs' coverage that are filled by these charity care programs. This brief provides an overview of a study, conducted for the California HealthCare Foundation, that gathered information on California hospitals' charity care policies. The objective of the study was to identify the eligibility criteria hospitals use for free care and to understand the gaps in Medi-Cal, California's version of Medicaid, and county indigent program coverage that these providers are capable of filling.

California↗

PubMed2002

Giving for (dental) charity's sake.

Just what is it that holds us back from giving to charities, or giving more to charities? Is it the oft quoted 'compassion fatigue' or is there something deeper at work?

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2003

What is Catholic about Catholic Charities?

Sectarian social services agencies play an important and increasing role in contemporary social welfare. Among sectarian social welfare organizations, Catholic Charities USA has emerged as the largest private provider of social welfare services. This article reviews the history, services, and practice controversies of Catholic Charities USA and examines issues regarding the ability of sectarian social services organizations to provide nonbiased and fair services. Through an analysis of this organization, the authors raise and discuss questions of accountability and philosophical approaches.

Catholicism↗

PubMed2004

Rare facial clefts: treatment during charity missions in developing countries.

During 10 charity missions in developing countries, 14 patients of a total of 374 children with cleft lip and palate deformities were treated for rare facial clefts. There were three midline clefts (Tessier no. 0 cleft, n = 1; Tessier no. 14 cleft, n = 2), four oblique facial clefts (Tessier no. 3 cleft, n = 2; Tessier no. 5 cleft, n = 2), and seven lateral facial clefts (Tessier no. 7 cleft). Surgical treatment focused on cleft repair by soft-tissue reconstruction apart from two Tessier no. 14 clefts, in which the bony gap was also closed using bone grafts from the iliac crest. The postoperative course was uneventful except for one local wound infection that was treated successfully using oral antibiotics. This article summarizes the authors' experience with the surgical management of these malformations and considers the limitations under conditions of charity missions in developing countries. Furthermore, some rare forms of cleft formation are added to the existing literature.

Charities↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Florence Nightingale and charity sisters: revisiting the history].

This study presents an historical analysis on the links between the nursing practice and the influence received from various religious orders/associations along the times, especially from Saint Vincent Paul's charity sisters. The professional nursing which was pioneered by Florence Nightingale in the XlXth century, was directly influenced by the teachings of love and fraternity. In addition, other contributions from the religious orders/associations were the concepts of altruism, valorization of an adequate environment for the care of patients, and the division of work in nursing. The study shows the influence of Charity Sisters on Florence Nightingale.

Charities↗