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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The importance of ultrasonography in infertile women with "forgotten" intrauterine contraceptive devices.

Seven cases in which an unknown intrauterine contraceptive device in situ was the cause of infertility were referred to our infertility Clinic after each patient had been told by her physician that she no longer had an intrauterine contraceptive device. In some cases, there were lapses in the infertility workup that might explain how the cause of infertility of an intrauterine contraceptive device in situ was missed. In other cases, a thorough investigation was made and infertility treatment was started without the existence of an intrauterine contraceptive device in situ being diagnosed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Canadian regulation of contraceptive devices.

Widespread use and technical developments associated with oral contraceptives (OCs), IUDs, techniques involved with abortion, and laparoscopy have resulted in hazards which require governmental control. The objectives and regulatory aspects of contraceptive devices undertaken by the Bureau of Medical Devices is described. The development of quality standards, both voluntary and regulatory, and the importance of postmarket controls for contraceptive devices are recent developments designed to ensure improvement in the health of the Canadian public. New and developing contraceptive device technology may have profound effects on the health and wellbeing of the Canadian public. The challenge of ensuring the safety and efficacy of contraceptive devices must be better met by communication from those patients who are affected. Physician and other allied health professionals who interface with the patient must be sensitive to the concerns of the patients.

Americas↗
PubMed1985

Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analysis of calcific deposits on intrauterine contraceptive devices.

Deposits found intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) were studied by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. All seven devices, including five plastic and two copper IUDs, were coated with a crust containing cellular, acellular, and fibrillar material. The cellular material was composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cells of epithelial origin, sperm, and bacteria. Some of the bacteria were filamentous, with acute-angle branching. The fibrillar material appeared to be fibrin. Most of the acellular material was amorphous; calcite was identified by x-ray diffraction, and x-ray microanalysis showed only calcium. Some of the acellular material, particularly that on the IUD side of the crust, was organized in spherulitic crystals and was identified as calcium phosphate by x-ray microanalysis. The crust was joined to the IUD surface by a layer of fibrillar and amorphous material. It is suggested that the initial event in the formation of calcific deposits on IUD surfaces is the deposition of an amorphous and fibrillar layer. Various types of cells present in the endometrial environment adhere to this layer and then calcify. Thus, the deposition of calcific material on the IUDs is a calcification phenomenon, not unlike the formation of plaque on teeth. Hum Pathol 16:732-738, 1985.

Calcium↗
PubMed1977

A controlled intrauterine contraceptive device trial.

Three intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) the Lippes Loop, the Dalkon Shield and the Inhiband, were prospectively compared after their random allocation to patients. Over a 12-month period after insertion, the Dalkon Shield was shown to be significantly superior to the Inhiband. Significant differences were not demonstrated between Shield and Loop or Loop and Inhiband in the duuration of this trial. It is submitted that the methodology detailed could, and probably should be used for future IUCD assessments.

Australia↗
PubMed2004

Microbial and cytopathological study of intrauterine contraceptive device users.

CONTEXT: Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is a commonly used birth-spacing method which is fitted into maternal system. Clinical, microbial and cytopathological monitoring of women using these devices are important for ascertaining their side effects, risk of genital tract infection and carcinogenic potential. AIMS: To study clinical, microbial and cytopathological changes in IUCD users in a tertiary care hospital. DESIGN: Prospective analytic. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: women visiting Family Planning clinic for follow up (IUCD users, n=100) or for IUCD insertion (controls, n=50) were enrolled in the study. Each subject underwent detailed history, general physical, systemic, and per local examination. Vaginal discharge was subjected to pH testing, KOH and wet mount examination, gram staining, and for culture and sensitivity. Bacterial vaginosis was defined using Nugent criteria. Cervical smears were examined and reported as per Bethesda system. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The information was entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The results were analyzed using EPI Info version-6 and Stata statistical software version 7 packages. Two-tailed t-test, chi2 test with Yates correction and two-tailed Fisher Exact tests were applied. RESULTS: Most women used CuT 200 (92%). Median duration of use was 2 years. Chief complaints of IUCD users included backache (54%), vaginal discharge (46%), pain lower abdomen (34%), dyspareunia (22%), menorrhagia (18%) and dysmenorrhea (14%). Mean hemoglobin was lower in IUCD users than controls (11.2+/-1.7 versus 11.9+/-1.8 g/dL, p 0.02). Proportion of women with anemia was higher in IUCD users than in controls (29% versus 16%, p 0.12). Cervical erosion was significantly increased in study group as compared the controls (20% versus 0%, p=0.00) whereas only insignificant increase in vaginitis (6% versus 0%, p=0.17). Trichomonas vaginalis and fungal hyphae positivity and gram stain findings and bacterial vaginosis rate were not significantly different in two groups. Vaginal discharge bacterial culture revealed comparable results in two groups. Cytological findings were predominantly inflammatory. None of cases revealed Actinomycosis infection. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (n=2) and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (n=1) cytological finding were present in IUCD users compared to none in controls. None of the cases had any malignant transformation. CONCLUSION: IUCD use results in lower hemoglobin concentration and cervical erosion. Women using IUCD requires a regular follow up, clinical examination, counseling and further investigation if required.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Surface changes in intrauterine contraceptive devices after variable use.

Four used intrauterine contraceptive devices and two new control devices were studied by scanning electron microscopy. All intrauterine contraceptive devices were found to have surface deposits that differed not only from site to site on a given device but between devices. A finding of this study not previously described in the literature was the observation of a euhedral crystal rosette of an apatite mineral group [Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)] on the Lippes Loop that had been in situ for 15 years.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Intrauterine deposition of calcium on copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices.

Copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) removed after various times in utero were examined by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis of the elements present. As time in utero increased these devices became increasingly calcified. This calcification may limit the release of copper from the devices and decrease the specific contraceptive effectiveness of copper over an enert plastic device. Conversely, any teratogenic effects attributable to the copper may decrease with time in utero and depend on the extent of calcification. Even though the amount of copper in the device is not significantly diminished after two years, devices should not remain in situ for over two years because calcium accumulation probably prevents further diffusion of copper. Calcification can begin as early as six months after insertion. Consequently a careful review of the amount of time a copper-containing IUD should be left in situ should be undertaken.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1994

Chlamydial serologic characteristics among intrauterine contraceptive device users: does copper inhibit chlamydial infection in the female genital tract?

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the association between copper intrauterine contraceptive device use and the level of antichlamydial antibodies. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-four women (29 with history of ectopic pregnancy, 2 with non-tubal factor infertility, 1 with tubal factor infertility, and 22 with intact intrauterine pregnancies) with current or prior intrauterine contraceptive device use were compared with 60 prenatal control subjects with respect to antichlamydial antibodies. RESULTS: When the intrauterine contraceptive device user group was subdivided into copper users and Lippes Loop device users, a significantly lower geometric mean serum antibody titer among copper intrauterine contraceptive device users was detected. The odds ratio estimates for past chlamydial exposure (> or = 1:64 immunoglobulin G, > or = 1:128 immunoglobulin G) in users of noncopper versus copper intrauterine contraceptive devices were 9.1 (95% confidence interval 1.9 to 43.0) and 10.5 (95% confidence interval 1.5 to 71.8), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The lower geometric mean serum antibody titer of antichlamydial antibody among copper versus Lippes Loop device users and the large association measured between past chlamydial infection and noncopper intrauterine contraceptive device use suggest that copper may have a protective effect against Chlamydia trachomatis infection or a suppressive effect on development of antichlamydial antibodies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Use of MRI to determine the in vivo position of a silicone vaginal barrier contraceptive device.

This study was performed to determine the location of a silicone rubber vaginal barrier contraceptive device, the Lea's Shield, in vivo. Two women, one parous and one nulligravid, were enrolled in the study. Surface coil, multiplanar Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed immediately following insertion of the contraceptive device, and was repeated following 35-40 min of normal ambulation by the participant.The contraceptive device was markedly hypointense to pelvic structures on both T1 and T2 weighted images. Its position within the vagina and relationship to the cervix were readily identifiable on MR images. The device was located in the upper vagina and completely covered the cervix in both patients. The valve appeared closed, and there was no apparent pressure on the urethra. The position was not altered by ambulation. In conclusion, MRI was a reproducible and rapid means for noninvasively determining the intravaginal location and orientation of a barrier contraceptive device. After insertion, the Lea's Shield occupies the upper vagina and completely covers the cervix.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The use of intrauterine contraceptive devices, pelvic inflammatory disease, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

With the same epidemiologic approach taken in a recent study that suggested that oral contraceptive use may not protect against chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease, the risks of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease were evaluated for intrauterine contraceptive device users. Compared with women using no method of contraception, intrauterine contraceptive device users were not found to be at any higher risk of cervical chlamydial infection. Whether this places intrauterine contraceptive device users at no increased risk of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease cannot be ascertained from the available data. Further research is needed before any conclusions can be made regarding the risks of chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease to users of intrauterine contraceptive devices, oral contraceptives, and other contraceptive methods.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1985

Management of the missing intrauterine contraceptive device: report of a case.

A case of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device insertion that resulted in a remote complication is described. At the postinsertion follow-up visit the intrauterine contraceptive device was missing and presumed expelled. Four years later it was recovered from a complex mass involving the bladder and the appendix. Management for the missing intrauterine contraceptive device is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of flurbiprofen, tranexamic acid, and a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device in the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia.

Treatment with flurbiprofen (100 mg twice a day for 5 days), tranexamic acid (1.5 gm three times a day for 3 days and 1 gm twice a day for another 2 days), and an intrauterine contraceptive device releasing 20 micrograms levonorgestrel per day was compared in women with idiopathic menorrhagia. The menstrual blood loss during two control periods in 15 women subsequently treated with flurbiprofen and tranexamic acid was 295 +/- 52 ml and 203 +/- 25.2 ml in the 16 women later fitted with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device. Menstrual blood loss was reduced by all three forms of treatment. The reduction in menstrual blood loss expressed as a percentage of the mean of two control cycles for each form of treatment was as follows: flurbiprofen, 20.7% +/- 9.9%; tranexamic acid, 44.4% +/- 8.3%; levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device after 3 months, 81.6% +/- 4.5%; levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device after 6 months, 88.0% +/- 3.1%; levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device after 12 months, 95.8% +/- 1.2%. The reduction in menstrual blood loss achieved by the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device was greater than that recorded with flurbiprofen (p less than 0.001) and tranexamic acid (p less than 0.01), and was greater for tranexamic acid when compared with flurbiprofen (p less than 0.05). The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device was the only form of treatment to reduce mean menstrual blood loss below 80 ml per menstruation, the upper limit of normal menstrual blood loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sonographic characteristics of various types of intrauterine contraceptive devices.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to demonstrate the usefulness of ultrasonography for the in utero identification of different types of intrauterine contraceptive devices. METHODS: We used sonography to differentiate among types of intrauterine contraceptive devices. RESULTS: Each type of intrauterine contraceptive device had typical sonographic characteristics, in most cases, best demonstrated in the axial plane. Photographs of each type are shown and their sonographic appearance is discussed. CONCLUSION: Sonographic identification of intrauterine contraceptive devices is accurate and specific. Sonography may serve as a useful method for determining the time to change the device and to identify those types that are more prone to complications.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1993

Problems in distribution of scientific knowledge: intrauterine contraceptive devices and drug catalogs.

Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are a popular method of contraception worldwide. However, some serious problems have been associated with them. Finland has developed and now manufactures and exports IUDs. Therefore, drug control and the quality of drug information existing in Finland are significant for other countries, as well. This study analyzes the information in the Finnish commercial drug catalog on copper-releasing IUDs and compares it with the scientific literature, the instructions from the licensing authority, and material in its U.S. counterpart, during the last two decades. The results indicate that the distribution of scientific knowledge to the drug catalogs has often been slow. In the early 1980s Finnish manufacturers did not give any practical information on their products, and then and later the Finnish catalog was less comprehensive than the U.S. catalog. The variations in the control system in different nations were reflected in the contents of the Finnish catalog. For practitioners, drug catalogs are important sources of medical information. The results of this study demonstrate (1) that more attention should be paid to the contents of these catalogs, and (2) the continuous need for up-to-date, unbiased drug information.

Catalogs, Drug as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Long term use of inert intrauterine contraceptive devices in 94 women in Israel.

A 22 year retrospective survey was undertaken in an Israeli family practice to determine how long inert (plastic only, unmedicated) intrauterine contraceptive devices could be safely left in place. Ninety four women were identified who had used 100 inert intrauterine contraceptive devices continuously for between five and 19 years. Fifty nine women complained of pain, increased uterine bleeding or increased vaginal discharge, but these were the reasons for removal of the device in only 32 women. There was only one case of pelvic inflammatory disease but this was treated without removal of the intrauterine contraceptive device. Of 14 women who requested to have their device removed after between five and nine years without having had any side effects, 11 women conceived within nine months. The results of the study indicate that inert intrauterine contraceptive devices can be safely left in place until the menopause. As it will take many years before the new type of copper devices can be shown to be as safe for long term use, it seems an appropriate time to reintroduce inert intrauterine contraceptive devices for women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Quantitative transcervical uterine cultures in asymptomatic women using an intrauterine contraceptive device.

Quantitative transcervical uterine cultures were obtained in 100 asymptomatic women using intrauterine contraceptive devices for varying periods. Twenty women using barrier forms of contraception served as controls. Cultures were obtained safely and satisfactorily without trauma to either the endocervix or endometrium. It was found that normal uterine sterility was significantly compromised in women using an intrauterine contraceptive device. The number of intrauterine organisms cultured was associated with neither the type of intrauterine contraceptive device (Cu-7, Lippes Loop, Saf-T-Coil) nor the duration of use (less than one month to greater than five years).

Adult↗