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Results for “Cancer detection rate”

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PubMed1977

[Clinical aspects of bronchial cancer].

The most frequent cause of death of the male is cancer of the lungs. The prognosis is still unfavourable. The cases of patients having survived for 5 years amount altogether to not more than 5%, as far as operated patients are concerned, the quota amounts to 20-25%; in cases of early detection of cancer, however, the rates are up to 40%. Precaution and preventive care (reduction of cigarette consumption) is at present not possible. Considerable time is being wasted because of the uncharacteristic and gradually proceeding symptoms and misinterpretations of the X-ray findings. The bronchial carcinoma can imitate any other disease of the lungs. Even a normal X-ray picture does not exclude carcinoma. The observation of acute symptoms appearing for the first time and of those already existing, but changing suddenly, is essential. Exclusive treatments are dangerous. Any X-ray finding of the lungs should be followed up to all bronchological details. A "normal" X-ray picture, accompanied by clinical symptoms, requires basic diagnostic measures including bronchoscopy.

Aged↗

PubMed1978

[Co-carcinogens or modulators of carcinogenesis. New aspects of the etiology of human tumors and of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis].

Within the last 10 years numerous new and typical exogenous cocarcinogens were identified chemically as well as biologically and characterized biochemically as initiation or tumor promoters. They are highly irritant diterpene esters of plant origin. Promoters of this type were recently detected also in the Euphorbiacea Croton flavens L., the multiple use of which for stimulants according to local habits was previously held responsible for the unusually high rate of esophageal cancer on Curacao. This detection confirms for the first time that in the etiology of human cancer besides solitary carcinogens (first-order carcinogenic risk factors) also cocarcinogens of the promoter type have to be considered (second-order carcinogenic risk factors). -- The active principles of the diterpene ester type are the strongest promoters known so far; they are noninitiators and nonmutagens. Of the manyfold biochemical activities of these promoters the three most actual are: the TPA molecule does not require activation by metabolic alteration, it releases very rapidly prostaglandin E2 from cellular membranes and it activates latent DNA-viral genoms.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

An endoscopic staining method for detection and operation of early gastric cancer.

The long term survival rate of gastric cancer has been much improved, and the 5-year survival rate in our institute was 42% with a significant difference between 29% in the advanced stage and 94% in the early stage. This result means that gastric cancer must be detected and treated early as possible. However, the diagnosis of early gastric cancer may remain extremely difficult even for an excellent endoscopist. Therefore, in order to clearly recognize early gastric cancer, an endoscopic staining method with methylene blue has been studied. In this method, one capsule of 150 mg methylene blue is swallowed with a small amount of proteinase solution 3 hours before endoscopy. Gastroscopy is performed routinely after this preparation. This procedure was performed on 153 gastric cancers and 137 of them (89.5%) have been successfully dyed in dark blue. In several cases, with this method, the actual borderline between the normal mucosa and the malignant extent was clearly recognized and resection line was decided. Introduction of methylene blue into the stomach could also stain the intestinalized epithelium of the gastric mucosa. Differential diagnosis of the dyed intestinal metaplasia and the dyed carcinoma seems to be very easy, because both gastric lesions have the characteristic dyed patterns. Mechanism of this phenomenon has been considered to be due to an absorption of the dye in the intestinal metaplasia, and in the gastric cancer, many factors may be involved, among which are the infiltration or diffusion of the dye into the cancerous tissue, the absorption from the abnormal epithelium, and the staining of the necrotic tissue.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1977

Fiberscopic diagnosis of gastric carcinoma: results of a two-stage screening.

After preliminary screening, 162 cases of gastric carcinoma were diagnosed by fiberscopy. Microscopic study revealed that 13 of these cases, i. e. 8% were in the early stage. The clinical features of these early cases are analysed. It is concluded that 1. persistent gastric symptoms call for fiberscopic investigation even if the previous finding was negative. 2. The relative youth dose not exclude early gastric cancers. 3. Improvement of the detection rate of early gastric carcinoma rests with the use of fiberscopy in combination with gastric biopsy.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

What is early diagnosis doing?

Programs for the early detection of cancer in the past have been beset with problems of low yield, inability to recruit high risk populations, poor utilization of physicians, and inadequate end results evaluation. Nevertheless, for twelve forms of cancer representing 80% of all cancers and 70% of all cancer mortality there is a useful form of early detection or prevention. Furthermore, the ultimate benefit of early diagnosis to patients is supported by long-term relative survival rate studies, and for certain forms of cancer by reduction in mortality rates as well. Efforts are now underway to develop risk factor detection programs which will overcome some of the aforementioned problems. One such program is the risk factor analysis project, operating in the CANSCREEN clinics, which was designed to detect high risk indicators for cancer which are amenable to intervention by primary prevention or diagnosis and treatment. A triage system with linkages to comprehensive cancer centers has been established and a medical information system prepared for centralized statistical and epidemiological studies. The clinics are operated entirely by nurse examiners and health educators. Results of pilot studies are encouraging with regard to the feasibility of implementing such programs.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2025

KRAS Mutations in Duodenal Lavage Fluid After Secretin Stimulation for Detection of Pancreatic Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Although pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still a devastating disease, the survival rate for surgically removed PDACs has significantly improved in recent years. Early detection is essential in managing PDAC. BACKGROUND: The presence of KRAS mutations in PDAC leads to the initial genetic abnormality and offers a significant timeframe for identifying resectable PDACs. A minimally invasive and highly specific PDAC screening test is necessary to prevent the need for invasive follow-up tests. METHODS: Between July 2021 and March 2023, 169 cases were enrolled in 7 institutions. By administering secretin before esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), the excretion of pancreatic juice into the papillary fluid can be stimulated, creating a resource for testing. Washing fluid was collected using a specialized catheter from control individuals (n=75) and patients with resectable PDAC (n=89) at the initial diagnosis. A highly sensitive technique was employed to study KRAS gene mutations. RESULTS: This study obtained an AUC of 0.934 (95% CI: 0.904, 0.964) when using KRAS mutations in duodenal lavage fluid to differentiate between patients with resectable PDAC and healthy controls. The estimated sensitivities were calculated with specificity set at 100%, resulting in a sensitivity of 83.1% (95% CI: 71.7%, 91.2%). The McNemer test showed a significantly higher sensitivity for KRAS mutations than serum CEA and CA19-9 ( P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We created a method to identify resectable PDACs by analyzing KRAS mutation levels in duodenal fluid collected during EGD with secretin stimulation of pancreatic juice secretion.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Cytological diagnosis of cancer of the colon and rectum.

Results of cytological examination in 120 cases of colon and rectum cancer during the 11-year period ending in 1968 prior to the practical use of fibercolonscope were first studied. At that time, quite favorable results were obtained in cancer of the lower colon and the rectum, but the results were not so satisfactory in cancer of the right side of the colon. After 1969 when the fibercolonscope was introduced into the clinical practice, the range of cytological diagnosis under direct vision was at once expanded to the entire colon. Consequently, diagnosis by the cytological method in 140 cases of cancer of the colon and rectum experienced in 6-year period between 1969 and 1974 revealed favorable results. The results of the cytological diagnosis in cancer of the right sied of the colon, previously not always favorable, improved markedly after the introduction of the cytological method under direct vision through fibercolonscope. When early cancer of the colon and rectum is defined as in early gastric cancer, 40 lesions in 36 patients were detected during the past 19 years. The rate of positive result in cases of early cancer obtained by various diagnostic methods was 83% by the cytological method, 78% by biopsy and 91% by polypectomy. In cases in which both biopsy and cytological method were used, one or both frequently gave positive results. These results would indicate the possibility of correct diagnosis in many cases through the combined use of the cytological method and biopsy, without polypectomy.

Colonic Neoplasms↗

PubMed1978

The treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioactive iodine.

Radioiodine (131I) treatment of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a well-evaluated therapeutic model for nuclear medicine which has never been equaled by subsequent developments. It is still a unique method of treating cancer. The treatment of thyroid cancer begins with a systematic approach to the most common first symptom or sign; a neck mass. Data have accumulated to show that well-differentiated thyroid cancer does kill commonly enough to warrant aggressive treatment, even in young individuals. There is also evidence that the more complete the thyroidectomy, the lower the death and recurrence rate of the thyroid cancer, and the more effective the use of 131I in both detecting and treating metastases. There are now considerable data demonstrating that 131I after surgery decreases both the recurrence rate and death rate from well-differentiated thyroid cancer. After uptake is "ablated", there is a 1%--2% recurrence rate in patients with the most extensive disease at the time of the initial treatment. This recurrence is effectively retreated with another dose of 131I. Surgery and 131I should be used as long as they are effective before resorting to teletherapy. There are now considerable data to show that the morbidity of surgical and 131I treatment is reasonable in contrast to the recurrence and death rate from nonaggressively treated well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Serious consideration should be given to using a low iodine diet before treatment with radioiodine.

Goiter, Nodular↗

PubMed1976

The detection and diagnosis of early, occult and minimal breast cancer.

Radical mastectomy as originally conceived at the turn of the century consisted of complete removal of the breast tissue, the overlying skin, the pectoral muscles, the intervening lymphatics and the axillary lymph nodes. The aim was logical but initially the results were poor. Only 41% of the 76 patients in Halsted's original series were without disease at the end of 3 years. The principal reason for this was the advanced stage of disease in the patients selected for treatment. By contrast, Gilbertsen, using clinical examination alone, surveyed women 45 years of age or older and found that of 32 patients with breast cancers detected by the screening procedure, 24 had no axillary lymph node involvement. The absolute 5-year survival rate of this group was 96%, which approaches the anticipated survival of comparable women free of breast cancer. Those with positive lymph nodes had an absolute survival rate of 75% at 5 years. Further, of 13 patients observed for 10 years, the survival rate for those without node involvement was 90% and for patients with node involvement was 33%. Patients treated at the Barnes Hospital in St. Louis between 1912 and 1933 were contrasted with similarly treated patients at the Barnes Hospital and the Ellis Fischel Cancer Hospital from 1940 to 1955. A poorer survival rate in the earlier series was related primarily to the greater frequency of advanced and larger tumors. That a significant reduction in breast cancer mortality can be achieved is becoming increasingly apparent. Among survey-detected breast cancers in the study conducted by the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York, the 6-year mortality was half of that of controls. This reduction is even more impressive when one considers that among these patients were many with full invasive, mass-forming carcinomas at the time of initial screening. A recent report by Wanebo, Huvos and Urban discusses the treatment of prognostically favorable forms of breast cancer by modified radical mastectomy. It is possible to select from among their patients those who fit the definition of minimal breast cancer. In this group the 5-year survival rate was 97% and the 10-year survival rate was 95%. Only 1 patient died of breast cancer in 10 years. In another reported group of 65 patients with intraductal carcinoma only, there were no deaths due to breast cancer in 10 years. Should the NCI-ACS demonstration projects show, as now seems probable, that community screening programs can be effective in early breast cnacer detection, it is to be anticipated that widespread public demand for screening facilities will follow. This may present insurmountable logistic and economic problems. The total number of radiologists in the United States is not sufficient to screen annually the total population of women over age 40, or even over age 50. There is great need for the development of criteria for the ready identification of that segment of the population in which most of the cancers would be found...

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Neoadjuvant Paclitaxel, Trastuzumab, and Pertuzumab for Stage II to III, ERBB2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the DAPHNe Trial.

IMPORTANCE: The neoadjuvant combination of paclitaxel, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab (THP) represents a promising abbreviated regimen for early-stage ERBB2-positive breast cancer, but long-term outcomes and the role of ultrasensitive circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) monitoring remain incompletely defined. OBJECTIVE: To assess 5-year outcomes and characterize ctDNA dynamics with an ultrasensitive assay in patients with ERBB2-positive breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant THP. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This study was a prespecified secondary analysis of the prospective, single-arm, investigator-initiated phase 2 DAPHNe nonrandomized clinical trial. Patients were enrolled in the DAPHNe trial from November 2018 to January 2020. The trial took place at a multicenter academic cancer center and affiliated community practices. Participants included patients with stage II to III ERBB2-positive breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant THP for 12 weeks. Ultrasensitive ctDNA analyses were performed in patients with available tumor tissue and serial plasma samples. The secondary analysis was conducted between between March 2023 and April 2025. INTERVENTIONS: Neoadjuvant THP administered for 12 weeks, followed by surgery and adjuvant therapy guided by pathologic response. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Main outcomes included 5-year event-free survival, recurrence-free interval (RFI), distant RFI, and overall survival. ctDNA detection and clearance were assessed using a whole-genome-based, tumor-informed ultrasensitive assay at 4 predefined time points (baseline, preoperative, postoperative, and late adjuvant). RESULTS: The overall trial cohort included 98 patients (median [IQR] age, 49.5 years [24.0-78.0 years]; 97 female patients [99.0%]; 1 male patient [1.0%]), with mostly stage 2 disease (91 patients [92.9%]) and hormone receptor-positive tumors (65 patients [66.3%]). With a median (IQR) follow-up of 5.2 (5.0-5.4) years, the 5-year event-free survival was 99% (95% CI, 97%-100%), the 5-year RFI was 98% (95% CI, 93%-100%), the 5-year distant RFI was 100% (95% CI, 100%-100%), and the 5-year overall survival was 99% (95% CI, 97%-100%). Among 57 patients included in ctDNA analyses, baseline ctDNA was detected in 51 individuals (89.5%). After neoadjuvant therapy, ctDNA clearance occurred in 49 of 51 patients (96.1%), with only 2 individuals (3.9%) remaining ctDNA-positive preoperatively; detectability remained low (<10%) during postoperative follow-up. One single patient experienced a local recurrence, with ctDNA detected at time of recurrence and cleared following surgical resection. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this secondary analysis of the DAPHNe nonrandomized clinical trial, neoadjuvant THP was associated with excellent long-term outcomes in patients with early-stage ERBB2-positive breast cancer. Ultrasensitive ctDNA analyses demonstrated high baseline detection rates and near-universal clearance after abbreviated neoadjuvant therapy, supporting further investigation of ctDNA-guided de-escalation strategies in this setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03716180.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Mammographic parenchymal patterns as risk indicators for incident cancer in a screening program: an extended analysis.

In a screening program of self-referred women, different mammographic parenchymal patterns were related to significantly different rates for developing breast cancer. The risk of cancer detection subsequent to a negative mammographic examination was 7.6 times greater for women in the highest parenchymal risk class compared with the lowest, an increase in risk comparable to that of a personal history of breast cancer and greater than that reported for any other combination of historical risk factors. These differences are qualitatively similar to, but of a lesser magnitude than, those in previous reports which were based on symptomatic women with previous negative mammograms. Data suggest this difference in risk is inherent between parenchymal patterns, rather than indicating difficulty in identifying small cancers in dense breasts. Findings of differential parenchymal risk, coupled with other risk factors, may lead to concentrating mammographic screening on a smaller segment of the population, thus improving the benefit-to-cost ratio.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

[Principles of radical surgery of gastric carcinoma (author's transl)].

For over a decade, therapeutic results in cases of macrocarcinoma have remained almost constant. The absolute 5-year survival rate is 10-15%. However, in cases of early detection, the 5-year survival rate is over 90%. Systematic screening to detect the cancers early has resulted. The practical results is the systematic observation of high-risk groups. The therapy of choice for macrocarcinoma and cancer that is detected early is subtotal resection. Resection of the cardia should be replaced by gastrectomy, which should also be performed only when defined diagnostic criteria are met.

Gastrectomy↗

PubMed1977

[Endometrial cancer and extraglandular oestrogen biosynthesis (author's transl)].

An increasing incidence of endometrial cancer caused by a higher life expectancy and a number of other facters (i.e. obesity, diabetes, hypertension, lower pregnancy rate) as well as the unfavorable location for early detection when compared with cervical cancer has initiated this review in order to single out women with increased risk. Clinical characteristics of patients with endometrial cancer represented by age, menstrual disorders, reduced fertility, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperplasia of the ovarian stroma or hilus cells in connection with an increased oestrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium can be explained by extraglandular respectively peripheral aromatization of androgens to oestrogens, particular by the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone. This is supported by an increased plasma oestrone/oestradiol-ratio and increased conversion rate with age and overweight. In vivo- and in vitro-investigations have demonstrated the participation of adipose tissue in peripheral oestrogene production. The compiled data point towards the importance of the extraglandular oestrone production for the etiology of endometrial cancer by effecting the endometrium over a long period of time. The counter action of the normally cyclic changes of oestradiol and progesterone is lacking. Therefore, a dysoestrogenic effect of oestrone upon the endometrium can be fully effective, depending on the hormone receptor content of the respective endometrium. Based upon these data including recent publications, pre- and postmenopausal oestrogen therapy has to be critically reevaluated.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2026

Non-invasive screening in hereditary cancer: a randomized controlled trial to test cell-free DNA-based early detection in the CHARM consortium.

Individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes are born with germline genetic variants that significantly increase their lifetime risk of developing multiple cancers. Cancer rates and overall mortality can be reduced with intensive surveillance to facilitate early cancer detection. However, participating in diagnostic imaging and endoscopy surveillance programs is often time-consuming, overwhelming, inconvenient, and anxiety-inducing. To improve this, multi-cancer early detection tests are being developed using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing analysis to detect cancers with more sensitivity than conventional screening methods. Our community (the CHARM consortium: Cell-free DNA in Hereditary And high-Risk Malignancies) has been exploring the use of cfDNA sequencing in hereditary cancer, and has launched the CHARM2 prospective randomized controlled trial, which is enrolling 1000 participants with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Lynch syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 and Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer to improve equitable access, early detection and surveillance for high-risk individuals. All participants will have screening as per conventional syndrome-specific surveillance recommendations. Half the participants (experimental cohort) will also have cfDNA analysis at least three times a year, with abnormal results triggering dedicated clinical imaging and diagnostic evaluation, and heightened surveillance. Vetted by our patient advisors, validated patient-reported outcome and experience measures assessing participant psychosocial outcomes, engagement, and test preferences will be administered to both arms. Our goal is to inform if and how cfDNA analysis could be implemented into routine clinical care and offer a path to equitable and more convenient cancer screening for all high-risk Canadians.

Female↗

PubMed1976

Utilization of diagnostic techniques for cancer of the breast - early diagnosis.

Early diagnosis of breast cancer is the only method with proven potential for lowering the death rate from the disease. Early diagnosis means, in a practical way, detection of preclinical cancer - finding the cancer before it would ordinarily be detected in the normal course of events. This involves mass screening of apparently well women.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Preliminary report of the lung cancer detection program in New York.

The early lung cancer detection program in New York is described, and preliminary prevalence rate data are reported. Cigarette-smoking men over the age of 45, who are considered at high risk, are encouraged to enroll in the program and, to date, 6,612 have done so. These men receive PA and lateral chest x-rays annually, while a randomly selected sub-population of about half also have sputum cytology every four months. A controlled study of sputum cytology as an adjunct to the chest x-ray is now in progress. There were 15 cases of late lung cancer (pathologic stages II and III) detected at the initial examination, and 11 early cases (pathologic stages O and I). In the population of 3,387 men who had x-rays alone there were three early lung cancers detected; in the population of 3,225 men who had both examinations four early cancers were detected by x-ray and four by cytology. In addition, three cases of larynx cancer were detected by cytology. The early lung cancers detected by x-ray were peripheral and most were bronchiolar or adenocarcinoma; the early cancers detected by cytology were central epidermoid carcinoma of major bronchi. No early carcinomas were detected by both techniques. These findings suggest that a combination of chest x-rays and sputum cytology can be more effective than either one alone in detecting early lung cancer.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

Sensitivity of mammography and physical examination of the breast for detecting breast cancer.

Mammography and physical examination of the breast are evaluated as screening instruments for detecting breast cancer based on local biopsy data obtained from women enrolled in a national breast cancer screening program. One hundren thirteen cancers (15.5%) of women who underwent biopsy) were detected. The individual sensitivities of mammography and physical examination for detecting breast cancer are 62% and 24%, respectively. The sensitivity of the two methods combined is 75% (85 of 113). Thirty-seven cancers were in situ or minimally invasive (less than or equal to 1 cm in greatest dimension). Eighty-one percent (30 of 37) of these small cancers were detected by screening, and they comprised 35% (30 of 85) of all cancers detected by mammography, physical examination, or both. Improved survival is anticipated due to this high rate of discovery of small cancers.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Genomic Landscape of 6597 Hong Kong HBOC Patients: Implications for Beyond-BRCA Multi-Gene Panel Testing and Cancer Surveillance.

Breast cancer remains highly prevalent, where the lifetime risk before age 75 is one in 13. However, known genetic factors were only identified in 14.7% of cases in our Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry. Our current local policy for genetic testing does not cover the detection of beyond BRCA1/2. Here we highlight the clinical value of extending testing to beyond BRCA susceptibility genes for improved prevention, diagnosis, and management. We recruited 6597 hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) patients from our registry based on family history and clinical criteria. Germline mutations were identified by multi-gene sequencing analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Clinical-pathological characteristics of BRCA and beyond BRCA carriers were compared and the real-world management and surveillance services adopted in Hong Kong were highlighted. In this multi-gene hereditary cancer cohort, germline mutations were identified in 10.9% of cases for BRCA1/2 and 3.5% for beyond BRCA susceptibility genes. These beyond BRCA mutations constitute a considerable proportion of actionable hereditary risk. Notably, PALB2 emerged as the most prevalent non-BRCA gene, followed by TP53, ATM, and BARD1. New cancers or recurrences were detected during their surveillance; the overall pick up rates were 8.3% (PALB2), 29.4% (TP53), 33.3% (PTEN) and 5.6% (BARD1). This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the beyond BRCA germline landscape in a Hong Kong hereditary cancer cohort and highlights the current need for implementing multi-gene sequencing analysis and surveillance services for HBOC patients, establishing the predominant non-BRCA drivers and providing a robust empirical basis for expanding public genetic screening frameworks.

Humans↗