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PubMed1993

The Escherichia coli serA-linked capsule locus and its flanking sequences are polymorphic, genetic evidence for the existence of more than two groups of capsule gene clusters.

Two families of Escherichia coli capsules, termed groups I and II, have been defined previously on the basis of a number of biochemical and genetic criteria. Recently, a third group of capsules, termed I/II has been suggested on the basis of chemical structure and mode of expression. In this paper, we show that group I capsule-producing strains lack the serA-linked group II capsule genes. In addition, group I/II capsule-producing strains lack the group II capsule genes despite the former genes also mapping near to serA. Therefore, the genetic data presented in this paper support the existence of three groups of capsule gene clusters, two of which are linked to serA. Sequences flanking the K4 capsule genes were found in the chromosome of all E. coli strains examined and were sometimes present in multiple copies at different loci, indicating that this chromosomal region is highly polymorphic.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed1994

Transformation of IR spectra of the human lens capsule due to traumatic lens subluxation and correlation with the excised and dried lens capsule under different treatments.

Transformation of the secondary conformational structure of the human lens capsule after traumatic lens subluxation in a patient was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopic spectrometry. The result was compared with the IR spectra of type IV collagen in crystalline state, solid film and aqueous solution and those of the excised and dried lens capsule under compression or treated with ethyl alcohol. The results indicate that the IR spectra of the intact human lens capsule after traumatic lens subluxation were the same as those of the rabbit lens capsule, except in the 1,100-1,000 cm-1 proteoglycan region, but were different from those of type IV collagen aqueous solution at the amide I and II bands and the proteoglycan region, although type IV collagen is a predominant component of lens capsule. Two new peaks at 1,054 and 1,023 cm-1 appeared on the IR spectra of the intact human lens capsule and on those of type IV collagen in crystalline state and solid film after compression but not in normal rabbit lens capsule and native type IV collagen. It was also found that all the IR spectra of the excised and dried lens capsule were similar to those of native type IV collagen in crystalline state and solid film.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Bioavailability of temazepam: comparison of four 7.5-MG capsules with a single 30-MG capsule.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the bioavailability of four temazepam 7.5-mg capsules (Restoril, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals) with that of a single temazepam 30-mg capsule. DESIGN: Single-dose, open-label, two-period, crossover (replicated Latin square). SETTING: Domiciled environment for clinical testing. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six healthy male volunteers aged 18-40 years; 25 completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects randomly received either four temazepam 7.5-mg capsules or one temazepam 30-mg capsule. Blood samples were drawn at various time points after each period (0-48 h), and analyzed for plasma concentration of temazepam. The washout period between doses was five days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Five parameters of both dosage forms were compared: (1) area under curve (AUC), (2) peak concentration (Cmax), (3) time to peak concentration (Tmax), (4) apparent rate constant for absorption, and (5) lag time for appearance of drug in plasma. Statistical procedures included ANOVA, power analysis, and confidence limits. RESULTS: The mean AUC for the four 7.5-mg capsules and one 30-mg capsule differed by less than 2 percent and the mean Cmax differed by less than 14 percent for the two dosage strengths; neither of these differences reached statistical significance (p > 0.05). The 7.5-mg capsules reached peak plasma concentrations significantly faster than the 30-mg dosage form (mean Tmax 1.18 and 1.73 h, respectively; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The two formulations of temazepam were bioequivalent with respect to the extent of bioavailability. Regarding the rate of absorption, however, the 7.5-mg capsules reached peak plasma concentrations significantly faster than the 30-mg dosage form.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Capsule endoscopy: a single-centre experience with the first 226 capsules.

BACKGROUND: Capsule endoscopy (CE) refers to a novel diagnostic method of imaging the gastrointestinal tract using a wireless capsule that transmits images to a data recorder while the device traverses the small intestine. OBJECTIVE: To review the authors' experience with CE to determine the indications, outcomes and management of positive findings. METHODS: Patients were prepared for CE with a single dose of magnesium citrate. Following an 8 h fast, a sensor array system was applied to the abdomen, the capsule was swallowed and the images were transmitted to a data recorder worn on the patient's side. Typically, the battery life of the capsule is 8 h, following which the data recorder is returned, downloaded to a computer workstation and reviewed. RESULTS: To date, 226 capsule studies have been performed in 209 patients. The indications included obscure bleeding (167 studies: 88 overt, 79 occult), anemia (14 studies), evaluation for inflammatory bowel disease (12 studies), screening for polyps (10 studies), pain (19 studies) and abnormal radiological imaging (4 studies). In the setting of obscure bleeding, a definitive source of bleeding was discovered in 85 studies. This included angiodysplasia (52 studies), mitotic lesions (10 studies) and ulcers (23 studies). A probable source of bleeding was found in another 10 capsule studies. In the setting of anemia without evidence of bleeding, the definitive findings included ulcers (three studies), angiodysplasia (two studies), mitotic lesions (one study) and celiac disease (one study). Of four patients with abnormal radiological imaging, CE demonstrated lesions in two. The results of 35 capsule studies led to laparotomy with curative surgical resection. In eight studies, the capsules became lodged within a stricture; none led to obstruction and three were managed endoscopically. CONCLUSION: The yield of CE in carefully selected patients with obscure bleeding approximates 51%. There appear to be few complications, and patient satisfaction appears high. Cost analysis and further studies of clinical outcomes are required to elucidate appropriate indications for this device.

Angiodysplasia↗
PubMed2002

Resistance to serum killing may contribute to differences in the abilities of capsulate and non-capsulated isolates of lactococcus garvieae to cause disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.).

Three capsulated and two non-capsulated isolates of Lactococcus garvieae were investigated in terms of their wall proteins, virulence and interactions with rainbow trout immunoglobulin (Ig). All isolates were similar in integral membrane protein profile, and all were able to bind non-immune rainbow trout Ig, although different proteins appeared to be involved in Ig binding. However, whilst capsulated isolates were highly virulent, non-capsulated isolates were avirulent. This appeared to correlate with susceptibility of the non-capsulated isolates to rainbow trout normal serum. In contrast, the capsulated isolates were resistant to both normal and immune serum killing. In spite of this, passive immunisation of rainbow trout with specific anti-serum to L. garvieae was able to protect against challenge by capsulated isolates of L. garvieae. This suggests the antibody may have some other role in protection against disease caused by this important Gram-positive bacterial fish pathogen.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of anterior capsule polishing on the posterior capsule opacification-inhibiting properties of a sharp-edged, 3-piece, silicone intraocular lens: three- and 5-year results of a randomized trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term effects of anterior capsule polishing on regeneratory posterior capsule opacification (PCO), anterior capsule opacification (ACO), and fibrotic PCO with a silicone intraocular lens (IOL) with sharp optic edges. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS: This prospective bilateral randomized patient- and examiner-masked clinical trial comprised 130 eyes of 65 patients with bilateral age-related cataract. All eyes had implantation of a 3-piece silicone IOL with a truncated, sharp-edged optic (CeeOn Edge 911A, Advanced Medical Optics). In 1 eye, the anterior capsule was extensively polished using an aspiration curette after phacoemulsification and cortex aspiration. Regenerative PCO was quantified objectively, while ACO and fibrotic PCO were graded subjectively 1, 2, 3, and 5 years postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean ACO score was significantly lower in the eyes in which the anterior capsule had been polished (1 year, P<.02; 2 years, P<.03; 3 years, P<.01; 5 years, P<.01). The mean difference in regeneratory PCO and fibrotic PCO scores between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Three years after cataract surgery, eyes in which the anterior capsule had been polished had significantly less ACO. However, polishing did not lower PCO intensity when a sharp-edged CeeOn 911A IOL was implanted in the bag. Although results indicate that anterior capsule polishing may enhance the development of regeneratory PCO, this trend did not reach statistical significance.

Cataract↗
PubMed1998

Molecular analysis of the capsule gene region of group A Streptococcus: the hasAB genes are sufficient for capsule expression.

Enzymes directing the biosynthesis of the group A streptococcal hyaluronic acid capsule are encoded in the hasABC gene cluster. Inactivation of hasC, encoding UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the heavily encapsulated group A streptococcal strain 87-282, had no effect on capsule production, indicating that hasC is not required for hyaluronic acid synthesis and that an alternative source of UDP-glucose is available for capsule production. Nucleotide sequence and deletion mutation analysis of the 5.5 kb of DNA upstream of hasA revealed that this region is not required for capsule expression. Many (10 of 23) group A streptococcal strains were found to contain insertion element IS1239' approximately 50 nucleotides upstream of the -35 site of the hasA promoter. The presence of IS1239' upstream of hasA did not prevent capsule expression. These results elucidate the molecular architecture of the group A streptococcal chromosomal region upstream of the has operon, indicate that hasABC are the sole components of the capsule gene cluster, and demonstrate that hasAB are sufficient to direct capsule synthesis in group A streptococci.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed1999

Genetic organization of the Escherichia coli K10 capsule gene cluster: identification and characterization of two conserved regions in group III capsule gene clusters encoding polysaccharide transport functions.

Analysis of the Escherichia coli K10 capsule gene cluster identified two regions, regions 1 and 3, conserved between different group III capsule gene clusters. Region 1 encodes homologues of KpsD, KpsM, KpsT, and KpsE proteins, and region 3 encodes homologues of the KpsC and KpsS proteins. An rfaH mutation abolished K10 capsule production, suggesting that expression of the K10 capsule was regulated by RfaH in a manner analogous to group II capsule gene clusters. An IS3 element and a phiR73-like prophage, both of which may have played a role in the acquisition of group III capsule gene clusters, were detected flanking the K10 capsule genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Pathogenicity of capsulate and non-capsulate members of Bacteroides fragilis and B. melaninogenicus groups in mixed infection with Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes.

The relationships between capsulate and non-capsulate Bacteroides fragilis strains and Escherichia coli, and between capsulate and non-capsulate strains of the B. melaninogenicus group and Streptococcus pyogenes, were studied in a subcutaneous abscess model in mice. Selective antimicrobial agents directed against either aerobic or anaerobic bacteria were used alone or in combination to explore the effect of eradication of one component of the mixed infection. Single agent therapy effective against both aerobic and anaerobic flora was also employed. Single therapy of mixed infection directed at the elimination of only one organism (S. pyogenes, E. coli or Bacteroides sp.) caused significant reductions in the numbers of sensitive organisms and also smaller yet significant decreases in the numbers of insensitive organisms. However, the abscesses were not eliminated after such therapy. Combination therapy or use of a single agent (cefoxitin) directed against the aerobic and anaerobic components of the infection was more effective. Non-capsulate Bacteroides spp. became capsulate after passage in mice mixed with either S. pyogenes or E. coli. Therapy directed at the elimination of S. pyogenes and E. coli did not prevent the emergence of capsulate Bacteroides spp. These data demonstrate the synergy between all members of the B. fragilis group and E. coli and between the B. melaninogenicus group and S. pyogenes, and reiterate the need to direct antimicrobial therapy at the eradication of the aerobic and anaerobic components of mixed infections.

Abscess↗
PubMed2004

Influence of optic edge design and anterior capsule polishing on posterior capsule fibrosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of posterior optic edge design and the effect of anterior capsule polishing on peripheral fibrotic posterior capsule opacification (PCO). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS: This randomized prospective study comprised 144 eyes of 72 patients with bilateral age-related cataract. Each patient had standardized cataract surgery in both eyes by the same surgeon. Group 1 (46 patients) received a round-edged hydrophobic acrylic IOL (AMO Sensar AR40) in 1 eye and a sharp-edged hydrophobic acrylic IOL (AMO Sensar OptiEdge AR40e) in the other eye. Group 2 (26 patients) received a silicone IOL (Pharmacia CeeOn 911A) with a truncated optic in both eyes. In this group, the anterior capsule was extensively polished in 1 eye and was left unpolished in the other eye. Digital slitlamp photographs were taken 1 year postoperatively using a standardized photographic technique for fibrotic PCO. The intensity of PCO was subjectively graded (score 0 to 4) by 2 masked examiners. RESULTS: Subjective PCO scores correlated well between the 2 examiners (r = 0.88). In Group 1, the mean PCO score was 0.26 for the OptiEdge AR40e IOL and 0.90 for the AR40 IOL (P<.01). In Group 2, the mean PCO score was 0.24 in eyes with a polished capsule and 0.17 in eyes in which the capsule was not polished (P =.31). CONCLUSIONS: The sharp-edged OptiEdge AR40e IOL led to significantly less peripheral fibrotic PCO 1 year postoperatively than the round-edged AR40 IOL. In eyes with the sharp-edged silicone 911A IOL, anterior capsule polishing caused no significant difference in fibrotic PCO.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between anterior capsule contraction and posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To prospectively assess the relationship between contraction of the anterior capsule opening and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Kaiya Eye Clinic, Hamamatsu, and Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaragi, Japan. METHODS: This study comprised 45 patients (45 eyes) with diabetes mellitus who had cataract surgery. In all eyes, the anterior capsule opening area and degree of PCO were determined by diaphanoscopy using an anterior eye segment analysis system (EAS-100, Nidek, Inc.) 1 day and 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no correlation between the size of the anterior capsule opening area 1 day after surgery and the degree of PCO 1 year after surgery (Pearson correlation coefficient [r] = 0.041; P =.79). The percentage reduction in the anterior capsule opening area from 1 day to 1 year after surgery did not correlate with the degree of PCO 1 year after surgery (r = -0.08; P =.60). CONCLUSION: Contraction of the anterior capsule opening and PCO after cataract surgery cannot be explained by a common mechanism.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Effect of anterior capsule polishing on fibrotic capsule opacification: three-year results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term effect of anterior capsule polishing on anterior capsule opacification (ACO) and peripheral fibrotic posterior capsule opacification (PCO). SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS: This randomized double-blind study comprised 104 eyes of 52 patients with bilateral age-related cataract. All patients received round-edged intraocular lenses (IOLs); 26 received an SI-40 IOL (Advanced Medical Optics Inc.) in both eyes, and 26 received a Silens6 IOL (Domilens) in both eyes. Both IOLs consist of different silicone material and have different haptic angulation. The SI-40 IOL has 13.0 mm open-loop poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) haptics angulated by 10 degrees. The Silens6 IOL has 12.5 mm open-loop PMMA haptics with no angulation. In 1 eye, the anterior capsule was extensively polished. The anterior capsule was left unpolished in the contralateral eye, which acted as a control. Digital slitlamp photographs of the ACO and fibrotic PCO were taken with a standardized technique for 3 years postoperatively. The intensity of ACO was measured objectively (score 0% to 100%) using Adobe Photoshop software. Fibrotic PCO was graded subjectively (score 0 to 4). RESULTS: The mean ACO was 17% in the polished eyes and 26% in the control eyes (P = .0001). The mean fibrotic PCO score was 0.5 and 1.0, respectively (P = .0007). The mean ACO was 15% in the polished SI-40 eyes and 26% in the control SI-40 eyes (P = .01). It was 19% in the polished Silens6 eyes and 26% in the control Silens6 eyes (P = .003). The mean fibrotic PCO score was 0.4 in the polished SI-40 eyes and 1.1 in the control SI-40 eyes (P = .0006). It was 0.6 in the polished Silens6 eyes and 0.9 in the control Silens6 eyes (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: Three years after surgery, eyes in which the anterior capsule was extensively polished had less ACO and fibrotic PCO with both round-edged silicone IOLs. In eyes with Silens6 IOLs, however, the reduction in fibrotic PCO was not significant.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Regulation of the Escherichia coli K5 capsule gene cluster: evidence for the roles of H-NS, BipA, and integration host factor in regulation of group 2 capsule gene clusters in pathogenic E. coli.

The expression of Escherichia coli group 2 capsules (K antigens) is temperature dependent, with capsules only being expressed at temperatures above 20 degrees C. Thermoregulation is at the level of transcription, with no detectable transcription at 20 degrees C. Using the E. coli K5 capsule gene cluster as a model system, we have shown that the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS plays a dual role in regulating transcription of group 2 capsule gene clusters at 37 and 20 degrees C. At 37 degrees C H-NS is required for maximal transcription of group 2 capsule gene clusters, whereas at 20 degrees C H-NS functions to repress transcription. The BipA protein, previously identified as a tyrosine-phosphorylated GTPase and essential for virulence in enteropathogenic E. coli, was shown to play a similar role to H-NS in regulating transcription at 37 and 20 degrees C. The binding of integration host factor (IHF) to the region 1 promoter was necessary to potentiate transcription at 37 degrees C and IHF binding demonstrated by bandshift assays. The IHF binding site was 3' to the site of transcription initiation, suggesting that sequences in the 5' end of the first gene (kpsF) in region 1 may play a role in regulating transcription from this promoter at 37 degrees C. Two additional cis-acting sequences, conserved in both the region 1 and 3 promoters, were identified, suggesting a role for these sequences in the coordinate regulation of transcription from these promoters. These results indicate that a complex regulatory network involving a number of global regulators exists for the control of expression of group 2 capsules in E. coli.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed2006

Bioequivalence of a methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release preparation: comparison of an intact capsule and an opened capsule sprinkled on applesauce.

OBJECTIVE: To assess bioequivalence between an intact capsule and the content of a capsule sprinkled on applesauce. MATERIALS: Medikinet retard 20 mg capsules were obtained from Medice (Iserlohn, Germany). METHODS: This was a single-center, completely randomized, open, 2-period, 2-sequence, balanced crossover study with a washout period of 1 week between administrations, in 12 healthy male and female subjects, aged 18-45 years. Blood samples were collected over 24 hours and methylphenidate plasma concentration-time data were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters for both administrations. The main parameters were (confirmatory) AUC0-tz (extent of BA), Cmax, tmax (rate of BA) and (descriptively) AUC0-infinity and t1/2. Equivalence was concluded if the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the ratio between test and reference was 0.80-1.25 (AUC0-tz). RESULTS: All 12 dosed subjects finished both treatment periods and were included in pharmacokinetic and safety analyses. 90% geometric confidence intervals for AUC0-tz and Cmax data were well within accepted bioequivalence limits. The study has shown that both treatment modes lead to similar pattern of absorption and elimination following single-dose administration in the fed state. The test treatment (content of capsule sprinkled over 15 ml applesauce) is bioequivalent to the reference treatment (intact capsule) in terms of extent and rate of absorption. CONCLUSION: Data collected from this study demonstrate that Medikinet retard capsules can be opened and the content sprinkled on a tablespoon of applesauce without influencing the rate and extent of bioavailability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[A clinical study on clamp technique of intraocular lens on anterior capsule in cases with big rupture of posterior capsule of lens].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term results of the clamp technique of the posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) on the anterior capsule of lens in cases with big rupture of posterior capsule of lens. METHODS: The clamp technique of the posterior chamber IOL on the anterior capsule of lens were performed on 48 eyes of 48 cases with big rupture of the posterior capsule of lens following extracapsular cataract extraction for senile, traumatic, complicated and diabetic cataract. After 3-60 months follow-up, the vision acuity, position of IOL, capsular opacity and post-operative complications were investigated. RESULTS: The visual acuity of 39 eyes (81.3%) was >/= 0.5. The position of all IOL was in the optical center. The complications, such as after-cataract, retinal detachment, secondary glaucoma and persistent uveitis were not found. CONCLUSION: The clamp technique of the posterior chamber IOL on the anterior capsule of lens is convenient, safe and effectual in cases with big rupture of posterior capsule of lens.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The peri-implant breast capsule: an immunophenotypic study of capsules taken at explantation surgery.

Silicone-based breast implants continue to be the focus of many studies attempting to correlate implant failure to clinical and pathological factors. Routine pathology of peri-implant capsule is extensively described in the literature. The actual significance of the cellular events remains unconfirmed, particularly with reference to clinical outcome. This study reviews our experience with explanted capsules. The study makes specific reference to the immunohistochemistry of the cells participating in the capsule and the significance of the immunophenotypic characterization of these cells to clinical outcome. The use of a wide selection of immunomarkers for T and B lymphocytes and histiocytes provided no supporting evidence for local cell participation in the capsule, which may indicate the presence of an immunological reaction present in the capsule at the time of explantation. One was only able to confirm the presence of a low grade inflammatory process and progression to fibrosis and calcification over time. Statistical correlation was obtained only between Baker grade of capsular contracture and CD3/CD68 immunomarker positivity. CD45RO did show correlation with pain. No correlation was demonstrated with calcification. The results obtained in this study highlighted the need for further investigations into the mechanism of histiocyte and fibrocyte recruitment and activation in the capsule, a possible source of pain and contracture, which is a serious long-term clinical finding leading to the necessity for explantation.

Adult↗