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PubMed1978

[Comparative study of acute poisonings in Belgian children and immigrant workers children].

This survey covers 786 children admitted with acute poisoning to the Saint-Pierre Hospital in Brussels between 1967 and 1976. The type and the frequency of products responsible for poisoning in the indigenous and immigrant children are compared. 45% of children admitted to hospital are immigrants but they constitute only 29% of the children admitted with poisoning. When compared with Belgian children, the immigrants more commonly ingest household products and ordinary drugs are taken more often than prescribed ones, but minor tranquillisers are particularly common. The socio-economic and psychologic factors responsible for these accidents are discussed and methods of prevention are suggested.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1975

Psychological disorders in crippled children. A comparative study of children with and without brain damage.

A detailed standardised study was made of all crippled children aged between five and 15 years and of normal intelligence on the local-authority lists of handicapped children in three London boroughs. Psychiatric disorder was twice as common in children whose crippling was due to cerebral disease or damage rather than some peripheral lesion. As the groups were well matched in terms of physical incapacity and social background, it was concluded that brain damage was responsible for the children's increased vulnerability to emotional problems. Brain damage was also associated with a marked increase in reading difficulties and a lowering of intelligence within the normal range. Psychiatric disorder was found to be related not only to cerebral injury but also to various types of family disturbance. It is concluded that emotional and behavioural disturbance stemmed from both an increased biological vulnerability and psychosocial hazards.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Outcome of adopted Vietnamese children. Beneficial effects of a normal home environment on 36 children.

Thirty-six adopted Vietnamese children were evaluated physically and developmentally from four months to ten years after their adoption. All of the children had experienced early months of malnutrition, disease and deprivation. Many of the children were adopted before their first birthdays and received continuous, adequate care from invested families. Only two children had intelligence quotients less than 85 on the Slosson Test. Though physical abnormalities such as residuals of poliomyelitis, ear infections, and soft neurologic signs existed, no child was incapacitated by these conditions. From the data available in the study, developmental outcomes could not be adequately predicted on the basis of unknown genetics, early malnutrition, or early deprivation.

Adoption↗

PubMed1978

Whole body protein synthesis in relation to basal energy expenditure in healthy children and in children recovering from burn injury.

Dynamic aspects of whole body nitrogen metabolism in children recovering from burn injury have been examined in relation to basal metabolic rate (BMR). A continuous administration of [15N]glycine was used to estimate the rates of whole body protein synthesis (S) and breakdown (C) in five acutely burned children (ages 5-16 years) and in nine healthy subjects (ages 9-18 years). S (grams of protein per kg body wt per day) and BMR were significantly correlated (r = +0.73; P less than 0.01). There was no significant correlation of C with BMR. The ratio of S (grams of protein per day) to BMR (kilocalories per day) was the same in burned and healthy children; the mean value for all children was 0.10 +/- 0.03 g protein synthesis/basal kcal. Calorie intake and S were significantly correlated (r = +0.70; P less than 0.01). There were significant correlations between BMR and percentage of total body surface area burned (r = +0.66; P less than 0.01), and BMR and age (r = -0.57; P less than 0.05). Age did not correlate significantly with percent of total body surface burned.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Where do the heaviest children come from? A prospective study of white children from birth to 5 years of age.

A prospective follow-up study, from birth to age 5, of height, weight, and weight/height indices in 582 white children was carried out in a suburban private pediatric practice. The purpose of the study was to examine trends in height and weight over time, to evaluate any differences in measures of ponderosity between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, and to locate the heaviest children at age 5. There were significant correlations between height, weight, the ratio of height to weight, the ponderal index (height/weight 1/3), and the Quetelet index (weight/height2) achieved during the first year of life, and that attained at age 5 years. However, approximately 70% of the variance in weight and ponderosity indices at age 5 could not be accounted for by measurement of weight and ponderosity during the first year of life. Breast-fed and bottle-fed infants did not differ in weight and weight/height indices. There was a modest, but consistent, "tracking" pattern among children in the upper decile for weight and ponderosity at age 5 years in that 30% of them were also in the top decile for weight and ponderosity at age 6 months, and 30% to 40% were in the top decile at age 1 year. More than half of the variance in weight or indices of body proportion at age 5 is not accounted for by these variables in the first year of life, indicating limitations to the generalizability of the concept, that obese infants become obese children.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1976

Urinary lactate excretion in normal children and in children with enzyme defects of carbohydrate metabolism.

Urinary lactate was analyzed in 53 normal children, 7 children with glucose-6-phosphatase-deficient glycogenosis, 1 child with fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency and 1 child with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lactate in 24-h urine was expressed as concentration, total excretion, excretion per kg body weight and per 1.73 m2 body surface, and as lactate/creatinine quotient. Of these parameters, the lactate concentration in 24-h urine showed the smallest variation in normal children (0.155 +/- 0.053 mM), whereas in patients with one of the above mentioned enzymopathies 10-300-fold elevations were found. The lactate/creatinine quotient, normal range 0.010 to 0.058 (mM/mM) was also used to correct for unnoticed losses of urine. Both parameters, used in conjunction with blood lactate analysis, are suitable for a first screening of patients with enzymopathies of carbohydrate metabolism, and for the follow-up study of the steady or unsteady state of the patient with an enzyme defect of carbohydrate metabolism.

Body Surface Area↗

PubMed1978

Physical health of ten-year-old children. An epidemiological study of school children and a follow-up of previous health care.

At 10 years of age, all 223 children in a school district underwent a physical examination and a screening for vision and hearing defects within the school health services. The purpose of the study was to detect health problems of importance for the day-to-day functioning of the child. In 26.1% significant deviations were found. Physical disorders comprised 11.7% visual defects 11.7% and auditory impairment 2.7%. The vast majority of significant health problems were previously known and in only 4.4% of the 223 children newly detected, 0.9% by the physical examination, 2.7% by the vision screening and 0.9% by the auditory screening. The most frequent health problem of all was allergy in 13.5%, in 5.4% regarded as functionally important. Minor orthopaedic deviations and motor disturbances were common but not often considered to affect the functioning of the child significantly. As a whole, the children's health was very good and the outcome of the physical examination at this age was not impressive. It is evident that the physician's role in the school health system needs to be reconsidered.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1977

Correlative study of radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay of serum growth hormone in children: normal children and HGH-treated pituitary dwarfs.

A sensitive and reproducible radioreceptor assay (RRA) for human growth hormone (HGH) is described. It allows the evaluation of HGH concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml. It has a limited cross-reactivity with human prolactin, which does not interfere at physiological levels in children. Comparison of the results with those of radioimmunoassay (RIA) showed no discrepancies in the serum of normal children before and after stimulation tests for GH (mean RRA/RIA ratio 1.03 +/- SEM 0.04, range 0.75 to 1.65) nor in the serum from hypopituitary dwarfs during the 12 h following an im injection of 6 mg of HGH (mean RRA/RIA ratio 1.05 +/- 0.04, range 0.84 to 1.28). It is concluded that receptoractivity of HGH is parallel to its immunoreactivity in normal children and in hypopituitary patients clinical grade HGH.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Tympanometry in three-year-old children. I. A regional prevalence study on the distribution of tympanometric results in a non-selected population of 3-year-old children.

Epidemiological data on middle-ear pathology during pre-school age are lacking the striking frequency of middle-ear symptoms in this age group. To evaluate the applicability of the impedance test in the younger age groups and to make an epidemiological study of the distribution of tympanogram types in a normal group of pre-school children, an attempt was made to examine all 523 3-year-olds in a limited geographic area. 1005 ears in 504 children (96.4% of those invited) were fully investigated with tympanometry and otoscopy with Siegle's speculum within 4 weeks. 62.8% of the ears showed type A tympanometric curves, 9.8% type B and 27.4% type C. Bilateral type A tympanometric curves were found in 276 children (55.4%). The prevalence of abnormal tympanometry proved to be unexpectedly high in both sexes. This finding is discussed. Even with the use of conventional technique and standard equipment, the 3-year-old clientele presented no testing problems.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗

PubMed1979

The correlation between negative middle ear pressure and the corresponding conductive hearing loss in children. A 12-month study of 352 unselected 7-year-old children.

An epidemiological study of negative middle ear pressure in children made it possible to test its relationship to conductive hearing loss. About 350 children were subjected to a screening procedure recording audiogram and middle ear pressure five times during a 12-month period. Those children who failed to perceive just one tone or who had a middle ear pressure equal to or worse than -150 mmH2O in one or both ears were referred to the Hearing Clinic for conventional audiometry and middle ear pressure measurement each month. By computing the weighted average of the regressions for each child, a straight linear relationship was found between negative pressure and conductive hearing loss. In addition, a frequency dependence was found, the hearing loss being maximal at about 500 Hz. In general, the study shows that tympanometry is of limited value in predicting hearing loss in a child. The threshold for pathology of about -150 mmH2O, being a predisposing factor in secretory otitis media, corresponds to the upper confidence limit of the normal range of hearing loss found in this series. There is no distinct value of negative pressure that clearly distinguishes between normal and pathological condition, but it is concluded that a middle ear pressure worse than -150 mmH2O should be considered a probable hearing handicap.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗

PubMed2022

Profiling Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in Children with Fragile X Syndrome.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an early onset, developmental disorder whose genetic cause is heterogeneous and complex. In total, 70% of ASD cases are due to an unknown etiology. Among the monogenic causes of ASD, fragile X syndrome (FXS) accounts for 2-4% of ASD cases, and 60% of individuals with FXS present with ASD. Epigenetic changes, specifically DNA methylation, which modulates gene expression levels, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of both disorders. Thus, in this study, using the Human Methylation EPIC Bead Chip, we examined the global DNA methylation profiles of biological samples derived from 57 age-matched male participants (2-6 years old), including 23 subjects with ASD, 23 subjects with FXS with ASD (FXSA) and 11 typical developing (TD) children. After controlling for technical variation and white blood cell composition, using the conservatory threshold of the false discovery rate (FDR ≤ 0.05), in the three comparison groups, TD vs. AD, TD vs. FXSA and ASD vs. FXSA, we identified 156, 79 and 3100 differentially methylated sites (DMS), and 14, 13 and 263 differential methylation regions (DMRs). Interestingly, several genes differentially methylated among the three groups were among those listed in the SFARI Gene database, including the PAK2, GTF2I and FOXP1 genes important for brain development. Further, enrichment analyses identified pathways involved in several functions, including synaptic plasticity. Our preliminary study identified a significant role of altered DNA methylation in the pathology of ASD and FXS, suggesting that the characterization of a DNA methylation signature may help to unravel the pathogenicity of FXS and ASD and may help the development of an improved diagnostic classification of children with ASD and FXSA. In addition, it may pave the way for developing therapeutic interventions that could reverse the altered methylome profile in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Child↗

PubMed1978

A modified Rutter children's behaviour questionnaire. Its reliability and validity in screening for behaviour disturbances in part-Aboriginal children.

The Rutter Children's Behaviour Questionnaire was completed by the teachers of 108 Aboriginal pupils at two rural schools in the far west of New South Wales. The questionnaire ratings were compared with a contemporaneous psychiatric study of behaviour disturbance for each child. Some modification of the questionnaire was required because of cultural factors. The modified questionnaire was found to be of acceptable reliability and validity in screening for emotional disturbance in Aboriginal children. It is suggested that it would be a useful case finding instrument for teachers of part-Aboriginal children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Swimming ability of children: a survey of 4000 Queensland children in a high drowning region.

The swimming ability of 4128 Queensland school children was studied. The median age for swimming 10 metres is 6.5 years. Ninety-five percent of children are able to swim by 11 years of age. Cumulative frequency curves, by age, are presented for the ability to swim 10 and 50 metres: the latter distance is of relevance in boating accidents. Twenty percent fewer children from lower socioeconomic levels are able to swim. Water safety training is as important as swimming lessons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Neurologic, electro- and echoencephalography studies of former high-risk children and control children].

First results of neurological, electro-encephalographic and echo-encephalographic examinations obtained from three different groups consisting of former high-risk babies (about two thirds) and control children (about one third) are presented. As was to be expected, the control group showed remarkably fewer findings which differed from the physiological variation width. The comparatively high proportion of individual results without pathological findings obtained from high-risk children indicates that reliable diagnostic conclusions can be drawn only if the results of various examination techniques are summarized. The analysis of a neurological longitudinal study of former high-risk infants reveals a trend toward recession of the neurological peculiarities over the observation period which lasted until the sixth year of age. This particularly applies to light phenomena of a neurological character which do not have syndrome character and are pathologically irrelevant. As a result of different interpretations of what "high risks" are, considerable problems can arise when the results of examinations performed on groups of high-risk children by various workers are to be compared.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗

PubMed1976

Leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) production by lymphocytes of normal children, newborns, and children with immune deficiency.

The reproducibility of a simplified, sensitive and rapid agarose-cell droplet assay for leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) activity was studied. Removal of T cells with anti-T-cell serum eliminated LIF activity, indicating that in humans it is probably the T cell that produces LIF. Cord blood lymphocytes produce LIF, although spontaneous migration of leucocytes is less than in older children. The cause of this apparently does not reside in the PMN leucocytes. Studies of children with immunodeficiency suggest that the T-cell population in humans is heterogenous. B-cell deficiencies such as hypogammaglobulinaemia, have normal PPD and PHA induced LIF production, whilst some patients with ataxia-telangiectasia have defective PPD LIF activity, their PHA LIF activity being only minimally depressed. On the other hand, Down's syndrome patients with reduced blood T cells have remarkably deficient LIF activity to PHA and relatively good activity to PPD. Children receiving steroid therapy lose much of their ability to produce LIF to the specific antigen PPD, but not to the non-specific mitogen PHA.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

[The response of blood neutrophils (the PPN test) to pertussis allergen in children with pertussis and children immunized with ADPT vaccine].

The authors present materials on the study of the reaction of blood neutrophils (PPN test) to pertussis allergen in children suffering from pertussis and immunized with ADPT vaccine. Results obtained in examining 111 children showed that the PPN test was specific and could be used for assessment of allergic manifestations in children suffering from pertussis or immunized with ADPT vaccine. Taking into consideration the harmlessness and expressiveness of the PPN test it can be recommended for studying in dynamics in any age groups.

Allergens↗

PubMed1976

Serological types of Diplococcus pneumoniae isolated from the respiratory tract of children with cystic fibrosis and children with other diseases.

The distribution of serological types of D. pneumoniae was investigated in 40 strains isolated from 26 children with cystic fibrosis and 57 strains isolated from 39 children with other diseases. All strains were isolated from sputum or tracheal secretion. The strains from cystic fibrosis patients belonged to 14 different serological types, the most prevalent were 19F, 19A and 3. The strains from the other group of children belonged to 20 different serological types, the most prevalent were 23F, 19F and 11A. The differences between the two groups of patients as to the prevalences of types were small, and it is concluded that no special serological types of D. pneumoniae are associated with cystic fibrosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Low-income children's attitudes toward mentally retarded children: effects of labeling and academic behavior.

Effects of the label "mentally retarded" and academic competence on low-income sixth-grade children's attitudes toward peers were examined. Attitude was defined in terms of children's affective feelings and behavioral inclinations. The results showed that low-income children expressed more favorable attitudes toward a competent than an incompetent child and, paradoxically, toward a labeled than a nonlabeled child. The data also revealed that an academically incompetent child who was not labeled as retarded evoked negative attitudes, especially from boys, whereas an incompetent child who was labeled as retarded evoked positive attitudes. The findings were discussed in terms of the pros and cons of the current trend toward delabeling.

Achievement↗