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PubMed1998

Capillary affinity chromatography and affinity capillary electrophoresis of heparin binding proteins.

A new approach for separation, capillary affinity chromatography, is introduced for studying the interaction of heparin with antithrombin III and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor. Heparin is covalently immobilized on the surface of an etched capillary through a silane spacer. The proteins are injected into the heparinized capillary, bound to the heparin, washed with buffer, eluted with sodium chloride in the same buffer using a pressure injection mode and eluting protein detected by absorbance. The resulting affinity separation is similar to that obtained from traditional affinity chromatography. The quantity of loaded protein in capillary affinity chromatography is at the nanogram level, offering an improvement over the milligram levels required for standard affinity chromatographic methods.

Antithrombin III↗
PubMed1971

Rapid and complete purification of acetylcholinesterases of electric eel and erythrocyte by affinity chromatography.

Affinity chromatography has been used to purify acetylcholinesterase both from the electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus and from bovine erythrocyte membranes. For this purpose, several specific enzymic inhibitors of each protein were synthesized and joined covalently to an insoluble support resin. AchE is selectively retained by such inhibitor-resins when highly impure solutions are chromatographed upon them. After removal from the resin, both enzymes are electrophoretically homogeneous and they may be recovered in yields of 75% or more.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2003

Mass spectrometry analysis of CD4-associating proteins using affinity chromatography and affinity tag-mediated purification of tryptic peptides.

The study of protein interactions using mass spectrometry (MS) for identification of the components of purified protein complexes is leading to the description of increasingly valuable data on protein function. Commonly proteins in a given complex are identified via MS analysis of in-gel digests of gel electrophoretically separated proteins. In this study, we have evaluated the use of an approach employing the digest of the whole protein complex to identify directly the proteins present in a purification of the CD4 receptor complex. We used a cysteinyl affinity capture method to reduce the complexity of the peptide mixture that was obtained from the tryptic digest of the whole protein complex to the rather limited mixture of only cysteine-containing peptides. Here we report the use of this approach with MS for identification of the CD4 receptor complex components CD4 and p56lck, along with several other proteins present in the detergent-solubilized fractions from the purification. We have been able to identify these proteins using peptide sequence data obtained from cysteine-containing peptides. With appropriate control experiments, we have demonstrated the specific nature of the CD4-p56lck interaction. In contrast, the other proteins identified are shown to arise from nonspecific interactions during the affinity chromatography purification suggesting a possible loss of specific interactions during the chromatography procedure. We found that the complexity of the mixture was reduced such that only 10% of the peptides derived from tryptic digest of the identified proteins were detected. This represents only one-third of the cysteine-containing peptides, however, suggesting that this approach does not enable detection of all individual proteins.

Avidin↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of hydrophobic charge induction chromatography with affinity chromatography on protein A for harvest and purification of antibodies.

Efficient harvest and recovery of high-purity monoclonal antibodies was achieved using hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC). Both simple and complex feedstocks were studied, including protein-free cell culture supernatant and the clarified/concentrated milk of transgenic goats. Viral clearance studies demonstrated a 4-log reduction of MVM virus (minute virus of mice), along with substantial reduction of DNA content. Sorbent characterization studies confirmed that HCIC is based on the pH-dependent behavior of a dual-mode, ionizable ligand. Binding, based on hydrophobic interaction, was achieved under near-physiological conditions, and in the absence of lyotropic salt. Desorption was accomplished under mild conditions--pH 4.0. At this pH, both ligand and antibody carry a net positive charge, and desorption occurs on the basis of electrostatic charge repulsion. pH-based control of chromatographic function was demonstrated. Chromatography on this antibody-selective HCIC sorbent was evaluated as a cost-effective, process-compatible alternative to affinity chromatography protein A sorbents.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1975

[Purification of beta-lactamases by affinity chromatography].

Affinity columns able to purifie beta-lactamases have been prepared either by linking covalently reversible inhibitors or substrates to agarose beds. The enzyme is eluted with a gradient of sodium chloride or released with the substrate. This method is a pertinent one for the purification of these enzymes and for the study of bacteria harbouring more than one beta-lactamase.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1981

Studies on the specific interaction of concanavalin A and saccharides by affinity chromatography. Application of quantitative affinity chromatography to a multivalent system.

Quantitative affinity chromatography of concanavalin A (Con A) was studied in order to clarify its mechanism of saccharide binding. Another aim of this work was to confirm the validity of frontal affinity chromatography, which we have developed for the study of specific interactions, for multivalent systems. Since Cona A exists as either a dimer or a tetramer, it is a suitable multivalent test system. Immobilized p-aminophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (AP beta-Glc Sepharose) was prepared and the interactions of homogeneous preparations of Con A with this affinity adsorbent were analyzed. Experiments were carried out under conditions where Con a exists as the dimer (5 degrees C, pH 7.9, I=0.19). The intrinsic dissociation constant of Con A for the immobilized ligand (Kd) could be determined from the extent of retardation. alpha-Con A (intact Con A) had a stronger affinity than beta-Con A. Changes in pH and ionic strength had different effects on the affinity of alpha- and beta-Con A. The dissociation constants of soluble saccharides and their derivatives (counter ligands) for Con A (K1) could be determined from their ability to diminish the elution volume of Con A. K1 values of various monosaccharides for beta-Con A including those having very weak affinity, were determined. Further, the K1 values of a series of glucobioses were determined and compared. It was found that the binding mode of the reducing terminal glucose residue must be taken into account. The results are discussed in relation to their configurations. Frontal affinity chromatography proved to be very useful as a tool to analyze specific interactions in multivalent systems.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1999

Affinity purification of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase and its site-directed mutants with glutathione affinity chromatography and immobilized metal affinity chromatography.

A C-terminally polyhistidine-tagged protein of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase, named as SjGST/His, and its Cys85-->Ser, Cys138-->Ser, and Cys178-->Ser site-directed mutants were prepared and highly expressed in Escherichia coli. Both immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and glutathione (GSH) affinity chromatography were used to purify these four enzymes. All of them were purified with equal efficiency by Ni2+-chelated nitrilotriacetic acid agarose gel, but not by GSH Sepharose 4B gel. The protein amounts of wild-type and Cys85-->Ser enzymes purified by the latter gel were three to seven-fold greater than those of the other two enzymes purified by the same gel, while their specific activities were two-fold lower, presumably because of the occurrence of noncovalent aggregation. Both purification methods yielded highly pure enzymes, while there were minor amounts of inter- and intra-disulfide forms in the IMAC purified enzymes except for the Cys85-->Ser mutant. Addition of dithiothreitol to GSH-affinity purified enzymes shifted all of their mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry toward low molecular-mass regions, while addition of GSH to IMAC purified enzymes shifted the spectra toward high molecular-mass regions. The shift values of wild-type enzyme were larger than those of the three mutants, indicating that the Cys85, Cys138, and Cys178 residues were S-thiolated by GSH during the GSH-affinity purification. This result was confirmed by isoelectric focusing. These findings suggest that IMAC is more efficient than the conventional GSH-affinity system for the purification of SjGST/His enzyme, especially for its mutants and fusion proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Preparation and testing of stationary phases and modified capillaries for affinity chromatography and affinity capillary electrophoresis of pepsin.

Three stationary phases have been prepared for affinity liquid chromatography isolation and separation of porcine and human pepsin. The phases contain 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (DIT) bound to the supports HEMA BIO VS, HEMA BIO E and EPOXY TOYOPEARL. These phases have been tested on a model sample of porcine pepsin A and applied to human pepsin. Fractions have been collected and the chymase activity determined in selected analyses. For affinity CE, capillaries have been prepared by modifying the wall with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, followed either by direct binding of DIT, or by binding L-tyrosine that was subsequently iodated. The dissociation constant K(d) has been determined for the pepsin-DIT complex from the changes in the electrophoretic mobilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Isolation and characterization of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans of brain. Use of affinity chromatography on lipoprotein lipase-agarose.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans were extracted from rat brain microsomal membranes or whole forebrain with deoxycholate and purified from accompanying chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and membrane glycoproteins by ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography on lipoprotein lipase-Sepharose, and gel filtration. The proteoglycan has a molecular size of approximately 220,000, containing glycosaminoglycan chains of Mr = 14,000-15,000. In [3H]glucosamine-labeled heparan sulfate proteoglycans, approximately 22% of the radioactivity is present in glycoprotein oligosaccharides, consisting predominantly of N-glycosidically linked tri- and tetraantennary complex oligosaccharides (60%, some of which are sulfated) and O-glycosidic oligosaccharides (33%). Small amounts of chondroitin sulfate (4-6% of the total glycosaminoglycans) copurified with the heparan sulfate proteoglycan through a variety of fractionation procedures. Incubation of [35S]sulfate-labeled microsomes with heparin or 2 M NaCl released approximately 21 and 13%, respectively, of the total heparan sulfate, as compared to the 8-9% released by buffered saline or chondroitin sulfate and the 82% which is extracted by 0.2% deoxycholate. It therefore appears that there are at least two distinct types of association of heparan sulfate proteoglycans with brain membranes.

Agar↗
PubMed1980

Affinity chromatography and affinity labeling of rat liver succinyl-CoA synthetase.

Succinyl-CoA synthetase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from rat liver. The key step in the purification procedure involved adsorption on a GDP dialdehyde (dial-GDP)-adipic dihydrazide-Sepharose 4B column and elution by GDP-Mg2+. Like the pig heart enzyme (Brownie, E. R., and Bridger, W. A. (1972) Can. J. Biochem. 50, 719--724), the rat liver enzyme was an alpha beta heterodimer and only the alpha subunit was phosphorylated by [gamma-32P]GTP. The A 280(0.1%) of the enzyme was determined to be 0.5. Amino acid analyses revealed significant similarities in 50% of the amino acid residues of rat liver and Escherichia coli succinyl-CoA synthetases. However, immunodiffusion analysis failed to reveal any antigenic identity between the two enzymes. Incubation with the affinity label, dial-GDP, in the presence of Mg2+ resulted in a biphasic inactivation of the enzyme. The extent of the rapid phase of inactivation appeared to be related to the extent of dephosphorylation of the enzyme and was prevented by preincubation of the enzyme with GTP-Mg2+. The presence of GDP-Mg2+ in the incubation medium prevented the slow phase of the inactivation and retarded the rapid phase. Dephosphorylated enzyme was approximately 2 orders of magnitude more susceptible to inactivation by dial-GDP than phosphorylated enzyme. Labeling of succinyl-CoA synthetase with [3H]dial-GDP gave a linear relationship between inactivation and incorporation of radioactivity with an extrapolated value of less than 1.2 mol of analog/mol of enzyme at 100% inactivation. The distribution of the label in enzyme that was inactivated 40% was approximately 60% in the alpha subunit and 40% in the beta subunit. Thus, while phosphorylation of the enzyme occurs exclusively in the alpha subunit, the nucleotide binding site appears to include components from both alpha and beta subunits.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of boar sperm plasma membranes by two-dimensional PAGE and isolation of specific groups of polypeptides by anion exchange chromatography and lectin affinity chromatography.

High resolution, two-dimensional PAGE was used to characterize purified plasma membranes (PM) from boar spermatozoa. In addition to the abundance of polypeptides resolved, unusual features of PM discerned in gel patterns include a large number of basic polypeptides and the presence of at least three polypeptides with molecular weights in excess of 200 K daltons. In order to reduce these large numbers of polypeptides into smaller fractions, an important step in developing a surface map of these membranes, detergent-solubilized membranes were fractionated by the techniques of ion exchange chromatography and lectin affinity chromatography. PM polypeptides, solubilized in the nonionic detergents, were fractionated on DEAE Sephadex using phosphate ion gradients containing EDTA. Most of the major acidic polypeptides were eluted as a group at high phosphate ion concentrations. Membrane polypeptides can be separated into smaller populations by affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose (WGA) or by Concanavalin A-agarose. Concanavalin A-agarose binds most PM glycoproteins, but partial purification of an important group of very basic proteins was obtained by repeated chromatography of polypeptides that failed to bind to this lectin. Since biologic activity (including immunologic potency) is often retained in the detergents used, the ability to fractionate the major polypeptide of the boar sperm PM into different and much smaller populations in large quantity and to characterize these proteins by electrophoresis provides a starting point for determining the functional significance and location of the major surface proteins of the boar sperm PM.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Affinity chromatography and affinity partition of human serum pre-albumin using immobilized Remazol Yellow GGL. Evidence that albumin increases binding of pre-albumin to the dye.

Pre-albumin was isolated from human serum or plasma by ammonium sulphate fractionation and by chromatography on dye-substituted Sephadex G-100 to a high degree of purity. The interaction of the pre-albumin with the dye Remazol Yellow GGL was studied in more detail by means of affinity partitioning in an aqueous two-phase system composed of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol). In the presence of dye-substituted poly(ethylene glycol) the partition coefficient of pre-albumin increases, indicating an interaction with the dye. Human serum albumin was found to enhance this interaction considerably. A similar effect was also shown by bovine albumin but not by egg albumin.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1979

Affinity chromatography in the separation of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and antithrombin-III (AT-III).

The two antiproteases alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and antithrombin-III (AT-III) have been purified simultaneously from human plasma. Purification procedure consisted of gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 after initial processing of plasma, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50 and DEAE-Cellulose, at a pH of 9.0 and pH 8.3 respectively. The two proteins could not be separated by any of these procedures including a lower pH (7.4) in ion exchange chromatography. Affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose separated the proteins since alpha 1-AT did not bind to the matrix. Alpha 1-AT unbound to the heparin-Sepharose was subsequently purified through con A-Sepharose affinity column. The final yield of both the proteins was about 20%. The molecular weight estimated on SDS electrophoresis for AT-III and alpha 1-AT was 63,000 and 50,000, respectively.

Antithrombin III↗
PubMed1988

Chelating peptide-immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. A new concept in affinity chromatography for recombinant proteins.

We report our experimental results supporting the hypothesis that a specific metal-chelating peptide (CP) on the NH2 terminus of a protein can be used to purify that protein using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC). The potential utility of this approach resides with recombinant proteins since the nucleotide sequence that codes for the protein can be extended to include codons for the chelating peptide and thereby generate the gene for a chimeric CP-protein that can be cloned, expressed, and affinity-purified with immobilized metal ions. The chelating peptide purification handle could then be removed chemically or enzymatically after purification has been achieved to generate a protein with the natural amino acid sequence. The feasibility of using a chelating peptide as a purification handle has been demonstrated using a leuteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analog, 2-10 LHRH, which contains the previously identified chelating peptide, His-Trp, on the NH2 terminus. 2-10 LHRH had a high affinity for a Ni(II) IMAC column due to the NH2-terminal dipeptide sequence His-Trp, forming a coordination complex with Ni(II), whereas the controls, 3-10 LHRH and 4-10 LHRH, lacking the CP sequence, did not bind. Furthermore, 2-10 LHRH could be purified from a mixture of histidine-containing peptides on a Ni(II) IMAC column in one step. His-Trp proinsulin was used as a model of a recombinant CP-protein. The S-sulfonates of His-Trp-proinsulin and proinsulin were isolated from Escherichia coli engineered to overproduce these proteins as trpLE' fusion proteins. His-Trp-proinsulin(SSO3-)6 had a higher affinity for immobilized Ni(II) than proinsulin (SSO3-)6. Both proteins were eluted by decreasing the pH or by introducing a displacing ligand into the buffer. Ni(II) eluted from the column with much higher concentrations of displacing ligand than the proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Purification of the glycoprotein allergen Ag7 from mugwort pollen by concanavalin A affinity chromatography.

Two affinity columns comprising immobilized concanavalin A (Con A), Con A-Sepharose and Con A-XP3507, were evaluated for their purifying ability for the glycoprotein allergen Ag7 from a partially purified extract of mugwort pollen. The most pronounced difference between the two columns was the nature of their nonspecific interactions; hydrophobic interactions were dominant with Con A-XP3507, whereas ionic interactions were dominant with Con A-Sepharose. Both Con A-columns were effective for purifying Ag7 with a recovery of 50% after specific elution with displacing sugars. The inclusion of 1.0 M NaCl and 20% ethylene glycol in the elution medium was useful for desorbing nonspecifically bound material, prior to specific elution of adsorbed Ag7 in the presence of the displacing sugars, alpha-methyl glucoside and alpha-methyl mannoside. The most efficient purification of Ag7 was achieved with Con A-Sepharose at room temperature rather than at 4 degrees C. Affinity chromatography with Con A-XP3507 resulted in a slightly more contaminated product (purity 54%) than with Con A-Sepharose (purity 64%).

Allergens↗
PubMed1980

Measurement of glycosylated amino acids and peptides from urine of diabetic patients using affinity chromatography.

An affinity chromatography system has been developed that retains glycosylated amino acids and peptides. Using this system, synthetic 14C-glycosylated lysine (reduced with NaB3H4) was completely separated from a mixture of reduced 14C-glycosylated lysine and unmodified 3H-lysine. Amino acid analysis of the retained peak from hydrolyzed human diabetic hemoglobin previously reduced with NaB3H4 revealed an equimolar mixture of glycosylated valine and glycosylated lysine, in agreement with previously published data obtained using other methodologies. These data demonstrate that in alkaline solution, the NaB3H4-reducible breakdown products of nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins are adsorbed to m-aminophenyl boronic acid immobilized on Bio-Gel P-6, while nonglycosylated amino acids are not. This affinity chromatography system should facilitate the rapid evaluation of nonenzymatic glycosylation in a large number of diabetic tissues. Levels of retained compounds in urine from diabetic and normal patients were determined by measuring ninhydrin-positive material. Amino acid analysis of NaB3H4-reduced hydrolysates of these peaks showed that glycosylated lysine was the major borohydride-reducible adduct present (67%--86%). Linear regression analysis showed that the quantity of excreted compounds in normals correlated with body weight (r = 0.63). The mean level (mumol leucine-equivalent/24 h/kg body weight) in diabetics was over 1.5 times that found in urine from normal subjects (P < 0.005).

Carbon Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1976

Analysis of ribonuclease-nucleotide interactions by quantitative affinity chromatography.

Quantitative affinity chromatography on uridine-5'-(Sepharose-4-aminophenylphosphoryl)-2'(3')-phosphate was developed for the study of binding of ribonuclease species to nucleotide ligands. Elution of the native species ribonuclease-A and -S on the afffinity matrix in 0.4 M ammonium acetate, pH 5.2, containing various amounts of the soluble competing ligand 2'-cytidine monophosphate, reveals an inverse response of elution volume to concentration of soluble ligand. This response conforms to behavior expected for the competing binding equilibria enzyme-soluble ligand and enzyme-insoluble ligand. A-NALYSIS OF ELUTION DATA ALLOWS CALCULATION OF KI and KIM, the dissociation constants, respectively, for the soluble and insoluble protein-ligand complexes. The values of these chromatographically derived constants are similar to values of dissocation constants determined in solution by kinetics of inhibition by 2'-cytidine monophosphate and uridine-5'-(j-aminophenylphosphoryl)-2'(3')-phosphate. Successful competitive elution experiments with [p-F-Phe8]semisynthetic ribonuclease-S' and individual elution trials for [4-F-His12]semisynthetic ribonuclease-S' indicate the utility of the quantitative affinity chromatographic technique for determination of ligand binding properties of ribonuclease derivatives, including inactive species. Nonbiospecific aspects of the interaction of ribonuclease with the affinity matrix in ammonium acetate buffers of concentrations 0.1 M and below were noted, delinating limits of conditions allowing the biospecificity needed for ligand-binding analyses by competitive elution. The dependence of ribonuclease competitive elution behavior on the amount of protein eluted also was examined and related to theoretical considerations in the quantitative application of affinity chromatography.

Binding Sites↗