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PubMed1999

Production and composition of prothrombin complex concentrates: correlation between composition and therapeutic efficiency.

Four-factor PCCs are most frequently used for replacement of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and inhibitors proteins C and S in patients bleeding after phenprocoumon or warfarin overdose, in vitamin K-deficient patients presenting life-threatening bleeding, and liver disease. Since many of these patients are prone to thromboembolic complications including DIC, all conceivable measures should be taken against the thrombogenic potential of PCC preparations. This thrombogenic potential of PCCs is obviously dependent on several factors including activated clotting factors, lack of inhibitors of blood coagulation, and coagulation factor overload, as well as predisposing factors referred to recipients and drug interactions. The composition of PCC should meet the following criteria: Antithrombin in addition to heparin for the neutralization of FIXa and FXa should be present in the preparations; no overloading with FII and FX; substantially lower FVII than FIX potencies in order to minimize contamination with or generation of FVIIa; and substantial protein C as well as protein S activities. Quality control should include determinations as recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia. Specific assays for quantification of FIXa and FXa are urgently required, and validity of these assays must be proven in surveys. All lots should also be tested for their FVIIa content. Furthermore, the safety of PCCs must be proven by suitable animal models. Whenever possible, patients receiving PCCs should be under low-dose heparin prophylaxis; simultaneous administration of heparin-neutralizing drugs or antifibrinolytic agents must be avoided.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗
PubMed2000

Coagulation tests in differential diagnosis.

Bleeding disorders pose a special problem for the practising physician haematologist or laboratory coagulation specialist. Great concern is placed on specimen integrity, either during handling or in storage. Heparin contamination, activated specimens and factor VIII lability are common issues.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Amyloidosis and bleeding: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy.

Amyloid diseases can be associated with potentially life-threatening hemorrhage. Pathogenetic factors contributing to the abnormal bleeding tendency in this setting are heterogeneous and depend on the type of amyloidosis and pattern of organ involvement. In patients with light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, acquired hemostatic abnormalities, including coagulation factor deficiencies, hyperfibrinolysis, and platelet dysfunction, can be regarded as the most important pathogenetic factors. In patients with other types of amyloidosis, acquired hemostatic defects are rare, and amyloid deposition has also been reported to be the main cause of abnormal bleeding manifestations. Amyloid angiopathy with increased fragility of blood vessels and impaired vasoconstriction may promote bleeding in this setting. Rupture of solid organs caused by amyloid deposition also was reported. Whereas therapeutic options in bleeding caused by local amyloid deposition are restricted to supportive measures and, in severe cases, surgery, acquired hemostatic defects may be treated according to the causative mechanism. In this review, we focus on bleeding risks in patients with amyloid diseases. Current concepts with regard to pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment are summarized and discussed.

Amyloid↗
PubMed2000

Recurrent miscarriage syndrome and infertility caused by blood coagulation protein or platelet defects.

Recurrent miscarriage syndrome and infertility are common problems in the United States. Recurrent miscarriage affects more than 500,000 women annually. If properly screened through a cost-effective protocol, the cause will be found in almost all women. The most common singular defect in women with RMS is a hemostasis defect, and if a thorough APLS evaluation is performed, the most common of these is found to be APLS. Other hereditary and acquired procoagulant defects are also commonly found, if looked for. It is important to evaluate women with RMS appropriately, because if a cause for the RMS is found, most women will achieve normal-term delivery. Hemorrhagic defects are rare hemostasis causes of RMS, but these defects also are treatable in many instances and should be considered in appropriate women. Treatment of the common procoagulant defects consists of preconception low-dose ASA at 81 mg/day followed by immediate postconception low-dose unfractionated porcine heparin. LMWH may be a suitable alternative.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1995

Treatment of inherited coagulation disorders.

Inherited coagulation protein deficiencies associated with bleeding diatheses may present with spontaneous bleeding early in life, or may not be recognized until the development of hemorrhage after trauma or surgery. Diagnostic evaluation with coagulation screening tests, followed by confirmation with coagulation factor assays, is essential for appropriate management. For moderate-to-severe hemophilia, treatment includes coagulation factor replacement with purified, plasma-derived coagulation factor, or in the case of hemophilia A, factor VIII concentrate produced with recombinant techniques. Increased use of pharmacologic agents such as desmopressin acetate for patients with mild hemophilia A or type 1 von Willebrand's disease has allowed physicians to treat patients without the risk of infectious complications from plasma-derived factor concentrates. In addition to the management of the inherited bleeding disorders, patients may also require management of human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis, and coagulation factor inhibitors. Issues for the coming years will include continued work to ensure product safety, the role of prophylactic treatment to prevent longterm disabilities, and the application of gene therapy to the management of bleeding disorders.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Compound heterozygosity of novel missense mutations in the gamma-glutamyl-carboxylase gene causes hereditary combined vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency.

Hereditary combined vitamin K-dependent (VKD) coagulation factor deficiency is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder associated with defects in either the gamma-carboxylase, which carboxylates VKD proteins to render them active, or the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), which supplies the reduced vitamin K cofactor required for carboxylation. Such deficiencies are rare, and we report the fourth case resulting from mutations in the carboxylase gene, identified in a Tunisian girl who exhibited impaired function in hemostatic VKD factors that was not restored by vitamin K administration. Sequence analysis of the proposita did not identify any mutations in the VKORC1 gene but, remarkably, revealed 3 heterozygous mutations in the carboxylase gene that caused the substitutions Asp31Asn, Trp157Arg, and Thr591Lys. None of these mutations have previously been reported. Family analysis showed that Asp31Asn and Thr591Lys were coallelic and maternally transmitted while Trp157Arg was transmitted by the father, and a genomic screen of 100 healthy individuals ruled out frequent polymorphisms. Mutational analysis indicated wild-type activity for the Asp31Asn carboxylase. In contrast, the respective Trp157Arg and Thr591Lys activities were 8% and 0% that of wild-type carboxylase, and their compound heterozygosity can therefore account for functional VKD factor deficiency. The implications for carboxylase mechanism are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Bleeding in a patient with lupus anticoagulant without associated hemostatic abnormalities.

Bleeding is very rare in patients with lupus anticoagulants in the absence of associated hemostatic abnormalities. Few cases have been reported with attention given to work-up for other coagulation defects. We report a case of spontaneous hematoma in a patient with lupus anticoagulant, immunoglobulin (Ig)M anticardiolipin antibodies, and no other associated abnormalities.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Autosomal recessive deficiencies of coagulation factors.

Deficiencies of coagulation factors that cause a bleeding disorder, other than factor VIII and factor IX, are inherited as autosomal recessive traits and are generally rare, with prevalence in the general population varying between 1 in 500 000 and 1 in 2 000 000. In the last few years, the number of patients with recessively transmitted coagulation deficiencies has increased in European countries with a high rate of immigration of Islamic populations where consanguineous marriages are frequent. As a consequence of the relative rarity of these deficiencies, the type and severity of bleeding symptoms, the underlying molecular defects and the actual management of bleeding episodes are not as well established as for hemophilia A and B. This article reviews these disorders, in terms of clinical manifestations and characterization of the molecular defects. The general principles of management are also discussed.

Blood Coagulation Disorders, Inherited↗
PubMed2004

The rare coagulation disorders--review with guidelines for management from the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organisation.

The rare coagulation disorders are heritable abnormalities of haemostasis that may present significant difficulties in diagnosis and management. This review summarizes the current literature for disorders of fibrinogen, and deficiencies of prothrombin, factor V, FV + VIII, FVII, FX, the combined vitamin K-dependent factors, FXI and FXIII. Based on both collective clinical experience and the literature, guidelines for management of bleeding complications are suggested with specific advice for surgery, spontaneous bleeding, management of pregnancy and the neonate. We have chosen to include a section on Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome because haematologists may be consulted about bleeding manifestations in such patients.

Afibrinogenemia↗
PubMed2005

[Surgery in patients with bleeding disorders--expensive treatment for a small group of patients].

BACKGROUND: During surgical procedures, patients with bleeding disorders have a major risk of bleeding complications. To reduce the risk of bleeding it is necessary to provide pre-, peri- and postoperative antihaemorrhagic therapy. In less severe bleeding disorders, pharmacologic treatment may be sufficient, but in patients with severe bleeding disorders there is always a need for clotting factor concentrates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study includes all patients with bleeding disorders admitted to Rikshospitalet University Hospital between 1997 and 2003 for surgical procedures during which therapy with clotting factor concentrates was mandatory. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: Over the study period, 135 patients underwent a total of 255 different surgical procedures. In 47% of the patients there was a causal relationship between the need for surgery and the bleeding disorder. Our results show that patients with severe bleeding disorders, including patients with inhibitors, can be treated safely provided that the patients receive adequate treatment with clotting factor concentrates. However, substitution therapy with clotting factor concentrates is very expensive. Cost related to substitution therapy is the main determinant of how many patients with severe bleeding disorders can undergo elective surgery in our hospital each year.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coagulation abnormalities in type 1 Gaucher disease in children.

Gaucher disease is the most prevalent inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of beta-glucocerebrosidase enzyme. Clinically, 3 forms of Gaucher disease are recognized, of which type 1 is the mild to moderately severe, slowly progressive, nonneuropathic form. Bleeding disorders in Gaucher disease are believed to be due to thrombocytopenia but there may be additional factors that influence coagulation and fibrinolysis in Gaucher disease patients. The aim of the present work was to study some coagulation parameters in the Egyptian children with type 1 Gaucher disease. Five newly diagnosed patients and another 5 patients on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) were enrolled in the study. Their coagulation profile, including coagulation factors, was evaluated. The results showed that in newly diagnosed cases factors II and VII were deficient in 40%, factor V was deficient in 20%, and all the cases had low levels of serum fibrinogen. In patients on ERT, factors VII and VIII were deficient in 60%, factor XI was deficient in 40% and factors V, X, and XII were deficient in 20% of cases. In conclusion, Egyptian patients with type 1 Gaucher disease, whether newly diagnosed or receiving enzyme replacement therapy, experience coagulation factor abnormalities regardless the clinical expression of bleeding diathesis. This should be taken into consideration before these patients are subjected to surgery for, e.g., splenectomy, which is common in these patients.

Blood Coagulation Disorders↗
PubMed1996

[Molecular biological approach for congenital abnormality of blood coagulation].

Proteins of blood coagulation are categorized into three major groups, coagulation proteins, regulatory proteins and fibrinolytic proteins, in terms of their physiologic functions. Congenital deficiencies or abnormalities of these proteins elicit bleeding or thrombotic disorders. In general, defects of coagulation proteins are associated with a predisposition to bleeding disorders. By contrast, both defects of regulatory and fibrinolytic proteins are associated with a predisposition to thrombosis. The marked advances in molecular biology in the 1980s has allowed us to detect gene defects in most patients with congenital bleeding or thrombotic disorders. The information has contributed to our understanding of the structure and function relationship of the blood coagulation proteins. We have reported patients with congenital deficiencies or abnormalities of blood coagulation proteins. Herein, we describe the general approach for elucidating gene defects in patients with congenital bleeding or thrombotic disorders and provide a case of a Japanese family with congenital plasminogen deficiency in whom the genetic abnormality was identified.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thrombophilic disorders in children and adolescents with portal vein thrombosis].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of protein C, protein S and antithrombin deficiency, and factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutations in children and adolescents with portal vein thrombosis, as well as assessing the hereditary character of this disorders. METHODS: A two-year study was carried out to determine the frequency of thrombophilic disorders in children and adolescents with portal vein thrombosis (n = 14), their parents (n = 24), and two control groups, one age-matched children and adolescents free of liver disease (n = 28) and another group with cirrhosis (n = 24). The portal vein thrombosis patients were investigated by clinical and laboratory means, esophagogastroduodenal endoscopy and liver biopsies. The presence of portal vein thrombosis was assessed by Doppler ultrasonography and/or angiographic analysis. RESULTS: The frequency of protein C, protein S and antithrombin deficiency was 6/14 (42.9%) (p < 0.05 versus controls), 3/14 (21.4%) (p > 0.05) and 1/14 (7.1%) (p > 0.05) of children and adolescents with portal vein thrombosis, respectively. The frequency of protein C, protein S and antithrombin deficiency in cirrhotic patients was 14/24 (58.3%), 7/24 (29.2%) and 11/24 (45.8%), respectively (p < 0.05 versus controls free of liver disease). None of the portal vein thrombosis parents or controls presented protein C, protein S or antithrombin deficiency. One portal vein thrombosis patient and one control (p = 0.999) presented prothrombin G20210A mutation. The homozygous form of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutation was observed in 3/14 (21.4%) patients with portal vein thrombosis and in 5/28 (17.9%) (p = 0.356) controls. None of the patients or controls presented the factor V Leiden. CONCLUSION: Half of the children and adolescents with portal vein thrombosis presented deficiency of one or more coagulation inhibitor proteins, mainly protein C, but this deficiency does not seem to be an inherited condition. The hereditary prothrombotic disorders do not seem to play a vital role in thrombosis in patients with portal vein thrombosis of this study. In the cirrhotic patients, there was a higher frequency of protein deficiency when the disease was more intense.

Adolescent↗