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PubMed2026

Identifying and Prioritizing Core Components of Relationship Education Programs: a Case Study of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assisted Systematic Review.

The field of prevention science seeks to identify and implement effective strategies to address social, emotional, and health challenges. A critical aspect of this endeavor is determining the core components of prevention programs that drive positive outcomes. This article presents a case study utilizing artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted systematic review methods to identify key components of healthy marriage and relationship education programs. Given the growing body of research in this domain, AI tools offer a promising means to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of literature reviews. This study employed AI to screen, code, and validate research articles, demonstrating its effectiveness in expediting systematic reviews while maintaining high accuracy in inclusion screening. This case study involved a systematic review of 22,028 resources (identified from PsycINFO, Academic Search Ultimate, and Google) and a final data set of 268 relevant studies. AI screening was integral in effectively conducting multiple rounds of screening. However, findings also highlight challenges in AI-assisted qualitative data abstraction, underscoring the continued need for human expertise in complex coding tasks. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on integrating AI into prevention science methodologies and offers insights for optimizing AI applications in systematic reviews.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1998

[Ethic aspects of conducting physiological-hygienic and psychological studies on human subjects as applied to the activities in extreme environments].

The paper deals with ethic concerns of biomedical research involving human subjects aimed at mitigating risks for and raising the effectiveness of humans in extreme environments. Cited are the main principles of the Nuremberg Code, Helsinki Declaration, Convention of the European Council on Bioethics and other international and national documents regulating ethic implementation of research with participation of human subjects. The 6-year experience of the Bioethics Commission convened at SRC RF--IBMP is summarised.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2006

Research governance: ethical issues.

Healthcare research is haunted by a history of unethical studies in which profound harm was caused to vulnerable individuals. Official systems for gaining ethical approval for research, designed to prevent a repetition of these shameful examples, can prove bureaucratic and inflexible in practice. The core ethical principles of respect for autonomy, prevention of harm, promotion of benefit, and justice (which form the basis of professional codes of research conduct) must be applied flexibly to take account of contextual, methodological, personal and practical considerations. Ensuring that the design and conduct of all research is ethically sound is the responsibility of all involved-including researchers, research institutions, ethics review committees and regulatory bodies.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed2000

The ethics of clinical research and the conduct of clinical drug trials: international comparisons and codes of conduct.

Human research must respect most rigorous ethical standards to protect both the investigators and subjects. Codes of ethical practice relevant to such research are subjected to reviews around the world including The European Union (EU), the Canadian Tri-Council Policy Statement (including the Medical Research Council, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council), the Finnish Parliament Research Act (April 1999) and the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans in accordance with the NHMRC Act 1992 (Cth) from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. The Australian Statement was endorsed by the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee, the Australian Research Council, the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Australian Academy of Science and the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and supported by the Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. This reflects the extensive ramifications of human experimentation and the range of stack holders. Private organisations have also produced interpretations of minimum standards of good clinical practice. The paper that follows analyses approaches to human experimentation and the minimal ethical expectations in the conduct of such research.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

Randomised clinical trials: a source of ethical dilemmas.

Advances in medicine are closely linked to clinical research, but certain study procedures may be in conflict with the fundamental principles of ethics and codes of conduct in medicine. Following an analysis of two studies involving treatments for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the admissibility of continuing a study was questioned after the initial results for two types of treatment showed that one was significantly better than the other. Also considered doubtful was the information provided to patients with the object of obtaining their informed consent.

Angioplasty↗
PubMed1996

[Research in psychiatry and legislative restrictions].

Over the last few weeks decades research in psychiatry has undergone a considerable efflorescence. Experimental projects in fields as different as neurobiology or psychopathology, neuro-anatomy or epidemiology, or even cognitive psychology are of course subject to precise conditions which may derive from ethical guidelines as well as different legal systems. These legislative contexts therefore represent a parallel set of restrictions in the path of research activities and may in some cases curb their development. Restrictions of an ethical or deontological type are direct heirs of necessity. They emerged on the eve of the second world war when it became apparent that precisely defined conditions in which research could be conducted in humans were required, and derived for the most part from the recommendations of the Nuremberg Code on the one hand, and the Helsinki declaration on the other. The last version of the Code of Medical Deontology applicable to medical practice in France, and published by decree in September 1995, devoted an article to the question of experimentation. Each country has its own specific legislation which, in France, was explicitly formulated with the publication of the Loi Huriet in December 1988. The European Union is currently attempting to produce a homologous version of the various legislative documents and recommendations should soon be forthcoming which will be applicable to all member countries of the Community. Another area of limitation is less clearly formulated and involves the technical and occasionally methodological framework within research projects take place. Technical demands are highly variable depending on the field of investigation and chiefly revolve around a dogged hunt for statistically significant results (statistical significance sometimes seems to dispense with the need to determine the real meaning of results!); in some cases they too may curb inventiveness. This last type restriction is particularly apparent in drug trials where imperatives of industrial development as viewed by the sponsor may not always coincide with the investigators' desire to mark therapeutic progress. The increasing rigidity of strategies for assessing new substances which has become obvious over the last few years may in the end risk penalizing the discovery of innovative treatments. Promoting a return to clinical practice in the setting of these research projects would indisputably provide some novel solutions. Although many of the restrictions which currently stand in the way of psychiatric research are, so to speak, natural limitations and difficult to debate, excessive formalism in some areas should be spoken out against. Much thought has been given to this subject, a trend which is likely to inject some dynamism into psychiatric research at the dawn of the third millennium just around the corner.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sensitivity of hospitals' E-coded data in identifying causes of children's violence-related injuries.

E codes classify causes of injury as unintentional, intentional, and undetermined. E-coded discharge data from hospitals provide an opportunity to use this source of morbidity data for planning, implementation, and evaluation of injury and violence prevention activities. This study explores the extent to which E-coded data from hospitals identify injuries that result from violent acts. Cases were identified through a multihospital population-based surveillance system of pediatric injuries. Those cases with injury as a result of violence, designated by study criteria, were compared with those with E codes that were classified as intentional. The analysis indicated that 25 percent of injuries to children resulting from violence may not be accounted for through the use of E codes. The majority of the undetected injury cases resulting from violence involved child abuse. Researchers and other persons who design and conduct injury and violence prevention programs should be aware of the undercount and associated issues when using E-coded hospital discharge data for surveillance of injuries resulting from violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Privacy-preserving framework for genomic computations via multi-key homomorphic encryption.

MOTIVATION: The affordability of genome sequencing and the widespread availability of genomic data have opened up new medical possibilities. Nevertheless, they also raise significant concerns regarding privacy due to the sensitive information they encompass. These privacy implications act as barriers to medical research and data availability. Researchers have proposed privacy-preserving techniques to address this, with cryptography-based methods showing the most promise. However, existing cryptography-based designs lack (i) interoperability, (ii) scalability, (iii) a high degree of privacy (i.e. compromise one to have the other), or (iv) multiparty analyses support (as most existing schemes process genomic information of each party individually). Overcoming these limitations is essential to unlocking the full potential of genomic data while ensuring privacy and data utility. Further research and development are needed to advance privacy-preserving techniques in genomics, focusing on achieving interoperability and scalability, preserving data utility, and enabling secure multiparty computation. RESULTS: This study aims to overcome the limitations of current cryptography-based techniques by employing a multi-key homomorphic encryption scheme. By utilizing this scheme, we have developed a comprehensive protocol capable of conducting diverse genomic analyses. Our protocol facilitates interoperability among individual genome processing and enables multiparty tests, analyses of genomic databases, and operations involving multiple databases. Consequently, our approach represents an innovative advancement in secure genomic data processing, offering enhanced protection and privacy measures. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: All associated code and documentation are available at https://github.com/farahpoor/smkhe.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2000

Participation of children in clinical trials: UK, European and international legal perspectives on consent.

The Declaration of Helsinki was, until recently, the leading international code on the conduct of clinical trials on human subjects. The Council of Europe's Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (1997) and the ICH guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (1996) represent a significant step towards increased harmonization of standards in the conduct of medical experiments on human subjects. But in spite of emerging areas of consensus, there remain important areas of unclarity and divergence. Medical practitioners involved in paediatric research in the UK are concerned about the lack of certainty in the law, particularly on the application of consent rules to emergency research. This paper examines UK, European and International norms on the participation of children in medical research and compares the circumstances under which consent rules may be waived under each normative regime.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Nazis, guide of the International Conference of Harmonization and ethics committees].

This article begins with the basic ethical principles in clinical research. The four moral principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice are reviewed. Likewise, a historical review of the participation of German physicians and the medical establishment that carried out the policies of the Third Reich is examined, and delineates several moral failures attributable to these physicians during the dark period of history known as the Holocaust. Medical ethics were completely ignored during that period, and thus, the Nuremberg Code was enacted for regulating human research by means of informed consent. A historical vision of the universal documents for ethics in clinical research has been reviewed from the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 to the ICH Guideline (International Conference of Harmonisation) for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) in 1996. The ICH Guideline is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials that involve participation of human subjects. The guide was developed with consideration of the current GCP of the European Union, Japan, and the U.S. Finally, we establish the composition, functions, and operations of the Ethic Committees that ensure the rights, safety, well-being, and confidentiality statement of subjects who participate in clinical research studies and document that protection by reviewing and approving/rejecting a study protocol, and evaluate research personnel, the research site, and materials and methods used for obtaining and recording informed consent protocol from subjects participating in the study.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2005

The ethics of placebo-controlled trials: the case of asthma.

Some have argued that placebo-controlled trials (PCTs) are unnecessary and unethical in conditions such as asthma for which there is standard therapy. This article, by using asthma clinical trials as an example, examines the ethics of PCTs. There remain several scientifically sound reasons to conduct PCTs: (1) ensuring scientific validity of the trial, (2) evaluating new therapies less effective than the gold standard, (3) minimizing the number of patients exposed to potentially inefficacious or dangerous therapy, (4) studying clinical situations in which withdrawal of therapy might be considered, and (5) determining the true incidence of side effects. Opponents of PCTs err by conflating clinical research with clinical practice and ignoring the fact that all clinical research involves some sacrifice on the part of the subject for the ends of the research and the good of future patients. PCTs do not per se violate major ethical codes. Properly conducted, PCTs remain a valuable and ethical tool in the armamentarium of modern scientific medicine.

Anti-Asthmatic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"The only feasible means." The Pentagon's ambivalent relationship with the Nuremberg Code.

Convinced that armed conflict with the Soviet Union was all but inevitable, that such conflict would involve unconventional atomic, biological, and chemical warfare, and that research with human subjects was essential to respond to the threat, in the early 1950s the U.S. Department of Defense promulgated a policy governing human experimentation based on the Nuremberg Code. Yet the policymaking process focused on the abstract issue of whether human experiments should go forward at all, ignoring the reality of humans subjects research already under way and leaving unanswered ethical questions about how to conduct such research. Documents newly released to the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments tell the story of the Pentagon policy.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2002

Trust and transparency in human encounters in tuberculosis control: lessons learned from Vietnam.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate understanding of mechanisms of the tuberculosis sickness trajectory in Vietnam. In-depth interviews with 24 TB patients and 16 health care providers involved in TB care were concurrently conducted, coded, and analyzed according to the grounded theory method. A need for quality interaction based on transparency and trust among patient, family, society, and provider was observed. Providers lacked an awareness of differences between male and female patients with regard to social situation and support. In particular, female patients needed social support, as they received less support from their families than men did. A need for active intervention to decrease social isolation and increase social support was more pronounced in families with a female TB patient.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2005

Common (mis)perceptions about IRB review of human subjects research.

Every researcher who conducts research involving human subjects for their data has experiences with one or more institutional review boards. Some view their institutional review board experiences as helpful; others view them as painful and obstructive. However, there are many misperceptions about institutional review boards and their operation. Some common misperceptions are presented and discussed in an effort to correct false views held by researchers.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Negotiating trust: a grounded theory study of interpersonal relationships between persons living with HIV/AIDS and their primary health care providers.

This grounded theory study is an exploration of long-term interpersonal relationships between patients and their primary health care providers, including physicians and nurse practitioners, in an urban outpatient HIV/AIDS clinic. Many providers believe that the positive interpersonal relationship enhances the health care experience for the patient, but there is a scarcity of research in this area. Persons who are patients were interviewed (N = 14) to look at these relationships from their points of view and develop theory to guide clinicians in forming such relationships. Theoretical sampling was used to find patients in this clinic population involved in long-term relationships with their providers. Open-ended interviews were conducted. These data were coded using the grounded theory method of constant comparative analysis. A basic process of negotiating trust was identified. Trust in these relationships is a state that is dynamic, volatile, and constantly renegotiated during the trajectory of the relationship through time. The trusting relationship is personally supportive for patients and may be a factor in the satisfaction found among health care providers in this clinical field despite the nature of this epidemic.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Involvement of the immunological system in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies].

OBJECTIVE: We review the current knowledge relative to the role of different immune system components and their contribution the spread of prions throughout the infected organism. DEVELOPMENT: During the last years research made on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies conducted to the assumption that changes in the structure of a determined protein (prion protein, PrP) may become self-propagative. The generally assumed finding of an abnormally folded protein as the causative agent, able to propagate in hosts different from it was originated, is changing our views of transmissible diseases. The concept of infection resulting from pathogen propagation within a susceptible host has been steadily linked to the ability of nucleic acids to replicate their own coded information. In the prionosis, term comprising all known prion disorders, the information seems to be coded within the own protein conformation. This phenomena, once again, challenges the well-established principles of molecular biology. CONCLUSIONS: Propagation of prions uses strategies not previously recognized, and depends upon prion conformation and/or specific host restrictions. Thus, certain sheep and goat prion strains (scrapie) or human (variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) invade the brain after an initial interaction with the immune system of affected individuals. The involvement of the lymphoreticular system or, at least, certain host's immune competence seems to be a prerequisite for neuro-invasion after a natural infection or peripheral inoculation. On the other hand, proper identification of immune cell types involved may open the possibility for post exposure prophylaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Expert witness malfeasance: how should specialty societies respond?

There is little doubt that severe distortions are present in the legal adjudication of professional medical liability. The medical expert witness plays an important, often crucial, role in the medical liability cases. The expert assesses medical information, interprets and explains medical uncertainty, medical research, and customary practice for a nonscientific jury, and offers an expert level opinion as to whether the standard of medical care was met. When expert witnesses not merely disagree, but misrepresent data, misrepresent their background credentials and expertise, and offer egregiously false testimony, the legal process is violated and verdicts may be distorted. Many medical and surgical professional organizations, including the American Medical Association, have adopted programs that provide guidelines for members who serve as medical expert witnesses in professional liability cases. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) was the first to develop a program to deal with irresponsible expert witness testimony. That program involves a published code of conduct, which outlines the expectations of society regarding expert witness testimony, and potential consequences for noncompliance. To date, the AANS program has withstood court challenge, in fact, has received judicial praise. Other medical societies, including the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), have reviewed efforts by others and are considering developing their own programs.

American Medical Association↗