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PubMed2026

Predictors of transition readiness in adolescents with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

PURPOSE: Adolescents with Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (NLUTD) face significant challenges in their quality of life and readiness to transition to adult healthcare services. This study examines the impact of various demographic and clinical factors on transition readiness. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 75 adolescents with NLUTD managed at a specialized tertiary referral pediatric facility. We employed multivariate linear regression analysis to explore the relationship between transition readiness scores collected from the Good2Go questionnaire, including the total transition readiness score and its sub-domains (self-advocacy, knowledge, self-care, and social support), and predictors such as age, sex, reconstructive surgery status, and clean intermittent catheter (CIC) usage. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 16.74 years (SD 2.44). Reconstructive surgery had been performed in 32 % of patients, and 77.3 % were on CIC. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age significantly predicted transition readiness across several domains. Each additional year of age was associated with a 4.40-point increase in the total transition readiness score, a 3.66-point increase in knowledge, a 4.26-point increase in self-advocacy and a 5.41-point increase in self-care. Conversely, CIC significantly negatively impacted the social support domain, with scores decreasing by 9.69 points. Reconstructive surgery was significantly associated with lower self-care scores, with an average decrease of 12.12 points among those who had undergone surgery. CONCLUSION: Age significantly improves transition readiness in adolescents with NLUTD, reflecting cognitive and developmental growth. However, the negative effects of CIC on social support and reconstructive surgery on self-care underscore the need for personalized interventions to optimize health outcomes during the transition to adult care.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Prototype formation from imaged, kinesthetically, and visually presented geometric figures.

The issue of prototype formation from simple geometric figures presented in various modes was studied in four conditions. Base figures and their exemplars were scaled in terms of their physical similarity, which was considered to reflect cognitive similarity. Geometric exemplars were visually presented, imaged by the subject, and kinesthetically presented. Following initial presentation, a recognition task was given in which some old items, some new items, and the prototype (also a new item) were presented in the same modality as originally perceived. The results indicate that prototype formation spans a wide class of human experiences and that internal representations of geometric figures derived from experiences with one modality tend to be second-order isomorphic with similar experiences derived from another modality.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1992

Causal coherence in the oral narratives of Spanish-speaking children.

Forty-six Spanish-speaking children distributed among three age groups (4:0-4:11, 6:0-6:11, and 8:0-8:11 years) were shown a short silent film and asked to tell the investigator what happened in the movie. All narratives were audiotaped and transcribed for analysis. The stories of older children contained more narrative actions and included more mental state/goal causes than those of younger children. With increasing age, children's narratives showed a decrease in the use of two-clause causal sequences, an increase in the use of three-clause causal sequences, and a decrease in the proportion of unrelated statements. The variability in the types of causal links manifested in the stories suggests that absence of certain types of interclausal connections should not be interpreted as reflecting cognitive or comprehension deficits.

Causality↗
PubMed1992

Intensity of midlife crisis on responses to the Death Concern Scale.

The relationships that exist between the intensity of midlife crisis and individual items on Dickstein's (1972) Death Concern Scale were explored. The question of whether the intensity of a crisis could be used to predict responses to items on the scale was also investigated. A group of 235 person, 30-60 years of age, completed the scale. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients indicated relationships for 7 of the 30 items on the scale. Using forced-entry regression, with intensity of crisis as the independent variable and the items on the scale as dependent variables, I found 8 scale items with reportable beta scores of .10 or above. The relationships and predictors reflected cognitive and emotional aspects of death.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Discourse production and normal aging: performance on oral picture description tasks.

Changes in language as a function of the normal aging process were studied. Eighty adults between the ages of 20 and 78 described three pictures. Quantifiable measures reflecting speech production, elaboration, and complexity; speech dysfluency; conciseness; and information imparted were abstracted from each description. No relationships between age and these measures were found, except for an increase in the use of prepositional phrases and indefinite words and longer pauses among older persons. Indefinite wording reflects word-finding or naming difficulty, and longer pauses may reflect cognitive slowing. No age-related differences in amount of information imparted were found in either time-limited or time-unlimited speech samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Eye movements of monkeys during learning-set formation.

Eye movements of stump-tailed monkeys were measured during learning of a long series of two-choice pattern discrimination problems. The amount of scanning per trial (shifts in visual fixation from one pattern to the other) and the duration of individual fixations on the patterns increased during the course of learning-set formation and (except for the amount of scanning by some animals) remained high during the prolonged training following learning-set formation. Some of the changes in eye movements were different from those seen during the learning of single discrimination problems, a difference that possibly reflects cognitive processes specific to the learning-set task.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Auditory event-related potentials in Parkinson's disease].

The results of event-related potential (ERP) components were studied in 25 cases of Parkinson's disease. This study included 33 normal volunteers (14 females and 19 males). With no prior history of neurologic or psychiatric illness. They were all over 50 years of age in "Auditory oddball" event-related potential paradigm. All of the Patients (20 males and 5 females) were 45-80 year's old. The latencies of the patients on N2P3aP3b wave which reflected cognitive process (activity) were significantly prolonged (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.02). The amplitude of P3a, P3b wave were decreased (P less than 0.001). This cognitive function were markedly different from normal. It's valuable in the diagnosis and follow up of Parkinson's disease. The origin of waves of ERP components and clinical application were also discussed in this paper.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Effects of neocortical lesions on the P300 component of the auditory evoked response.

P300 event-related potentials were recorded in 10 subjects with neocortical lesions, and 10 control subjects, using a basic oddball paradigm. In separate tests, subjects discriminated rare and frequent tones that differed with respect to frequency, or discriminated the tones in a noise background. Subjects were required to count the number of rare stimuli that occurred during test runs. Recordings were obtained from vertex (Cz) sites referenced to linked earlobe electrodes. Control subjects exhibited P300s on all test runs. Decreasing stimulus differences relative to frequency, or adding background noise, produced significant increases in P300 latency plus decreases in amplitude. In contrast, two of the 10 lesion subjects failed to demonstrate P300 responses, although both subjects accurately counted the rare stimuli. With the remaining lesion subjects, absent or significantly delayed P300 responses occurred in 53 percent of the test runs, while accurate counts of the rare stimuli were maintained in all test runs. Absent or delayed P300s in the lesion group was not correlated with location or extent of the lesions. These results indicate that, while the P300 is susceptible to neocortical damage, it reflects cognitive processing other than simply discriminating differences between rare and frequent stimuli.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Influence of reflection-impulsivity and cognitive style on time estimation under different ambient conditions.

120 college students estimated seven different durations of a light by the method of reproduction. Each duration reproduction was performed while either counting fast auditory clicks, slow clicks, or with no clicks. The subjects had previously been assessed for cognitive style with the Group Embedded Figures test and for reflection-impulsively with the impulsivity scale from the Personality Research Form. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the rapid-tempo ambient conditions had a greater effect on estimation of duration than did either the slow tempo or control condition. There were significant differences in time estimation between reflectives and impulsives for estimations of 10, 30, and 50 sec. No interactions were observed for reflection-impulsivity by ambient conditions. Although cognitive style did not interact with ambient conditions as was predicted, it did interact with sex for three durations, 10, 20, and 30 sec. It was concluded that impulsive students tend to underestimate the brief times more than do reflective students but are not affected differently by the ambient circumstances in which the estimation is made. Cognitive style, apparently, does not have a profound influence on estimation of brief durations. However, sex and cognitive style in interaction do affect these estimations, this requires further research.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between primitive reflexes, extra-pyramidal signs, reflective apraxia and severity of cognitive impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Controversy exists in the literature about the significance of primitive reflexes (PR) and extrapyramidal signs (EP) as diffuse cortical dysfunction signs and their relationship to age and cognitive impairment. A sample of 91 patients with a dementia of the Alzheimer type were examined with a standardized technique to assess the relationship between the finding of PR, EP and severity of cognitive impairment measured by Mini-Mental Status Examination. The value of a short cognitive test, the reflective apraxia (i.e. imitation of meaningless gestures), were also assessed. A significantly lower MMS score was correlated with the number of present PR and with presence of snout, sucking and grasping reflexes. No correlation was found between presence or absence of PR and age, depression, or drug therapy. EP score was correlated with the number of present PR and MMS, but not with age. Reflective apraxia score was significantly correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment and was found with lower cognitive impairment than PR.

Aged↗
PubMed2025

Pupil dynamics in macaque recognition memory tasks: investigating physiological mechanisms.

Cognitive deficits are common in primates, particularly in memory and emotional processes. Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), widely used in cognitive and behavioral research, are central to memory studies. The relationship between recognition memory performance and pupillary dynamics in rhesus monkeys remains underexplored. This study investigated pupil dynamics during recognition memory tasks and their physiological correlates in five sexually mature male rhesus monkeys. We measured pupil diameter and oscillatory features during tasks and analyzed the relationship between behavioral performance and physiological indicators. We found that the average correct response rate exceeded the random success level, and reaction times were significantly shorter during successful recognition than failures, highlighting their cognitive efficiency. During recognition of familiar scenes, average pupil diameter increased, while maximum change in pupil size decreased, indicating reduced cognitive load. Both the frequency and amplitude of pupillary oscillation were lower during successful trials, reflecting decreased cognitive conflict and effective processing. This change reflects a decrease in cognitive conflict and suggests that information processing was more effective. The absolute value of the pupil peak slope decreased during successful recognition, indicating more stable cognitive state. These results support that pupillary dynamics can serve as physiological markers of cognitive effort in rhesus monkeys. Future studies should investigate how stimulus characteristics influence recognition and incorporate measures, such as intracranial EEG and fMRI, to enhance our understanding of their neural mechanisms. This research supports the rhesus monkey model in cognitive neuroscience and contributes to understanding primate cognition and its physiological foundations, with implications for clinical and translational research.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

P300 latency reflects the degree of cognitive decline in dementing illness.

An auditory discrimination paradigm was employed to elicit the P3 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) from 39 demented patients (mean age = 71 years). Component latency was longer in patients who were diagnosed as having primary degenerative dementia and other cognitive impairment disorders compared to age-matched controls. Neurologist ratings of cognitive impairment were significantly correlated with P3 latency values, although no differences in mean latency were obtained between the various categories of dementia. ERP measurement techniques and the interpretation of P3 latency as in index of dementing illness are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Individual differences in schizotypy as reflected in measures of cognitive inhibition.

Three experiments are reported using the 'negative priming' paradigm to investigate cognitive differences in normal schizotypal subjects. Lists of Stroop colour words were presented at different display times in a number of priming and non-priming conditions, in one of which the ignored colour name predicted the colour of the next target item. The increased RT latencies to the target normally found in this condition were reduced, or even reversed, in high schizotypal subjects selected on the basis of a new schizotypy scale (STA). This effect was confined to a very short presentation time (100 ms), suggesting that schizotypy is associated with weakened inhibition operating in the early (automatic) stages of information processing. The familiar Stroop (interference) effect was related overall to negative priming, but was not responsible for the schizotypy differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Passive long-latency event-related potentials in mental retardation.

Long-latency auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were passively recorded in ten mental retardates and ten age-matched normal controls. Patients were mildly to moderately retarded and had epilepsy controlled with monotherapy, ERPs were recorded from CA-A1+A2, with 1000 and 3000 Hz tones in an "oddball" paradigm. Latency and amplitude of N1, N2, P2, and P3 components were compared in controls and retardates. All ten patients had reproducible AEPs, but these were attenuated in amplitude in four, although amplitudes did not differ significantly from controls. P3 was prolonged in latency in four patients, but patients and controls did not differ significantly. AEP latency and amplitude was not correlated with degree of retardation. These findings suggest that "cognitive" evoked potentials an be recorded passively in persons with impaired cognition, but are not correlated with intellectual ability and may not reflect specific cognitive functions.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Impact of N-PEP-12 Supplementation on Attentional Performance and Mental Wellbeing in Healthy Adults with Subjective Cognitive Complaints: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) are common in middle-aged and older adults and may reflect early cognitive changes, alongside alterations in stress, mood, sleep, and quality of life. N-PEP-12 is a peptide-based nutritional supplement with potential neuroprotective effects, but evidence of its benefits in healthy adults with SCCs remains limited. Objective: To evaluate the effects of N-PEP-12 supplementation on attention, cognitive function, and mental wellbeing in healthy middle-aged and older adults with SCCs. Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 276 participants aged 50-75 years with SCCs and no clinically significant cognitive impairment were randomized to placebo, N-PEP-12 45 mg, or N-PEP-12 90 mg. Assessments were performed at baseline and after 30, 90, and 180 days. Primary outcomes included Test of Attentional Performance measures. Secondary outcomes included WAIS-IV Digit Span Forward and Backward, perceived stress, mood, sleep quality, and EQ-5D-5L visual analog scale. Results: Across the three primary attention outcomes analyzed jointly in a multivariate repeated-measures model, there was a significant group-by-visit interaction (p = 0.003) and a significant effect of visit (p < 0.001), without a significant main effect of treatment arm (p = 0.133), indicating a time-dependent treatment effect. This result was obtained in a sensitivity analysis population in which missing values were imputed under assumptions least favorable to the active arms. In exploratory endpoint-specific comparisons at 90 days, both N-PEP-12 groups showed greater improvements than placebo in alertness, attention omissions and memory omissions, and Digit Span Forward and Backward scores also improved. In a subsequent uncontrolled extension phase, in which all participants received active treatment, participants initially assigned to placebo showed comparable improvements after switching to N-PEP-12 90 mg. These observations are exploratory. Adverse events were infrequent and similarly distributed across groups. Conclusions: N-PEP-12 supplementation was associated with improvements in attention, working memory, and mental wellbeing in healthy middle-aged and older adults with subjective cognitive complaints. These findings support further investigation of N-PEP-12 as a nutritional intervention for early subjective cognitive changes associated with aging.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

The cognitive style dimension of reflectivity-impulsivity in normal and emotionally disturbed adolescents.

Thirty-two emotionally disturbed and 23 normal adolescents were given two test of cognitive style developed by Kagan (Matching Familiar Figures and the Haptic-Visual Tests). The results were analyzed to evaluate two major hypotheses: (a) that emotionally disturbed adolescents perform differently on the tests than normal adolescents; and (b) that members of both groups reveal a high degree of stability among various subtest scores, both within the same test and across different tests. In testing the first hypothesis, the authors discovered minimal differences in mean scores for the different samples on each of the five subtests involved. However, a more complex analysis was carried out on the basis of the assumption that extreme scores on the various items were a more meaningful indicator of performance than simple means. This analysis yielded the conclusion that these emotionally disturbed adolescents were more impulsive (i.e., answered more quickly and made more errors) than their counterparts in public schools. An analysis of the intercorrelations between different tests and within tests in testing the second hypothesis revealed 19 out of 40 significant correlations, with an additional 14 out of the remaining 21 in the predicted direction. Finally, nine out of the 10 correlations combining the subgroups were statistically significant.

Adolescent↗