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Results for “Cognitive-behavioral interventions”

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PubMed2026

Applications and outcomes of virtual reality in inpatient psychiatry: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) has been widely used in outpatient psychiatric services and has demonstrated benefits across several clinical diagnoses, but its use and effects in inpatient settings remain to be explored. This systematic review aimed to examine the use of VR during psychiatric hospitalization, including types of VR applications, barriers and facilitators of implementation, and effects on various outcomes. METHODS: The review was registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42023446524). Following PRISMA guidelines, databases (Ovid, SciVerse, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and WorldCat) were searched from 1983 to 2025 using keywords related to VR and psychiatric disorders. Studies involving the use of VR with psychiatric inpatients (≥85%) were included. Descriptive statistics and narrative syntheses were used to summarize findings. Study quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: After full-text screening, 37 studies (N = 1,004) met inclusion criteria. VR was used for both assessment and intervention, with cognitive-behavioral therapy/exposure (35%) and assessment (24%) being the most frequently used. VR use in inpatient units appeared feasible, acceptable, and safe for inpatients and clinicians, though findings remain preliminary. Several facilitators (e.g. adequate staff training and supervision) and common barriers (e.g. technical difficulties and limited resources) were identified. The most consistent improvements were observed in clinical symptoms (e.g. anxiety) compared with psychosocial, cognitive, and physiological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that inpatient settings represent a promising, yet understudied context for VR-based assessments and interventions. High-quality trials and systematic reporting of implementation are needed in future studies to inform research and clinical practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Hypnotherapy in the treatment of the chronic nocturnal use of a dental splint prescribed for bruxism.

A behavioral medicine case is described in which the patient was treated with a combined approach involving both hypnoanalytic and hypnobehavioral techniques. A 55-year-old man with bruxism was referred after 10 years of craniomandibular treatment because of his dependency on a dental splint prescribed for nocturnal use. A projective hypnoanalytic exploration helped to uncover and consequently resolve an earlier conflict that had been reactivated in the patient's work situation and which had become a constant source of mental and muscular tension. The hypnoanalytic exploration was followed by a cognitive-behavioral hypnotic intervention that was tape-recorded and prescribed for bedtime practice. Pre- and posttherapy psychological, physiological, and self-report measurements corroborated the patient's sense of well being that came with his newly found ability to sleep without the dental splint. The importance of considering multiple etiological factors in the treatment of such psychosomatic disorders as bruxism is discussed.

Bruxism↗
PubMed1992

Chronic fatigue syndromes in clinical practice.

Chronic fatigue is a common and difficult challenge in clinical practice. The majority of patients with this chief complaint have treatable mood or anxiety disorders, complicated by a tendency toward somatization. A minority of patients suffer from sleep disorders, endocrinologic abnormalities, or chronic inflammatory conditions. Prolonged recovery after viral infections is only rarely the cause of chronic fatigue. Specific pharmacologic interventions and cognitive-behavioral therapy are effective in an environment that is sensitive to the patient's interpretation of symptoms and avoids unproven medical investigations and therapies.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Efficacy of a self-directed behavioral health change program: weight, body composition, cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure, health risk, and psychosocial mediating variables.

This study assessed the efficacy of a comprehensive behavioral health program designed to promote self-initiated change in overweight healthy middle-aged adults (M = 49 years). Three treatment groups (total n = 25) differing in type of social support provided (i.e., group plus professional versus group plus peer versus group only) received 13 treatment sessions and 6 maintenance sessions scheduled over a full year. A self-directed change intervention taught several cognitive-behavioral techniques as they applied to exercise adherence, weight reduction/maintenance, and stress management. Combined treatment groups (n = 25) improved significantly more than an assessment only control group (n = 9) in weight, percentage body fat, cardiovascular fitness, exercise adherence, health-risk appraisal, chronic tension (MBHI, scale A), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at both post-treatment and 6-month follow-up assessments. Self-motivation, group treatment attendance, and health-risk appraisal significantly related (r's = .30-.56) to several posttreatment and follow-up measures of behavioral health change. No significant differences were found among the three treatment groups on any of the outcome measures.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive nursing interventions with long-term care residents: effects on neurocognitive dimensions.

We recently reported that cognitive nursing interventions--such as cognitive-behavioral group therapy and focused visual imagery group therapy--administered over time may produce significant and lasting improvements in overall cognitive status in nursing home residents with slight to moderate cognitive impairment, when compared with subjects participating in educational discussion groups. To further elucidate the cognitive gains made by subjects, we reanalyzed the data focusing on the 15 neurocognitive parameters tested by means of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination. Main effects of intervention were noted on neurocognitive operations involving abstraction and conceptual thinking, concentration and linguistic manipulation, and execution of auditorily presented language skills. Main effects for time were observed on short and medium term recall, fluency of category retrieval, abstraction and conceptual thinking, concentration and linguistic manipulation, and execution of visually presented commands. Intervention and time were found to produce interaction effects on subjects' ability to visually and linguistically identify objects and their praxic ability to recognize and redraw simple but intersecting geometric figures. From a functional brain perspective, these effects involved brain functions at higher cortical and subcortical/limbic levels, and lower and more basic cortical functions were not affected. These findings underscore the role of psychogeriatric nursing in maintaining or restoring cognitive function in nursing home residents with mild to moderate cognitive impairment, not only for the sake of cognition itself but also for the (corollary) sake of promoting functional independence and self-care in a high-risk population.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Preventing unwanted adolescent pregnancy: a cognitive-behavioral approach.

Teenage pregnancy is a growing social problem in the United States. Past interventive failures and current research suggest new directions for primary prevention. A comprehensive prevention program is outlined, and training techniques based on a cognitive-behavioral approach are proposed to help adolescents acquire skills necessary to avoid unwanted pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Space to grieve and grow: A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for people newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review synthesized evidence from intervention studies published over the past 25 years that aimed to improve coping and psychosocial well-being among individuals early in the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease course. The goal was to evaluate intervention characteristics, theoretical foundations, and psychosocial outcomes, and to identify gaps for future research. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (2000-2025). Eligible studies included quantitative or mixed-methods interventions that addressed coping or psychosocial well-being among adults newly diagnosed with MS. Data extraction and quality assessment were completed independently by multiple reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. RESULTS: Seven studies (n = 345) met inclusion criteria, representing cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, acceptance-based, and nurse- or peer-delivered interventions. The interval between diagnosis and intervention enrollment ranged from 14 days to >4 years, suggesting different phases of adjustment. All interventions produced significant short-term improvements in at least one psychosocial domain (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress, coping, or illness acceptance). However, sustained effects beyond 6-12 months were inconsistent. Common mechanisms across interventions included enhancing self-efficacy, stress management, and adaptive coping. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that brief psychosocial interventions for adults in the early years after MS diagnosis are feasible and may provide short-term benefits for selected psychosocial outcomes. However, the evidence base remains limited, heterogeneous, and preliminary. Future studies should more clearly define diagnosis timing, use adequately powered designs and longer follow-up, and examine mechanisms of change.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

The effect of a cognitive behavioral intervention on oral hygiene.

Several medical areas that require patient compliance have successfully used psychological interventions emphasizing cognitive behavioral components. However, there are no published reports on the effect of cognitive behavioral interventions on oral hygiene in adults using an experimental design. For this study, 100 male veterans age 21-65 years were randomly assigned to 4 groups (cognitive behavioral, education, attention control, and control); to compare the effectiveness of these interventions on oral hygiene, a 5-week pre-test-post-test design was utilized. The dependent variables were self-report of brushing and flossing behavior and dental plaque levels utilizing the plaque index. After the interventions, there was only one significant difference between the control and the experimental groups for brushing frequency. There were no significant differences among the experimental groups for this intervention. The self-report of flossing frequency significantly increased in all 3 treatment groups, but there were no significant differences between these groups. In addition, plaque levels decreased significantly in all 3 experimental groups. Plaque levels in the cognitive behavioral group were significantly lower than those of the educational group. It was not possible to determine whether the greater plaque reduction in the cognitive-behavioral group could be attributed to the nature of the intervention or to the extra time spent with patients in the cognitive behavioral group.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Intervention Without Borders - an Automated Self-Guided AI-Enhanced Psychoeducation Intervention for Dementia Caregivers: Parallel-Group Randomized Waitlist-Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a fully automated, self-guided intervention (PDC30) could improve caregiver well-being over a 1-month waitlist control in an international sample. DESIGN: Randomized waitlist-controlled trial. SETTING: Web-based platform accessible globally. PARTICIPANTS: 441 individuals responded to study promotion on the internet, of whom 274 from 43 countries met the study criteria and were randomized. Eligible participants were adults providing ≥10 care hours weekly to community-dwelling relatives with dementia, scoring ≥5 on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and without recent caregiver intervention. INTERVENTION: Available 24/7, PDC30 is a self-guided, automated intervention consisting of a Guidebook, an AI-powered counseling chatbot, and interactive applications for cognitive-behavioral techniques, relaxation, and caregiver-recipient bonding. MEASUREMENTS: At baseline and follow-ups at 1, 2, and 3 months, depression was assessed by PHQ-9. Secondary outcomes were measured with validated brief versions of anxiety, burden, and positive gains. RESULTS: Intent-to-treat analysis using mixed-effects regression showed treatment x time2 effects on all outcomes except anxiety. At 1-month follow-up, coinciding with exclusive access to PDC30, intervention caregivers showed significant improvements in depression (d = -0.37), burden (d = -0.34), and positive gains (d = 0.42). The differences mostly disappeared after control participants received the intervention, while improvements in both groups were sustained thereafter. Participants reported using the website several times weekly, were generally satisfied with it, and found the chatbot most helpful. CONCLUSIONS: The effects on depression and other outcomes were consistent with those observed for in-person programs, suggesting the viability of well-designed automated intervention. The study demonstrates the feasibility, acceptability, and potential global health impact of PDC30.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Patients' acceptance of psychological and pharmacological therapies for insomnia.

This study evaluated the acceptance of psychological and pharmacological therapies among chronic insomniacs and noncomplaining good sleepers. After reading a brief written description of two treatment methods commonly used for persistent insomnia (i.e. cognitive-behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy), the subjects rated in a counter-balanced order several dimensions of these two treatment modalities. The results showed that the psychological intervention was rated as more acceptable and more suitable than the pharmacological one among both insomniacs and their noncomplaining significant others. Behavior therapy was also expected to be more effective on a long-term basis and to produce fewer side effects as well as more benefits on daytime functioning. The clinical implications and relevance of treatment acceptance in the management of insomnia are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The Bulimic Automatic Thoughts Test: initial reliability and validity data.

The Bulimic Automatic Thoughts Test (BATT) was designed to address some of the limitations found in previous measures of the cognitions of bulimic patients. In this study, bulimic, depressed, obese, and normal subjects were differentiated on the BATT, which suggests that it is a useful measure for detecting cognitions specific to bulimic patients. Scores on the BATT improved after a trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the bulimic subjects. The BATT may be useful in predicting which bulimic women will continue to have distorted thinking after treatment and will require additional intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Group rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

The theory of rational-emotive therapy (RET) and of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is briefly explained and is applied to group therapy. It is shown how RET and CBT therapy groups deal with transference, countertransference, levels of group intervention, process versus content orientation, identifying underlying group process themes, here-and-now activation, working with difficult group members, activity levels of therapist and group members, and other group problems. Although they particularly concentrate on people's tendencies to construct and create their own "emotional" difficulties, RET and CBT group procedures fully acknowledge the interactions of human thoughts, feelings, and actions and active-directively employ a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral group therapy techniques.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cognitive-behavioral model and instruments of evaluation. Organization of a rehabilitation center].

The Authors describe the one year experience they had at A.MI.G a rehabilitation centre in Florence. Problems of organization and evaluation are considered. Methods of evaluation have been used to divide the patients in three groups which have been treated differently. Rehabilitating interventions based on verification and therapeutic continuity are shown. Problems which have arisen and considerations on the hypothetic future interventions are considered.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of group interventions on cognition and depression in nursing home residents.

The effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy, focused visual imagery group therapy, and education-discussion groups on cognition, depression, hopelessness, and dissatisfaction with life were studied among depressed nursing home residents. Seventy-six depressed subjects with mild to moderate cognitive decline participated in nurse-led 24-week protocols. Data were collected 4 weeks before the interventions, 8 and 20 weeks after treatment initiation, and 4 weeks after treatment termination. There were no significant changes in depression, hopelessness, or life satisfaction scores for any of the three conditions. Participants in the cognitive-behavioral and focused visual imagery groups showed a significant improvement beginning 8 weeks after treatment initiation on cognitive scores. These findings are encouraging indications that cognitive-behavioral and focused visual imagery group therapies may reduce cognitive impairment in depressed nursing home residents with mild to moderate cognitive decline.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Chest pain and breathlessness: relationship to psychiatric illness.

Chest pain and breathlessness are common somatic symptoms of emotional disorder in ambulatory care. Chronic chest pain has a prevalence of 12% and is associated with high utilization of health care. Of patients with chest pain and breathlessness who are referred to a cardiac clinic but subsequently shown not to have heart disease, the majority continue to report symptoms. Those patients with the worst outcome, in terms of continuing limitation of activity and use of medical resources, are those with chest pain but normal coronary arteries. A number of studies that fail to support a unitary theory of causation of noncardiac chest pain are described. A multifactorial, interactive model is proposed, with contributions from physical factors, such as palpitations and intercostal muscle pain; psychologic factors, which include enhanced awareness of and selective attention to bodily sensation; and environmental factors, such as previous exposure to cardiorespiratory disease in first-degree relatives or significant others. Although there have been few controlled intervention studies in patients with unexplained cardiorespiratory symptoms, there is evidence for the efficacy of both drug treatments and psychologic treatment. The results of intervention studies in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries are eagerly awaited. Atypical chest pain and breathlessness are common causes of office consultations and/or functional disability. The diagnoses should be established on the basis of positive evidence of psychiatric illness rather than by exclusion. The etiology is multifactorial, and management is aimed at treating the underlying psychosocial problems and/or psychiatric illness. Cognitive-behavioral treatments are probably as effective as drug treatments in the short-term, and the care of these patients would be improved by a more detailed explanation of noncardiac causes and a greater opportunity for patients to discuss their fears.

Chest Pain↗
PubMed2026

Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy With Integrated Mindfulness on Mindful Attention, Depressive Symptoms, and Dyadic Adjustment in Low-Income Couples: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

Psychosocial distress can exacerbate marital conflict, maladjustment, and mental health vulnerability. This pilot randomized clinical trial examined cognitive-behavioral couple therapy (CBCT) integrated with mindfulness in low-income Brazilian couples (per-capita household income up to one minimum wage). Thirty-four participants (17 heterosexual couples) were randomized (independent computer-generated sequence) to an experimental (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;16) or waitlist control group (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;18). We assessed dyadic adjustment, mindful attention, marital social skills, and depressive symptoms (R-DAS, MAAS, IHSC, BDI-II) at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. The intervention was eight 80-min conjoint sessions plus daily home exercises. Time&#x2009;&#xd7;&#x2009;group effects favored the experimental group for dyadic adjustment, mindful attention, and depressive symptoms (all p&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001,&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.20-0.37), but not marital social skills (p&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.14). Because two outcomes differed at baseline, effects were confirmed with baseline- and dependence-adjusted sensitivity analyses. These findings provide preliminary evidence that CBCT with mindfulness may benefit disadvantaged couples.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Whither cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia?

Clinical studies of cognitive therapy and rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia have generated promising findings of improvements in patients' cognitive and clinical status. However, the results do not appear to be specific to a particular form of intervention, and long-term evaluations of cognitive therapy, as an element in a comprehensive system of care, need to be conducted for clinical validation. Rehabilitation efforts should be congruent with laboratory findings of specific cognitive deficits, including those that are "vulnerability indicators" and endure beyond symptomatic episodes. With the demonstration that chronic schizophrenic patients can learn a variety of cognitive and behavioral skills through Integrated Psychological Therapy and other psychosocial treatments, the future appears bright for a profusion of new modalities aimed at cognitive-behavioral rehabilitation, especially those that emerge from what is known about information-processing deficits in schizophrenia.

Brain Injuries↗