Collodion baby: ichthyosiform erythroderma.
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Child, Preschool↗
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[Hypoglycemia in the collodion baby].
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Blood Glucose↗
A technique for the freeze-fracture of tissue culture.
Cultures of rat cerebellum grown on glass coverslips coated first with collodion and then collagen are fixed in glutaraldehyde to which ruthenium red has been added. After fixation, the collodion comes off the glass coverslips and the 3 layers: collodion-collagen-culture are handled as one piece. Following immersion in glycerol, selected areas are cut from the piece; the excised areas are a little smaller than those of the specimen carriers used in a Balzers apparatus. The ruthenium red, which stains all cells and processes, is a good indicator of specimen thickness. The explant which consists of several cell layers is redder than the peripheral monolayer of outgrowth. The square areas cut from either the explant or the outgrowth can be matched in thickness according to their shade of red. In frozen specimens, the red colour distinguishes the culture layer from the collodion-collagen support under it and from the white frost on top. During fracturing, the appearance of pink flakes on the edge of the knife indicates that the culture layer has been cleaved. The growth of cells on collodion-collagen and the fracture of the cultures with a knife, eliminate the restrictions inherent in the use of frozen 'metallic sandwiches'.
Animals↗
Attenuation of canine nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis with an extracorporeal immunoadsorbent.
A novel immunoadsorbent is described in which soluble canine glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigen was immobilized in collodion membranes adherent to small charcoal particles. As much as 80% of the added GBM antigen was retained in the collodion-charcoal. The binding of GBM antibody to immobilized GBM antigen in vitro and in vivo was demonstrated. For in vivo studies, an extracorporeal circulation system was established, and mongrel dogs were then injected intravenously with GBM collodion-charcoal for 4 h. Renal tissue was examined by fluorescence and light microscopy for the deposition of heterologous gamma globulin and glomerular inflammation before and after the extracorporeal procedure. Results showed less deposition of heterologous IgG and less inflammation in experimental dog kidneys than in control kidneys. There was no evidence of release of 131I-labeled GBM from the immunoadsorbent at the conclusion of perfusion experiments and no significant biochemical or hematologic alterations. Finally, extracorporeal immunoadsorbent treatment was capable of attenuating the early heterologous phase of passive canine nephrotoxic nephritis and may have a potential role in the therapy of anti-GBM-mediated nephropathy.
Animals↗
Thermoosmosis through charged membranes.
Thermoosmosis through oxidized collodion and collodion-sulfonated polystyrene interpolyrene interpolymer membranes has been observed in KCl solutions of various concentrations. The effective temperature difference acting for thermoosmosis was determined by measuring the thermal membrane potential appearing on both sides of membrane. It was found that the velocity of thermoosmosis is proportional to the effective temperature difference and the proprtionality constant (themoosmotic coefficient) is a function of electrolyte concentration. The dependence of the thermoosmotic coefficient of charged membranes on the electrolyte concentration is found to have a characteristic feature.
Collodion↗
Adsorption of DNA molecules to different support films.
Protein-free adsorption of the DNA of the Escherichia coli bacteriophage T7 to carbon, collodion, aluminium-beryllium and aluminium films was studied. It was found that the appearance of DNA strands depended greatly upon the kind of support film used. Direct adsorption of DNA to aluminium-beryllium or aluminium films yielded specimens with 'thin and long' and 'thick and short' regions along the strand. Well extended, uncoiled and unaggregated DNA molecules were obtained only when DNA was adsorbed to carbon, collodion or mica in the presence of intercalating dyes such as ethidium bromide. Adsorption properties of the different films are well correlated with their surface charge. Aluminium-beryllium films carry a strong positive surface charge, aluminium films a weak positive charge and carbon films a weak negative charge. It is suggested that for the preparation of specimens by spontaneous adsorption of well extended and unaggregated strands it is necessary that the DNA molecule is stiffened by a ligand such as an intercalating dye, and that the charge on the surface of the support film is opposite to the charge of the macromolecule.
Adsorption↗
[In vitro evaluation of adsorbents used in haemoperfusion (author's transl)].
The properties of six adsorbents for Haemoperfusion were investigated in vitro: Amberlite XAD-2; Amberlite XAD-4; Haemocol; collodion coated charcoal; albumine-collodion encapsulated charcoal and activated carbon fibers. Carbromal and diazepam are most quickly removed from aqueous solutions by Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4. Of the charcoal containing materials, Haemocol eliminates most rapidly carbromal and diazepam; while activated carbon fibers remove phenobarbital faster. When heparinized blood is perfused, a remarkable reduction in platelet count is observed. The drop is most pronounced with Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-4, but even when using charcoal preparations the platelet depletion can reach 10% of the original number over 5 hours. Haemolysis is most pronounced with Amberlite XAD-2, XAD-4 and Haemocol. As the efficiency of the adsorbents towards the various drugs differ and as their adverse effects also vary, the decision for a particular material will have to be made according to the individual case.
Adsorption↗
Measurement of membrane potential and estimation of effective fixed-charge density in membranes.
Electrical potentials Em arising across cross-linked phenolsulfonate membrane separating NaCl solutions of molality M1 and M2 have been measured at 25 degrees C. These values of Em have been used in the Nernst equation to calculate values for the apparent transport number ti(app) for the counterion or the co-ion in the membrane. Values of ti(app) together with the limiting value for the cation transport number in the aqueous phase have been used in the equation developed by Kobatake and co-workers to evaluate the membrane permselectivity Ps as a function of external electrolyte concentration. With the help of the equation relating Ps to phiX, the effective fixed-charge density in the membrane (where phi is a constant, 0 less than phi less than 1, and X is the membrane stochiometric charge density and can be evaluated by chemical analysis of the membrane phase), values for phiX and phi have been determined. Values of phi were low in dilute solutions and increased with increase in the concentration of the external solution. Similar behavior was noted in the case of another membrane system, cross-linked polymethacrylic acid in contact with KOH solutions. On the other hand, the membrane system, "untreated" collodion in contact with KCl solutions, exhibited a behavior in which the values of phi, low in dilute solutions, increased and then decreased following a gradual increase in the external concentration. This slight divergence in its behavior was attributed to the heterogeneity of the collodion membrane structure. The reliability of this potentiometric method to estimate effective fixed-charge density in membranes has been discussed in relation to a similar but old method due to Teorell, Meyer and Sievers. Also the significance of the values derived for phi has been pointed out.
Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
[In vitro method for estimation of enteral absorption of clanobutin and other drugs].
Two models have been developed for the determination of in vitro absorption of 4-[4-chloro-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzamidol]-butyric acid (clanobutin) and other agents. Permeability coefficients PM are obtained on artificial phospholipid collodion membranes which permit calculation of absorption coefficients k1 for anticipated human enteral absorption with consideration of physiological parameters. At a pH of 7--8 (small intestine) in particular, k1 shows good agreement with in vitro absorption determined in swine intestine and absorption constant ka derived from pharmacological studies in man. The kinetic absorption model simulates gastro-intestinal transport of the substance as well as local changes in pH. It allows calculation of anticipated human gastric (pH 3) and intestinal (pH 7.5) absorption rates with k1 for different gastric filling volumes. The calculated invasion curves are held against invasion curves calculated from pharmacokinetic studies in man. The comparison shows that all invasion curves calculated according to the kinetic absorption model for gastric filling volumes of 125--1000 ml are within the 95% confidence range; very good agreement exists above all with filling volumes of 125--250 ml. The prognostic value of permeation studies on artificial phospholipid collodion membranes and of the use of the kinetic absorption model in drug design is demonstrated by corresponding studies with chenodesoxycholic acid, indometacin, and clofibrinic acid.
Absorption↗
Membrane permeability for inorganic phosphate ion.
The need for a more efficient removal of inorganic phosphate ions from the blood of uremic patients has led to the quest for blood-compatible semipermeable membranes with a high permeability for phosphate ions. Commercial hemodialysis membranes, various hydrogel-type membranes and a number of collodionbased charged membranes were compared. Positively charged collodion membranes were found most promising for future application in hemodialysis or hemoperfusion systems.
Acrylamides↗
The replica technique used to study superficial corneal epithelium in vivo.
We used 2.15 to 2.3% collodion in amyl acetate to form a replica of the corneal surface epithelium in vivo in seven rabbit eyes and ten human eyes. When it was peeled off the replica removed superficial epithelial cells in patches. The corneal epithelium regenerated within one week. Repeated applications at weekly intervals for three months produced no harmful long-term effects in five rabbit corneas as evaluated with slit-lamp biomicroscopy, histological methods, and vital staining of the endothelium. In ten human eyes, the technique was harmless and chemically cauterized the dendritic herpetic ulcers. We studied the replicas and cells by conventional histological methods and electron microscopy. The preservation of cells was fairly good even for ultrastructural study.
Animals↗
Artificial liver: the effect of ACAC microencapsulated charcoal hemoperfusion on fulminant hepatic failure.
Control trials and statistical analysis were carried out to assess the effects of albumin-collodion microencapsulated activated charcoal (ACAC) hemoperfusion on fulminant hepatic coma. A rat model of galactosamine induced fulminant hepatic coma was used. Rats which did not recover died at 3.0+/-0.6 days after galactosamine injection. Those which survived this period recovered. Forty-eight hours after galactosamine injection, a test group of 21 rats were treated with 1 hour hemoperfusion and compared with an untreated group of 23 rats. 71.4% of the treated group survived as compared to 30.4% of the untreated rats. Statistical analysis (t test) shows a significant increase in recovery for the treated group (less than 0.01). Biochemical and histological results will be discussed.
Albumins↗
In situ production of a synthetic barrier dressing for burn wounds in rats.
We describe the in situ production of a burn wound dressing applied to eschar that completely isolates burned tissue from contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anesthetized, adult rats were subjected to a scald burn over 10% of their body surfaces. One-half hour later a test dressing presumed to be a barrier to bacterial contamination of the wound was applied to the burned surface. Tannic acid, vaseline, ethyl linoleate, collodion, and polyhydroxethylmethacrylate (PHEMA) were evaluated. Each agent was applied directly to the burned surface. A solid film of the PHEMA was produced on the eschar by addition of solvent and a powdered form of the polymer. The surface of each synthetic dressing was contaminated 30 min after application by the addition of 10(8) P. aeruginosa. Also, a control set of rats was burned and their eschars were directly contaminated without application of the test dressing. Seven days later the contaminated muscle under the burned area in 10 control rats had P. aeruginosa counts of 10(7) to 10(8) per g of muscle (wet weight). Of the materials tested, only PHEMA consistently acted as an effective barrier dressing, reducing bacteria in the muscle to undetectable levels in 11 of 14 tests. It was also possible to treat contaminated eschar through this synthetic dressing by topical application of antibiotics to the barrier surface. The results suggest a novel clinical approach in which a barrier dressing could be used to isolate a burn eschar from environmental and subject contamination until the wound site is ready for grafting.
Acrylic Resins↗
[Synthesis and physico-chemical properties of the antihypertensive agent urapidil (author's transl)].
6-(3-[4-(o-Methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-propylamino)-1,3-dimethyluracil (Urapidil, Ebrantil) is a new antihypertensive agent whose synthesis and physico-chemical properties are described. The size of the permeation constant KD of the passive transport through collodion-lecithin membranes and the value of the partition coefficient P in the neutral area indicate a good absorption and uniform distribution of the substance in the organism.
Antihypertensive Agents↗
Herpes simplex: treatment today.
Past and current therapies for recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections are reviewed. At present, no topical or systemic therapy has been proved safe and effective in scientific double-blind studies. Recent treatment with flexible collodion is discussed.
BCG Vaccine↗
[Hemoperfusion by means of encapsuled charcoal for the treatment of exogenous and endogenous intoxications].
The method developed by Chang for using in collodion and albumin encapsuled charcoal as artificial cells for hemoperfusion has been studied in vitro. The capacity for the absorption of more or less dialysable exogenous substances (barbiturate, Diazepam, Parathion) and an endogenous toxic metabolite (p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid) has been examined. With the absorption unit one can eliminate 80 to 90 per cent of the initial concentration of barbiturate, Diazepam and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid in about 90 min, of Parathion about 50 per cent in the same time, whereas bromide and ammonia are not absorbed. Attempts to avoid regional heparinisation by the incorporation of heparin into the capsule of charcoal granules were not successful. Assuming correct preparation of the hemoperfusion system, observance of steril precoutions and regional heparinisation, the use of the "detoxication shunt" is a promising means in the treatment of severe exogenous and endogenous intoxications which are not accessible by conventional therapeutic means.
Adsorption↗
Extracorporeal immunoadsorption: initial experience in human systemic lupus erythematosus.
Extracorporeal immunoadsorption and filtration was used in treatment of a 29-year-old woman with severe lupus nephritis. For the previous 35 days single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) antibody and immune-complex levels had been continuously raised with only partial improvement on prednisone therapy. Levels of immune complexes and ssDNA antibodies were substantially reduced by extracorporeal plasma filtration and adsorption of DNA collodion charcoal. There were no major clinical complications. After perfusion, the reduction of ssDNA binding and immune complexes in serum was sustained, serum C'3 became normal, and serum creatinine and proteinuria improved. 28 days after perfusion, subendothelial glomerular deposits were much reduced compared with those in a pre-perfusion biopsy specimen. Selective immunoadsorption is a promising new approach to persistent lupus nephritis refractory to drug therapy alone.
Adult↗