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Color vision in Stargardt's disease.

The color vision of nine patients aged from 13 to 52 years with Stargardt's disease was studied with the following tests: Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2 (SSP2), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FM100), Nagel (red-green) anomaloscope and Besançon (blue) anomalometer. At the beginning of the disease, a very slight defect in red-green color vision could be demonstrated. Later, a distinct acquired red (pseudo-protanomalous) defect in the Nagel anomaloscope and an abnormal error score in the FM100 test were observed. In advanced stages, the red defect became stronger (scotopization) and the FM100 test showed a red-green axis. In the course of the disease, a blue defect with the SPP2 plates and with the Besançon anomalometer could also be found. The visual acuities of the patients had a significant correlation with the matching ranges of the Rayleigh equation and the Moreland equation. The duration of the disease did not show any correlation with the color vision tests.

Adolescent

[The 40-hue test].

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Adolescent

A new way to use the Ishihara test.

The Ishihara plates are widely used as a test for colour vision. Originally designed for the purpose of detecting congenital red-green colour blindness, the test also has some value in demonstrating acquired colour vision defects. There are, however, several disadvantages in the present arrangement of the plates. A modification of the test, involving the rearrangement of the order of the plates, is presented which, together with a new recording chart, simplifies both the administration and the interpretation of the test.

Color Perception

City tests and information theory.

The responses of 455 male subjects on both editions of the City University Colour Vision Tests (City 1 and City 2) were recorded after the establishment of each subject's criterial status using the Nagel anomaloscope. Based on the Information Theory, each plate was assigned a contributory weighted score to the total test score. Using informational analysis, a cut-off point in test score separating normals and defectives was also determined for each test. This scoring system is an improvement on the existing (or manufacturer's) system. The analysis has also shown that the second edition (City 2) is a considerable improvement on the first (City 1). Despite this, even the improved City 2, like its origin, the D-15, is shown to be poorer than most of the commonly used PIC tests.

Adolescent

Screening of diabetics who read incorrectly colour-dependent glucose test-strips.

Forty-eight diabetic patients (82 eyes) were examined with four different colour vision tests and one blood glucose strip-test. The ages of the patients varied from 23 to 65 years (mean 44.3 years +/- 11.4, SD), the duration of diabetes from 13 to 41 years (mean 25.8 +/- 6.2), and the visual acuities from 0.2 to 1.0 (mean 0.8 +/- 0.2). Of the eyes, 77 had had photocoagulation, 25 had small peripheral lens opacities, and 55 had slight background retinopathy. The colour vision tests were: the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2 (SPP2), the Lanthony Tritan Album, the Farnsworth Panel D 15 test and the box III of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue (FM 100) test. The blood glucose test was Haemo-Glukotest 1-44. Of the 82 eyes, 38 incorrectly saw Haemo-Glukotest strips. The SPP2 test found 89% of the eyes, the Tritan Album 55%, the Panel D 15 71%, and the box III of the FM 100 test 76%. The strips were correctly interpreted in 44 of the eyes. However, 36% of them failed the SPP2, 16% the Tritan Album, 11% the Panel D 15 test and 18% the box III of the FM 100 test. The Panel D 15 test and the box III of the FM 100 test would be useful in screening those diabetics who cannot correctly interpret the colour-dependent glucose test-strips and would need a blood sugar meter for their blood glucose level testing.

Adult

Effects of viewing conditions on standard measures of acquired and congenital color defects.

We examined the effect of variations in viewing distance and viewing duration on the performance of color-normal observers with four standard tests of color vision. Significant effects of the experimental manipulations were obtained: both increasing viewing distance and decreasing viewing duration significantly increased the number of errors made by observers. Moreover, the four tests differed widely in their sensitivity to the variations in viewing conditions. Practical implications of the findings for the administration and selection of plate tests are discussed, and possible mechanisms underlying the results are suggested.

Color Perception