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PubMed1981

Multidimensional scaling analysis of communicative disorders by race and sex in a mid-south public school system.

During the past decade, there was renewed interest in determining the prevalence of communicative disorders. Reasons for this interest were to better understand personnel resources and utilization and cultural differences and dynamics. The purpose of this study was to obtain demographic data on the prevalence of communicative disorder is the Nashville public schools. From administrative sources, 2.88% of the population manifested primary handicaps in the broad categories of speech, language, and hearing. Of the overall percentage, the several disorders accounted for 86.3%, 9.0% and 4.7% of the handicaps. Prevalence figures for race were proportional to their incidence in the population; differences noted were qualitative rather than quantitative. The data further indicated that sex was independent of handicaps, but the incidence of disorders for males was much greater than females and was statistically significant

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Biochemical and cytogenetic techniques for the study of communication disorders.

At least 30 to 40% of all childhood communication disorders are thought to be genetic in etiology. These range from well-defined entities such as the Treacher Collins and Waardenburg syndromes to such a poorly delineated problem as reading disability. Genetics, in the past, has proved to be a powerful tool in predicting families at risk for having a child with a serious disorder. New techniques in biochemical and cytogenetics are now making feasible the early detection of individuals at high risk for developing certain disorders with the implied potential for prevention or amelioration of the resultant disability through early intervention.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed1982

DSH abstract: coverage of the world communicative disorders literature.

The percentage of journal articles covered by dsh Abstracts and the time it took these articles to appear as abstracts in this secondary publication were analyzed. Articles were obtained from nineteen communicative disorders journals every other year for the years from 1968 to 1976. Then the author index of dsh Abstracts was searched each year for up to five years following journal publication to determine whether each article was included in this abstracting service's coverage of the world literature. Of the 5548 articles included in the study, 3270 (59%) were covered by this abstracting service within a mean time of 9 months; however, time lag and coverage varied considerably for individual journals on a year by year basis. It was concluded that for historical searches and current awareness needs this secondary publication may not be meeting the information needs of communicative disorders specialists.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1981

Path analysis: a strategy for investigating multivariate causal relationships in communication disorders.

This tutorial paper explains, illustrates, and discusses path analysis, a powerful strategy for examining the plausibility and degree of causal relationships which are postulated to exist among a set of variables. In addition to its strength as a method of theory testing, path analysis is highly compatible with the kind of retrospective research which is so often used to study speech and language pathologies. One of its major advantages is that it allows explicit recognition of multiple, interacting causes of communication disorders and allows the researcher to evaluate the logical consequences of assumptions made about the specific nature of those causal relationships. A summary of the meaning of causal relationships is followed by a presentation of the principles underlying path analysis, as well as an outline of its basic procedures. Also presented is an illustrative example of the application of path analysis to the evaluation of some competing causal theories of a communication disorder. Finally, the general advantages of path analysis and its applicability to the investigation of causal relationships in speech and language pathologies are summarized and discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Screening child psychiatric inpatients for communication disorders: a pilot study.

This study was part of a project concerned with speech and language disorders among child psychiatric inpatients. Twenty-two consecutively admitted children were screened and 10 were positive. Of these, nine were diagnosed with a speech or language delay, prevalence = 40.9 (9 of 22). A chart review of the preceding 2-year period showed that 27 of 128 admissions had been referred to the speech clinic and that 25 had positive findings, for a prevalence of 19.5% (25 of 128). The difference in the observed prevalence in these two studies was significant (chi 2 = 4.89, rho = .03). Standard clinical practice may miss some children with communication disorders (estimated sensitivity = 39%), while the new screening method shows promise (estimated sensitivity = 82%).

Child↗
PubMed1984

Factors influencing service utilization by older individuals. Perceptions of communication disorders professionals and older respondents.

This project investigated the extent to which communication disorders professionals feel their services are being utilized by older persons and possible factors they believe may influence inadequate service utilization. Older respondents were also queried with respect to the same service utilization concerns as they pertained to health services in general. Survey data are reported for the two groups in terms of both perceived levels of and factors restricting service utilization. In addition, subgroup response patterns within both professional and older sampling groups are identified, and the lack of congruence between perceptions of professional and older respondents is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

The limits of science in communication disorders.

Science is a powerful tool when it addresses the kinds of questions it was designed to answer, but there are also important questions in communication disorders that fall outside the limits of science. Three such areas are discussed: Questions concerning social and personal values, questions that call for logical rather than scientific endeavors, and questions that should not be posed because we already know the answers and would not be influenced by contrary findings.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communication disorders following closed head injury: new approaches to assessment and rehabilitation.

In this paper communication disorders following closed head injury are described and various forms of language assessment techniques are reviewed. The usefulness of conventional, pragmatic and cognitive approaches is considered. A new cognitive-pragmatic approach is then advocated which is an amalgam of the last two approaches. From the examples given it is argued that such an approach is practical in terms of: 1) incorporating knowledge of co-existing cognitive deficits; and 2) focusing on normal everyday communication practices. It is also suggested that the use of a cognitive-pragmatic framework has potential in refining remediation and management strategies with the closed-head-injured population.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1982

The relationship of communication disorders to syndrome identification.

Though birth defects and malformation syndromes often result in serious communication disorders, there has been relatively little input towards the study and delineation of congenital anomalies from speech and hearing sciences. By identifying a particular congenital malformation syndrome, the clinician is able to understand the possible symptoms which may be found in the syndrome, the progression and course of the syndrome, and its eventual prognosis. Understanding the full spectrum of possible symptoms may lead the clinician to search for anomalies which may not be readily apparent on first examination. Knowing a syndrome's progression and course, the clinician can devise realistic treatment plans in terms of both content and timing. Finally, the ability to provide a prognosis allows the clinician to counsel parents and professionals about the expected effects of treatments as well as the course of development. A partial catalogue of speech and hearing disorders associated with over 100 syndromes is included.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1985

Expressive communication disorders in persons with multiple sclerosis: a survey.

The purpose of this study was to survey individuals with multiple sclerosis to determine (1) the presence and severity of their expressive communication disorders, (2) the extent expressive communication problems interfere with employment, and (3) the frequency of using communication augmentation equipment. An eight-page questionnaire was distributed to 656 persons diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis, who returned completed questionnaires. Twenty-three percent of the total sample reported the presence of "speech or other communication problems." Four percent of the total sample indicated that strangers were unable to understand them. Of this group 28.8% reported that they used communication augmentation equipment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Communicative disorders and voluntary regulation of activity in children with schizophrenia].

Experimental psychological investigation of the peculiarities of voluntary regulation of activity was performed in 106 schizophrenic children and adolescents compared to a group of age-matched (7 to 16 years) healthy persons. Voluntary regulation of activity was studied in its relation to the communicative disorders characteristic of schizophrenic patients. The investigation was designed with due consideration of the subjects interaction and communication with the partner-experimenter. Different degrees of communication in mutual activity involved a variety of disorders in voluntary regulation of activity which had different strength and importance for the child's development.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BOEL screening: a program for the early detection of communicative disorders. Preliminary reports from a study on 1,000 Finnish infants.

Programs for infant screening of communicative disorders should cover the need for information about the development of attention functions--auditory, visual and tactile at an age when the child is on the doorstep of speech acquisition, i.e. before 1 year of age. BOEL is a new screening test, constructed to cheek the capacity of giving priority to signals for hearing, sight and motor attention in infants around 8 months of age. The child's innate program to follow an interesting signal, grasp it and investigate it with his mouth, turn his head after it, and smile responsively is tested with the help of two visual stimuli and four sound sources, ranging between 4 000 and 12 500 Hz. BOEL is meant to be used within the routine health check-ups of, for example, well-baby clinics.

Child Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communication disorders: investigator training and support needs.

There are very few "simple problems" left in the area of communication disorders, but that does not mean that there are unsolvable problems. However, in pursuit of these, present day research often requires extensive technical procedures which require teams of investigators trained in different areas. Among these should be the otolaryngologist, but, in this country, there are few involved and there is a paucity of disease-oriented research. In the 1950s and 1960s the NIH training grant provided funds for bringing doctor of philosophy researchers into clinical departments to set up laboratories and work intimately with the medical doctor. Basic research training is still essential during residency and the number of postresidency fellowships ought to be increased. The familiarity with clinical problems introduced into the research effort should improve the possibility for the conduction of disease-oriented research in addition to the present day emphasis on basic research.

Animals↗