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PubMed2026

Diagnostic Value and Limitations of Dermoscopy in Humans and Animals: A Critical Comparative Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is a noninvasive imaging technique that is well-established in human dermatology, where it enhances the diagnosis of neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and alopecic skin disorders. In veterinary dermatology, its use is expanding yet remains heterogeneous and largely descriptive, despite growing evidence of conserved dermoscopic patterns across species. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To review the applications of dermoscopy in veterinary dermatology, and to provide a comparative analysis of dermoscopic features observed in dogs, cats, and horses in relation to corresponding findings in human dermatology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature reporting dermoscopic findings in veterinary dermatology was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched for studies published up to 30 July 2025. Eligible studies included original articles describing dermoscopic features in dogs, cats, or horses. Extracted data included species, dermatological condition, dermoscopic findings, device type and histopathological correlation, when available. Levels of evidence were assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. RESULTS: Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were descriptive case reports or case series. Dermoscopy was applied to a wide range of conditions, including alopecias, parasitic infestations, dermatophytosis, neoplastic and sebaceous lesions, inflammatory dermatoses, and congenital vascular anomalies. Recurrent dermoscopic features showed strong similarities to those described in human dermatology, although species-specific anatomical differences influenced interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Dermoscopy represents a valuable adjunct diagnostic tool in veterinary dermatology, with clear translational relevance. Standardisation of terminology and further prospective studies are required to support its broader clinical integration.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Cloning and molecular characterization of the secY genes from Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus carnosus: comparative analysis of nine members of the SecY family.

SecY is a central component of the export machinery that mediates the translocation of secretory proteins across the plasma membrane of Escherichia coli. We have cloned and sequenced the secY genes from Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus carnosus. The deduced amino acid sequences are highly homologous to those of other known SecY polypeptides, all having the potential to form 10 transmembrane segments. Comparative analysis of 9 SecY polypeptides, derived from different bacteria, revealed that 14 amino acid positions (2.7%) are identical in all SecY proteins and 89 (16.9%) show conservative changes. Clusters of conserved amino acid residues were found in 4 of the 10 transmembrane segments and 2 of the 6 cytoplasmic domains. It is suggested that the conserved regions might be involved in the translocation activity of SecY or might be required for the correct interaction of SecY with other components of the secretion apparatus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Optimal nonsurgical treatment of hemorrhoids: a comparative analysis of infrared coagulation, rubber band ligation, and injection sclerotherapy.

Despite an abundance of nonsurgical hemorrhoid therapies, none has been consistently more efficacious. By combining data from multiple clinical trials in a meta-analysis, the present study compared the efficacy and complications of infrared coagulation, injection sclerotherapy, and rubber band ligation to determine the optimal nonoperative hemorrhoid treatment. All published clinical trials comparing the three methods were identified by computer search and review of appropriate English language journals. Five trials studying 863 patients satisfied all inclusion criteria. Results demonstrated that similar numbers of patients were asymptomatic 12 months after treatment, regardless of initial therapy. However, significantly fewer patients undergoing rubber band ligation required additional treatment because symptoms had recurred. Although rubber band ligation demonstrated greater long-term efficacy, it was associated with a significantly higher incidence of posttreatment pain. In contrast, infrared coagulation was associated with both fewer and less severe complications. Thus, when all factors are considered, infrared coagulation may in fact be the optimal nonoperative hemorrhoid treatment.

Hemorrhoids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Limiting intrusion-social control of outsiders in a healing community: an illustration of qualitative comparative analysis.

The analytic shceme of "limiting intrusion" was generated in this study, using research strategies that involved direct contact with subjects under natural living conditions. Data were collected in an experimental treatment community for diagnosed schizophrenics, where conventional psychiatric control structures are muted and denied. Approximately 200 hours of field observation, in-depth interviews with staff members, and documents related to the setting formed the data base. Qualitative comparative analysis is presented in detail to emphasize its relevance to theory building in nursing science.

California↗

PubMed1992

Ontogenetic and comparative analysis of LDH isozymes in the three species of Indian major carp.

Expression patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme were investigated in embryonic and post embryonic stages of Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla using starch gel electrophoresis. Species specific and differential enzyme locus (gene) expression patterns were found in LDH up to 18th hr of study. The isozyme up to 36th hr after fertilization seemed to be completely active and showed electrophoretic patterns very similar to those of the adults. Comparative analysis of the isozyme of the three species permitted species identification even during the embryonic stages when it is impossible to identify on morphological characters only. Also, the genetic studies indicated different taxonomical and evolutionary histories of the species.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

The Hidden Diversity of Benyviridae and their Polymyxa Vectors: A Comparative Analysis.

The Benyviridae family encompasses multipartite soil-borne phytoviruses characterized by rod-shaped virions and positive single-stranded RNA genomes. The family is mostly known for its type species, the beet necrotic yellow vein virus, the causal agent of rhizomania on sugar beet. However, the recent description of candidate Benyviridae species and "beny-like" sequences suggests a far greater diversity than previously recognized. Also, their increasing relevance in agriculture has drawn attention to this family of viruses. In this review, we provide a comparative analysis of Benyviridae viruses, including newly identified emerging relatives. We highlight recent advances in understanding their diversity, pathogenicity, and interaction with plant hosts and their plasmodiophorid vectors, Polymyxa spp., that remain poorly characterized. Finally, we identify critical knowledge gaps and exciting opportunities-particularly in vector biology, host interactions, and the ecological dynamics of viral spread-that will shape the research ahead.

Plant Viruses↗

PubMed1992

Treatment of BCL-1 murine B-cell leukemia with recombinant cytokines. Comparative analysis of the anti-leukemic potential of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and their combination.

Murine BCL-1 B-cell leukemia provides a model of disseminated human B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). This model was used to evaluate and compare the anti-leukemic efficacy of recombinant cytokines rIL-1 beta, rIL-2, rIL-6, rTNF alpha, rG-CSF, rGM-CSF and their combinations. Of these 6 cytokines tested, rG-CSF, rIL-1 beta, rIL-2, and rTNF alpha exerted a marked anti-leukemia/lymphoma activity, as reflected by significantly improved survival of treated mice after inoculation of BCL-1 cells. Notably, no additive or synergistic effects were observed when 2-4 cytokines were used in combination. To our knowledge, this report represents the first comparative analysis of recombinant cytokine treatment regimens in an animal model of disseminated B-lineage ALL/NHL.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

De Novo Assembly and Comparative Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Mesenchytraeus (Annelida, Enchytraeidae).

The Changbai Mountain range is one of the key glacial refugia in Northeast Asia. Mesenchytraeus exhibits high species diversity, strong endemism, and widespread cryptic species in this region, for which mitogenomes provide useful molecular markers for exploring cryptic species complexes. This makes Mesenchytraeus an ideal model for studying mitogenome evolution among closely related lineages; however, no mitogenome data have been reported for this genus to date. In this study, we performed de novo assembly, annotation, and comparative analysis of the mitogenomes of 13 Mesenchytraeus species (14 individuals) from Changbai Mountain. All mitogenomes are typical circular molecules containing 37 genes, but putative control regions are rearranged and consistently located between ATP6 and trnR. All species exhibit annelid-specific strand nucleotide biases, characterized by negative GC skew and near-zero AT skew. Codon usage analysis reveals that codon families with wobble U are significantly biased toward mtDNA codons, whereas those with wobble C or G are biased toward non-mtDNA codons, suggesting a conserved mitochondrial codon usage pattern in annelids. All tRNAs form typical cloverleaf secondary structures except trnS2, which lacks the D-stem and the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm in some species. The putative control regions commonly contain complex palindromic repeats, hairpins, and repetitive elements, and may harbor dual replication origins. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Mesenchytraeus and reveal significant molecular divergence among morphologically cryptic species. This study provides the first mitogenome dataset for Mesenchytraeus and offers new insights into the evolution and replication mechanisms of mitogenomes in Clitellata and broader Annelida.

Mesenchytraeus↗

PubMed2026

A comparative analysis of the clinical and genomic characteristics of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Korea and Japan.

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a leukocyte-lytic toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which is primarily associated with skin and soft tissue infections. Notably, there has been an increase in the number of cases caused by the USA300 lineage in Japan. However, the reported prevalence of USA300 is limited in other Asian countries, including Korea. This study investigated the prevalence of PVL-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Korea and Japan and compared their molecular epidemiological characteristics. A total of 463 MRSA strains were analyzed, comprising 283 strains from patients visiting two hospitals in Seongnam and Seoul, Korea, and 180 strains from six hospitals in Tokyo, Japan, between 2018 and 2019. The PVL-encoding genes lukS/F-PV were detected using PCR. Molecular epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses were performed using next-generation sequencing. Overall, 27 (9.5%) PVL-positive MRSA strains were detected among strains isolated from Korea, and 16 (8.9%) were detected among those isolated from Japan. Genotyping of PVL-positive strains revealed that 85.2% of Korean and 81.3% of Japanese strains belonged to USA300. Most USA300 strains from Japan and Korea formed distinct clusters in phylogenetic analyses. Meanwhile, ΨUSA300 and ST22-PT, clones that are prevalent in Japan, were isolated in Korea. This study showed that USA300 strains, which are becoming more prevalent in Japan, are also present in Korea. Furthermore, this study suggests that ΨUSA300 and ST22-PT may be spreading between these two countries. Therefore, it is necessary to continue monitoring the epidemiological trends of PVL-positive MRSA clones both domestically and internationally.IMPORTANCEPanton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a major toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Although a rapid increase in PVL-positive strains has been reported in Japan, data on PVL-positive strains in Korea remain limited. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of PVL-positive S. aureus isolates from Korea and Japan. The results showed that the clinical backgrounds and genetic profiles of PVL-positive strains isolated in Korea and Japan were highly similar. Furthermore, we confirmed for the first time that clones circulating in Japan, including ΨUSA300 and ST22-PT, were also isolated in Korea. These findings provide valuable insights into the epidemiological status of PVL-positive S. aureus in East Asia.

Leukocidins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative analysis of the criteria for surveillance and monitoring in anesthesia, resuscitation and pain therapy. Recommendation of the Sociedad Española de Anestesia y Reanimación].

INTRODUCTION: One part of morbidity and mortality associated with anesthesia is due to accidents. It is thought that an additional monitoring can prevent and avoid most of anesthetic accidents. OBJECTIVES: In order to improve patient's safety and quality of anesthesia, Harvard University hospital approved in 1985 the rules for intraoperative monitoring. These were adopted by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) in 1986. In line with this procedure, professional associations of several countries pronounced their own rules. SEDAR did it in 1989. The purpose of this study was to compare spanish rules with those of America (Harvard and ASA), Australia, England and France. RESULTS: Comparative analysis revealed that the spanish norms are more extensive since they include not only the intraoperative anesthetic activities, but also those related to recovery, pain, and obstetric anesthesia. However, it has some deficiencies such as the lack of a periodical revision, and of an adaptative period and assistance to the anesthesiologist provided by auxiliary personnel. Successful points were the recognition that pulse oximetry is essential, the preoperative verification of all material, and, more importantly, is the only one that considers essential capnography in the assessment of ventilation and pulse oximetry during regional anesthesia and postoperative phase. CONCLUSION: Spanish norm is comparable to that of the other countries considered in this study. It shows important successful points and at the same time some significant deficiencies.

Analgesia↗

PubMed2025

Comparative Analysis of Mammalian Adaptive Immune Loci Revealed Spectacular Divergence and Common Genetic Patterns.

Adaptive immune responses are mediated by the production of adaptive immune receptors, antibodies, and T-cell receptors, which bind antigens, thus causing their neutralization. Unlike other proteins, adaptive immune receptors are not fully encoded in the germline genome and result from a complex of somatic processes collectively called V(D)J recombination affecting germline immunoglobulin (IG) and T-cell receptor (TR) loci consisting of template genes. While various existing studies report extreme diversity of antibodies and T-cell receptors, little is known about the diversity of germline IG and TR loci. To overcome this gap, the first comparative analysis of full-length sequences of IG/TR loci across 46 mammalian species from 13 taxonomic orders was performed. First, germline gene counts were shown to correlate in immunoglobulin heavy chain immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH)/immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) loci and T-cell receptor alpha (TRA)/T-cell receptor beta (TRB) and anticorrelate in immunoglobulin kappa (IGK)/IGL, possibly indicating coevolution between corresponding chains. Second, structures of IG/TR loci were analyzed, and it was shown that IG/TR loci formed by long arrays of high multiplicity repeats are more common for species that have experienced population bottlenecks. Finally, haplotypes of IG/TR loci with little or no sequence similarity within a species were found, suggesting that they may have a limited potential for homologous recombination. These results demonstrate that IG/TR loci are rapidly evolving genomic regions whose structural variation is shaped by the population history of the species and open new perspectives for immunogenomics studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Cloning and sequence analysis of the genes encoding the nonstructural proteins of Langat virus and comparative analysis with other flaviviruses.

Langat virus, a member of the family Flaviviridae is antigenically very similar to highly pathogenic tick-borne encephalitis viruses. We cloned and sequenced the complete nonstructural gene-coding region of Langat virus (strain TP21) and compared the deduced amino acid sequences of each nonstructural protein to those of other flaviviruses. By alignment with the reported amino acid sequences of the nonstructural proteins of several flaviviruses, we were able to predict proteolytic cleavage sites and identify sequence motifs, which are highly conserved among flaviviruses. Sequence similarity calculations revealed that the NS3 and NS5 proteins are the most highly conserved of the flavivirus nonstructural proteins. The NS3 and NS5 proteins of Langat virus contained specific peptide sequences that have been demonstrated to be associated with helicase or polymerase activities, respectively. The NS1 protein of Langat virus displayed complete homology of potential N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine residues with the NS1 proteins of other tick-borne flaviviruses, suggesting a highly conserved NS1 protein structure. The data presented in this report serve to complete the entire sequence of the Langat virus-coding region and provide the basis for comparison of this naturally attenuated virus to the other highly virulent tick-borne flaviviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Therapy for pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: a meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of cefadroxil monohydrate versus oral penicillin V.

A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of oral cefadroxil monohydrate (30 mg/kg QD or 15 mg/kg BID) with that of oral penicillin V (8, 10, or 15 mg/kg BID, TID, or QID) in the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis and tonsillitis treated for 10 days. A simple random effects model was used for combining the efficacy and safety results of nine comparative trials performed in the United States. A total of 1646 patients aged < or = 19 years were considered evaluable; 1406 patients were evaluable using revised bacteriologic criteria, and 1499 patients were considered fully evaluable for safety. The results demonstrate significantly better response rates (P < 0.05) with cefadroxil monohydrate than with penicillin V for overall cure (91.8% versus 81.3%), bacteriologic cure (92.6% versus 81.4%), and bacteriologic recurrence (4.2% versus 10.5%); clinical cure rates were statistically similar (90.5% versus 90.2%). Revised bacteriologic criteria analysis revealed bacteriologic cure rates of 95.8% versus 88.7% (P < 0.05) and bacteriologic recurrence rates of 4.9% versus 7.1% (P = NS) for cefadroxil monohydrate and penicillin V, respectively. Adverse events related to drug administration occurred infrequently and did not differ significantly between treatment groups (P > 0.05). Compliance with cefadroxil monohydrate was at least as good as with penicillin V. Penicillin is currently the drug of choice in the treatment of GABHS pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Based on the information described in this large meta-analysis, cefadroxil monohydrate is an excellent alternative to oral penicillin V in the treatment of GABHS pharyngitis and tonsillitis.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1992

Treating nailbiting: a comparative analysis of mild aversion and competing response therapies.

This study compared two methods of treating nail-biting. One method involved the use of a mild aversive stimulus in which subjects painted a bitter substance on their nails, and the other required the subject to perform a competing response whenever they had the urge to bite or found themselves biting their nails. Both methods included self-monitoring of the behaviour, and a third group of subjects performed self-monitoring alone as a control condition. The study lasted four weeks. Twenty-one subjects, seven per group, participated. Both methods resulted in significant improvements in nail length, with the competing response method showing the most beneficial effect. There was no significant improvement for the control group. The competing response condition also yielded significant improvements along other dimensions such as degree of skin damage and subjects own ratings of their control over their habit. These were not seen for the other two conditions. The benefits of this abridged version of Azrin and Nunn's (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 619-628, 1973) habit reversal method in terms of treatment success, use of therapist time and client satisfaction, are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Lipidomic Profiles in Thigh Muscles of Commercial Arbor Acres (AA) Broilers and Indigenous Chengkou and Langshan Chickens.

Flavor-related compounds and nutritional components of chicken meat vary among different breeds, but comprehensive comparisons of these characteristics between commercial and indigenous chickens remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, three chicken breeds (Arbor Acres, Chengkou, and Langshan) were slaughtered at their respective market ages, and the volatile flavor compounds, amino acids, fatty acids, and lipidomic profiles of thigh muscle were analyzed to investigate breed-associated differences in flavor-related and nutritional characteristics. Langshan chickens exhibited the highest total volatile compound content and also had the highest total amino acid levels, with significantly higher contents of umami and sweet amino acids. In addition, both indigenous breeds showed higher levels of arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) than Arbor Acres broilers, while Chengkou chickens had the highest content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3). Lipidomic analysis identified 787 lipids, with glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids as the predominant classes. Differential lipid analysis revealed that Langshan chickens had 38 upregulated lipids compared with Arbor Acres chickens, while Chengkou chickens exhibited 258 differential lipids relative to Arbor Acres chickens. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these differential lipids were mainly associated with glycerolipid, sphingolipid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Correlation analysis further revealed significant associations between specific lipids and flavor-related compounds, amino acids, and fatty acids, suggesting their potential roles in breed-associated differences. Overall, this study demonstrates that indigenous chicken breeds possess distinct flavor-related and nutritional profiles compared with commercial Arbor Acres broilers and provides valuable insights into breed-associated differences in chicken meat characteristics.

amino acids↗

PubMed1977

Comparative analysis of the antigens of M. tuberculosis H37RV with various mycobacterial antigens.

Comparative immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion analyses have indicated that H37Rv shares a number of antigens with other mycobacteria. Some of these shared antigens are polysaccharide in nature wheras others are proteins. The two antigens that this organism shares with M. smegmatis are primarily polysaccharides and so is the antigen that it shares with BCG ribosomal fraction. With M. kansasii, the H36Rv shares both polysaccharide and protein antigens, the polysaccharide antigens being the same ones that are shared by M. smegmatis and BCG. On the other hand, the H37Rv appears to share only protein antigens with M. marinum and none with M. leprae. It is suggested that the antigen that is shared between M. kansasii and H37Rv could be specific to these two strains and the one that is shared between M. kansaii, H37Rv and BCG ribosomal fraction could be related to the virulence potential of the individual species.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1975

Rabbit Peyer's patches, appendix, and popliteal lymph node B lymphocytes: a comparative analysis of their membrane immunoglobulin components and plasma cell precursor potential.

We have characterized and compared the differentiative potential of B lymphocytes obtained from rabbit appendix (APP), Peyer's patches (PP), and popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) by immunofluorescence analysis of membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) components, by radioiodination of membrane components followed by isolation and identification of cell surface Ig, and by cell transfer studies. As assessed by cell transfer lymphoid cells from PP and APP appear to be highly enriched sources of IgA plasma cell precursors. In addition, these populations of lymphocytes have a small but significant potential to give rise to IgM and IgG plasma cells. In contrast, as shown previously (1), lymphocytes from PLN have a comparatively small potential to generate IgA plasma cells. The ability of cells from PLN and PP to give rise to plasma cells is correlated with the presence of 35 to 38% of lymphocytes from both sources having membrane light chain determinants detectable by immunofluorescent staining. When the cells were stained directly for mu chain determinants, about 33% of PLN cells and 28% of PP cells were positive. These latter percentages were shown to reflect cells bearing both endogenously synthesized b4 light chain and mu heavy chain. By indirect immunofluorescence, alpha and gamma chain determinants were also detected on PP and PLN cells; however, these Ig did not appear to be products of the cells which bore them as they were not regenerated after removal of Pronase. It was further demonstrated that purified rabbit copro-sIgA and colostral sIgA are cytophilic for PP and PLN cells. The results are discussed with respect to the origin of IgA plasma cells and the postulated bursal role of mammalian gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Alkylation↗

PubMed2026

Total ankle replacement versus nonoperative management for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis: A comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: The optimal management of end-stage ankle osteoarthritis remains debated. This study compared short-term outcomes between non-operative treatment, total ankle replacement (TAR), and cases in which indicated surgery was delayed. METHODS: In this secondary analysis of prospectively collected data, treatment survival, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), and patient satisfaction were assessed at baseline and at 1- and 2-year follow-up. RESULTS: In a total of 316 patients one-year treatment survival was highest for TAR (99.3%), followed by NOM (94.4%) and delayed surgery (80.9%). TAR demonstrated significantly superior FAOS pain and quality-of-life scores compared with NOM and delayed surgery. Delayed surgery was associated with significantly worse pain and quality-of-life outcomes. Patient satisfaction was highest in the TAR group and lowest in the delayed surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: TAR provides superior pain relief, quality of life, and satisfaction compared with non-operative management in end-stage ankle OA. While NOM remains a valid option for selected patients, delaying indicated surgery results in inferior outcomes, underscoring the importance of timely, shared decision-making.

Humans↗