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PubMedDate not supplied

The prophylaxis of gonorrhea.

The current level of the gonorrhea epidemic supports the need for additional measures for gonorrhea control. In the absence of evidence that prophylactic availability enhances promiscuity, a strong case can be made for venereal disease prophylaxis. This paper reviews the efficacy and acceptability of prophylactic techniques. In the military, acceptability and efficacy have been demonstrated for systemic antibiotics, and probably a postcoital prophylactic kit. These measures are either inappropriate or unavailable for general civilian use. The condom and vaginal spermicides offer promise of partial protection; further studies of efficacy and utilization are needed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Contraception: an international perspective.

Although it is estimated that the population growth rate will decline to a replacement level by 2050, it is also now predicted that the total world population will reach 8.9 billion in that year -- far higher than the 2004 estimate of 6.4 billion. More than 26 billion new couples will need contraceptives in the next half century. Although a steady increase in contraceptive use has been observed in both developed and developing countries, the contraceptive needs of a high percentage of couples have not yet been met and the number of unplanned pregnancies continues to increase. The actual use of contraception differs from region to region. Although no new method has been registered for many years, several new products have been marketed during the last 5. Among these are new implants, medicated intrauterine systems, contraceptive vaginal rings, transdermal patches and several new combined oral contraceptive formulations. New contraceptive methods have been developed to meet the objectives of expanding contraceptive choices for both women and men and answering an unmet need for contraceptives with a long-term action that meet the expectations of consumers. Simplicity, reversibility and effectiveness are the desired features of a male contraceptive, but no new male contraceptive method is yet available. New areas of basic research include studies on genes, proteins and enzymes involved in the reproductive system. The new methods will be targeted to specific interactions within the reproductive system at the level of ovaries and testes, as well as between spermatozoa and ova. This futuristic approach still keeps in mind the need for better access to existing contraceptive methods, as well as the discovery of new contraceptives that are simple to use, safe, reversible and inexpensive. In the future, contraceptives may be combined with other medicinal agents to provide dual protection against both pregnancy and other preventable conditions, such as sexually transmitted infections.

Contraception↗
PubMed1981

Barrier contraception: a comprehensive overview.

The barrier class of contraceptives used either alone or with supplementary spermicidal agents includes the most ancient of methods for the control of human fertility. Modern innovations have effected marked improvement in their efficacy and acceptability, so that they have become key means of controlling fertility in the world today. The traditional diaphragms and condoms decreased in popularity to some extent when methods such as the OCs and IUDs became available for general use. However, the plain or medicated barriers are regaining their rightful position in our contraceptive armamentarium as more and more questions are being raised about the real or potential adverse side effects of systemic and intrauterine contraceptives. There is evidence throughout the world of the growing popularity and use of locally acting mechanical and/or spermicidal contraceptive methods. Their impact upon the increasing world population can be expected to become even greater when the true need for the control of fertility becomes more generally recognized and appreciated.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Barrier contraceptive practice and male infertility as related factors to breast cancer in married women. Preliminary results.

A case-control study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that a reduced exposure to human seminal factors in the early reproductive life of women is a risk factor in breast cancer. The relative risk of exposure to the hypothetical semen-factor deficiency is 4.7 times greater for breast-cancer patients than for the controls. The risk of developing breast cancer within the same population in the U.S.A. is estimated as 5 times greater for women who use barrier methods (condom and other) than for women who use non-barrier contraceptive methods (diaphragm and other). The reduction of the incidence of breast cancer by eliminating the barrier contraceptive techniques would be not less than 50% in married women in the population.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Toxic shock syndrome, contraceptive methods, and vaginitis.

To elucidate further the etiology of toxic shock syndrome, we assessed the effects of certain contraceptive methods and recent history of vaginal infection on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome, with confounding effects of other risk factors controlled. We found a strong but imprecise positive association between toxic shock syndrome and tubal ligation (rate ratio = 7.9, 90% confidence interval 1.4 to 42.7). We also observed a negative association with oral contraceptives (rate ratio = 0.49, 90% confidence interval 0.22 to 1.1) and a positive association with a recent history of vaginitis (rate ratio = 2.1, 90% confidence interval 1.2 to 3.9).

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for menstrual toxic shock syndrome: results of a multistate case-control study.

For assessment of current risk factors for developing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) during menstruation, a case-control study was performed. Cases with onset between 1 January 1986 and 30 June 1987 were ascertained in six study areas with active surveillance for TSS. Age-matched controls were selected from among each patient's friends and women with the same telephone exchange. Of 118 eligible patients, 108 were enrolled, as were 185 "friend controls" and 187 telephone exchange-matched controls. Tampon use was a risk factor for developing TSS during menstruation (odds ratio = 29; 95% confidence interval = 7-120), and risk increased with increasing tampon absorbency (odds ratio = 1.34 per gram increase in absorbency; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.6). The role of tampon chemical composition could not be assessed because the number of cases was inadequate. Neither use of birth control pills for contraception nor use of medications for premenstrual or menstrual symptoms protected against or was a risk factor for the development of menstrual TSS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1972

[Contraception].

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Abortion, Induced↗