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PubMedDate not supplied

How the number of living sons influences contraceptive use in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt.

Couples in rural areas of many Arab societies, including Egypt, have consistently reported strong preferences for having sons. However, these reported preferences are not always reflected in reproductive behavior. In 38 rural villages in Menoufia Governorate in Egypt, women's responses to a community-based contraceptive distribution program were examined, taking into consideration both the number of living children and the number of living sons each women reported having. Controlling for number of living children, women with more sons were more likely to be using contraception before the distribution program began. Among women not using contraception before the program, those with more sons were more likely to initiate contraceptive use and were more likely to continue use for a nine-month period following the distribution. These findings imply that in addition to obstacles related to contraceptive availability, there are several cultural, social, and economic factors that influence fertility behavior and exert considerable pressure on married couples to have large families, including several sons. Unless the pressure exerted by these factors is changed or reduced, the impact of family planning programs is likely to reach a plateau at a relatively low prevalence level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Performance of supply-oriented family planning policy in Bangladesh: an examination.

Using data from four nationally representative sample surveys conducted since 1968, this paper examines the performance of the family planning program of Bangladesh, which placed emphasis on its supply component. The very low contraceptive prevalence rate and the large gap between knowledge and use of contraceptive methods indicates the poor performance of the program. After discussing the probable reasons for such performance, the paper suggests accelerating the demand for contraceptives among the married women of Bangladesh through persuasion and by improving the existing contraceptive distribution system. This is required for increasing the use of family planning methods in the country.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1995

Protocols constructed around the nursing process. 2: Oral contraceptives.

The author offers detailed procedures for RNs and NPs who provide oral contraceptives to students through a college health service. She includes an outline of necessary subjective assessments, objective examinations, and laboratory work, and includes a list of absolute contraindications, strong relative contraindications, and other situations that may indicate that it would be unwise to provide oral contraceptives to students. Interventions for the registered nurse and nurse practitioner are described and schedules for follow-up visits are given.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1995

A pilot program of contraceptive continuation in six school-based clinics.

PURPOSE: Few school-based health centers (SBHC) in the United States dispense contraceptives on-site and little is known about contraceptive continuation in these health centers. METHODS: An 11-month contraceptive continuation pilot project offering monthly reproductive health assessment and counseling to students enrolled in Baltimore school clinics was evaluated. One hundred-forty-three women voluntarily enrolled in the study over a seven month period. A monthly contraceptive calendar was developed to collect data on contraceptive use, pregnancy and STD risk, sexual behavior and parental support for contraceptive use. Physical assessment was provided as needed to assess the presence of STD's or pregnancy. Data were analyzed for the month prior to enrollment in the program and eleven months after entry into the program. RESULTS: Both contraceptive (OCP) use and abstinence increased over the course of the program. Condom use remained at approximately 30% with frequent use of OCP's and condoms, condoms or abstinence. Program drop-out was common. Thirteen students became pregnant while enrolled in the program and 35% of the students were diagnosed with one or more sexually transmitted diseases. Partner-switching was common, although two or more partners within any one month was rare. CONCLUSIONS: Monthly follow-up provided through SBHCs can improve contraceptive use although dropout rate and contraceptive failure remain high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Factors influencing selected heterosexual male college students' condom use.

This study assessed selected heterosexual male college students' use of condoms, their reasons for using condoms, and their attitudes toward sexuality and condoms. Three hundred five male subjects completed a questionnaire that assessed class standing, marital status, reasons for using condoms, number of recent sexual partners, intention to use condoms, and attitudes toward sexuality and condoms. Although no relationship between attitudes toward sexuality and attitudes toward condoms was noted, a negative correlation (-.42) was found between attitude toward condoms and intention to use condoms within the next month if the subject were to have intercourse during that time. Recommendations for increasing condom use are presented.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1988

Spermicidal condoms.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Contraceptive problems in the developed world.

In most developed countries contraception is available and relatively cheap. In Britain 50% of women use reversible contraception and over the age of 35 more than 50% of women (or their partners) have been sterilised. Nevertheless large numbers of unplanned pregnancies still occur in all countries. Annual abortion rates (per 1000 women aged 15-44) are 5.6 in the Netherlands, 13 in Britain and 28 in the USA. In Britain about 50% of all conceptions are unplanned. Ambivalent attitudes to sex mean that there is inadequate public discussion about contraception. The media publicise adverse effects of oral contraceptives more than their benefits. Advertising of condoms is restricted, and the marketing of oral contraceptives to doctors emphasizes their side-effects. Contraception should be made more accessible to potential users, particularly the young, who are at greatest risk of unwanted pregnancy. Opinion among teenagers and their parents is in favour of more sex education at school. Efforts should be directed towards providing young people with better education on sex and contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring accessibility to family planning services in rural Thailand.

There are a variety of ways to conceptualize and measure accessibility to contraceptive services and supplies. Using detailed data for rural Thailand, a multiplicity of reasonable measures are developed that reflect time and/or distance to various government program outlets. Many of these are only moderately correlated with one another, and to an important extent, different measures show different associations with levels of contraceptive prevalence. Clearly there is a general need in this area of investigation to pay more attention to the measurement of accessibility as a community characteristic and to consider the sensitivity of results to alternate measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Six school-based clinics: their reproductive health services and impact on sexual behavior.

An evaluation of the reproductive health programs of six diverse school-based clinics measured the impact of the clinics on sexual behavior and contraceptive use. All six clinics served low-income populations; at five of them, the great majority of the students served were black. An analysis of student visits by type of care given found that these clinics were not primarily family planning facilities; rather, they provided reproductive health care as one component of a comprehensive health program. Student survey data collected in the clinic schools and nearby comparison schools (four sites) or collected both before the clinic opened and two years later (two sites) indicated that the clinics neither hastened the onset of sexual activity nor increased its frequency. The clinics had varying effects on contraceptive use. Providing contraceptives on site was not enough to significantly increase their use; in only one of the three sites that did so were students in the clinic school significantly more likely than students in the comparison school to have used birth control during last intercourse. However, condom use rose sharply at one clinic school that had a strong AIDS education program and was located in a community where AIDS was a salient issue. At another clinic school, where pregnancy prevention was a high priority and staff issued vouchers for contraceptives, the use of condoms and pills was significantly higher than in the comparison school. A third clinic school--which focused on high-risk youth, emphasized pregnancy prevention and dispensed birth control pills--recorded a significantly higher use of pills than its comparison school. Although the data suggest that the clinics probably prevented small numbers of pregnancies at some schools, none of the clinics had a statistically significant effect on school-wide pregnancy rates.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1983

A survey of attitudes concerning contraception and the resolution of teenage pregnancy.

This study reports the results of a survey of 498 respondents in a large midwestern community concerning their attitudes toward making contraceptive services available to teenagers and the manner in which a teenage pregnancy should be resolved. The results indicated that the large majority of respondents approved of the practice of making contraceptives available to teenagers but there were also significant differences in attitudes expressed which were dependent upon demographic characteristics of the respondent. There was also considerable variability in the attitudes expressed concerning the resolution of a teenage pregnancy. The preferred method of resolution depended again on the demographic characteristics of the respondent. Keeping the baby and placing the baby for adoption were the most frequent choices. These results are discussed with relation to the present strong political conservative movement in the nation.

Abortion, Induced↗