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PubMed2006

Coping with ovarian cancer risk: the moderating effects of perceived control on coping and adjustment.

OBJECTIVE: Although perceived control and coping have been studied across various health conditions, these relationships have been less well studied in the context of coping with cancer risk over time. The present study was a longitudinal study of the effects of perceived control and problem-focused coping on changes in psychological adjustment and behavioural outcomes among women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. DESIGN AND METHODS: Eighty women enrolled in a familial cancer risk assessment programme participated in this study. Assessments of problem-focused coping, perceived control and distress were collected upon entry into the programme and again at 3-month follow-up. Behavioural adherence to screening during the 12-month period following programme entry was obtained from clinic records. RESULTS: Using hierarchical regression analysis, we observed a significant interaction between perceived control and problem-focused coping for psychological distress, beta=0.94, p<.05. Specifically, problem-focused coping was associated with increasing distress over time among women who perceived high control. A significant control by coping interaction was also observed for behavioural adherence to pelvic ultrasound and CA125 screening, such that women who perceived high control and utilized problem-focused coping were less likely to undergo screening. CONCLUSIONS: Under conditions of high perceived control, problem-focused coping was associated with increasing distress as well as poorer behavioural adherence. Thus, perceived control and problem-focused coping may not always yield positive psychological or behavioural health outcomes. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of how problem-focused coping and perceived control may influence the course of adjustment to cancer risk over time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

[Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS): a contribution to the cross-cultural studies of coping].

OBJECTIVE: There has recently been a dramatic increase in the number of studies on coping behavior as an intervening variable between stress and health. Most of the available measures of coping are, however, psychometrically inadequate. We therefore decided to develop the Japanese version of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) with special regards to its cross-cultural equivalence, reliability and validity. The CISS is a self-report measure of an individual's typical pattern of coping along three orthogonal dimensions of Task-, Emotion-, and Avoidance-oriented coping; its reliability and validity have been well studied in North America, where it was originally developed. METHOD: We obtained the Japanese version of the CISS (J-CISS) by means of back-translation. In Study 1, we administered the J-CISS and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to 33 Japanese university students twice with an interval of four weeks. In Study 2,550 Japanese high school students completed the J-CISS and the Maudsley Personality Inventory. RESULTS: The equivalence of the Japanese version with the original was ascertained by means of back-translation involving multiple, independent mental health professionals and by factor congruence between the two versions. A principal component factor analysis (Varimax rotation) of the Study 2 data allowed us to extract three factors, which were virtually identical to the original ones. The high corrected item-remainder correlations, internal consistency reliabilities and test-retest reliabilities all attested to the reliability of the J-CISS. In order to examine its content validity, we compared the J-CISS with two coping questionnaires that have been in use in Japan, and found that the J-CISS covered most of the coping styles in these two questionnaires. However, such coping styles as "giving up," "to lose is to win (a Japanese proverb)," "it is best to do nothing" were not included in the original CISS and hence in the J-CISS. The criterion validity of the J-CISS was examined both in terms of predictive validity and concurrent validity. In Study 1, those who scored below the cut-off of the GHQ at Time 1 but above the cut-off at Time 2 had significantly higher Emotion-oriented coping scores at Time 1 than those who remained below the cut-off of the GHQ at Times 1 and 2 (predictive validity). In Study 2, the J-CISS scales and the MPI scales showed theoretically predicted correlations (concurrent validity). The results of the factor analysis and the corrected item-remainder correlations were suggestive of high construct validity of the J-CISS. Moreover, the mean inter-item correlation was between .20 and .40 for each scale, indicating its homogeneity. Factor analysis of each scale revealed that each scale indeed contained only one factor. Correlations among the three scales of the J-CISS established that the three scales formed multi-dimensional measures of coping. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate 1) that the obtained Japanese version of the CISS is to be regarded as final, 2) that coping styles can be measured in a consistent and reliable manner both in Japan and North America, and 3) that this cross-cultural equivalence as well as the other validity studies have further augmented the validity of the CISS itself.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Children's coping strategies and coping efficacy: relations to parent socialization, child adjustment, and familial alcoholism.

The relations of children's coping strategies and coping efficacy to parent socialization and child adjustment were examined in a sample of school-age children that included families in which some of the grandparents and/or parents had an alcoholism diagnosis. Parents and older children reported on the children's coping strategies; parents reported on their parenting behavior; and teachers reported on children's externalizing and internalizing problems. Measures of parent socialization were associated with parents' and children's reports of active coping strategies and parents' reports of both support-seeking coping and coping efficacy. Some of these relations were moderated by familial alcohol status. Children higher in parent-reported active/support-seeking coping and coping efficacy were rated lower in teacher-reported externalizing and internalizing adjustment problems. The findings were consistent with the view that active/support-seeking coping and coping efficacy mediated the association of parent socialization to children's psychological adjustment and that this relation was sometimes moderated by parental alcohol status.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Coping with community reintegration after severe brain injury: a description of stresses and coping strategies.

A basic qualitative approach was used to describe the stresses and coping strategies of 11 adults with severe brain injury during a critical period of reintegrating into a new community. Subjects identified nine problems as stressful. The stresses conform to a theoretical model of community integration, consisting of four factors: social support, independent living, occupation, and a general integration factor. These stresses identified by subjects may be used in the development of a new measure of stress for persons with brain injury. Subjects used eight coping strategies to deal with these stresses. The coping strategies represent a sampling of three major types of coping: problem-focused, perception-focused, and emotion-focused. The findings show that subjects made more use of problem-focused coping strategies than any other type of coping, suggesting that persons with brain injury have awareness of the problems they face and the ability to assert some control over eliminating or managing these problems. The stresses and coping strategies are consistent with existing studies involving persons with brain injury. However, significant differences in some coping strategies reported in this study change how some forms of coping are thought about. The findings delineate the need for professionals to assist persons with brain injury develop more positive, adaptive coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Coping through emotional approach: a new look at emotion, coping, and health-related outcomes.

Researchers studying stress and coping processes have attempted to identify which coping strategies are most adaptive in stressful encounters. A generally accepted conclusion has been that emotion-focused coping processes are associated with dysfunctional outcomes. Studies from our and other research teams challenge the "bad reputation" of emotion-focused coping by demonstrating that items measuring emotion-focused strategies in published coping questionnaires are confounded with distress and self-deprecation. We have developed and validated new instruments to assess coping though acknowledging, understanding, and expressing emotion, that is, coping through emotional approach. Longitudinal and experimental studies using these new scales have documented the adaptive potential of emotional-approach coping in the context of several types of stressors, including infertility, breast cancer, and chronic pain. However, characteristics of the environmental context, stressful experience, and individual are important moderators of the relations of emotional-approach coping and health-related outcomes. Potential mediators and moderators of coping through emotional approach, clinical relevance of the construct, and directions for research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Concomitants of failure to cope: what we should teach adolescents about coping.

BACKGROUND: How young people cope with stress is an important component of health and well-being since failure to deal with stress is very costly in social and emotional terms. AIM: In this study we examine the relationship between young people's declared failure to cope and the many coping styles that are reported concomitantly. The research questions addressed the extent to which positive and negative coping strategies co-exist in adolescent populations and whether the co-existence of these strategies confounds interpretation of the impact of coping on outcomes. SAMPLE: A sample of 1219 adolescent school students was drawn from a wide range of 11 government and private coeducational schools situated in the three regions of metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. METHODS: All participants completed the General form of the Adolescent Coping Scale in class groupings. Administration was conducted by a teacher who was also a registered psychologist. RESULTS: It was found that young people who were coping less successfully were those utilising more emotion-focused strategies. Further, students' use of emotion and problem-focused strategies was intercorrelated. CONCLUSION: This suggests that failure to cope triggers off increased coping activities of all kinds and that over-use of non-productive strategies interferes with the capacity to use productive coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

How dyslexic teenagers cope: an investigation of self-esteem, coping and depression.

Research into how dyslexics cope and the effects of their coping has received little attention in the 100 years since dyslexia has been recognized. Why is this? Well it is not an easy area to investigate, partly as most qualitative studies have looked only at coping strategies of specific dyslexics. These are individual and are unsuitable for generalizations to larger populations. This study takes a different approach to the problem. By using three standardized tests for self-esteem, coping and depression, a picture is painted of how teenage dyslexics cope and whether this affects their self-esteem and depression. Results strongly suggest gender differences, with females using more emotional and avoidance-based coping, resulting in lower percentile scores in general and academic self-esteem and moderate depression. Males tend to use more task-based coping resulting in normal percentile self-esteem levels and minimal depression. This study takes the view that coping and the effects of coping by dyslexic children at school should not be underestimated. It also suggests that such issues will aid educationalists in the remedial process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

The Cancer Coping Questionnaire: a self-rating scale for measuring the impact of adjuvant psychological therapy on coping behaviour.

The Cancer Coping Questionnaire is a brief, self-rating scale designed to measure coping strategies taught in Adjuvant Psychological Therapy. This paper describes the development of the 21 item Cancer Coping Questionnaire (CCQ) in a sample of 201 patients with mixed cancers. The construct validity and reliability of the instrument are reported from work on 3 samples (a mixed cancer group, n=42; women with breast cancer, n=50; and a group of patients referred for psychological help, n=48). The CCQ showed very good internal reliability and test-retest reliability. As hypothesised cancer patients with more psychological morbidity demonstrated lower CCQ scores, and the CCQ correlated with measures of adjustment to cancer. Compared with an established coping inventory (the Coping Responses Indices; CRI) the CCQs overall individual scale (items 1-14) assessed similar coping areas, particularly in relation to the CRIs foci of coping. The CCQ correlated with Active Behavioural Coping methods on the CRI. The study did not demonstrate sufficiently consistent results concerning the Interpersonal Scale of the CCQ to confirm its validity. Further psychometric work is needed, but the study demonstrated the reliability and validity of the CCQ, supporting the view that change in CCQ scores with cognitive therapy indicates improvement in coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Use of the chronic pain coping inventory to assess older adults' pain coping strategies.

UNLABELLED: Little is known about the strategies that older adults use to cope with persistent pain. The purpose of this study was to describe strategies used by older, retirement community-dwelling adults to cope with persistent, noncancer pain, as assessed by the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI), to examine the associations of these strategies with disability and depression, and to compare the 65-item and 42-item versions of the CPCI in this population. Two hundred fifty residents of 43 retirement communities in the Pacific Northwest completed baseline measures for a randomized controlled trial of a pain self-management intervention, including the CPCI and measures of demographics, comorbidity, pain-related disability, and depression. The most frequently reported strategies, as assessed by the CPCI, were Task Persistence, Pacing, and Coping Self-Statements. The least frequently used strategies were Asking for Assistance and Relaxation. Regression analyses demonstrated that coping strategies explained 26%, 19%, and 18% additional variance in physical disability, depression, and pain-related interference, respectively, after controlling for age, gender, comorbidity, and pain intensity. Internal consistency for most CPCI-65 and CPCI-42 subscales was adequate. This study clarifies strategies used by older adults to cope with persistent pain and provides preliminary validation of the CPCI in this population. PERSPECTIVE: Findings from this study on pain coping strategies in older adults might suggest potentially useful coping strategies clinicians could explore with individual patients. Investigators can use study findings to design trials of interventions to help older adults cope more effectively with pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1987

Does coping help? A reexamination of the relation between coping and mental health.

In a longitudinal community survey of 291 adults, we explored the relation between coping strategies and psychological symptoms. Respondents completed the revised Ways of Coping Scale (Folkman & Lazarus, 1985) for a self-named stressful episode. Factor analysis produced eight coping factors: three problem focused, four emotion focused, and one (support mobilization) that contained elements of both. Multiple regression analyses indicated bidirectionality in the relation between coping and psychological symptoms. Those in poorer mental health and under greater stress used less adaptive coping strategies, such as escapism, but coping efforts still affected mental health independent of prior symptom levels and degree of stress. We compared main versus interactive effects models of stress buffering. Main effects were confined primarily to the emotion-focused coping scales and showed little or negative impacts of coping on mental health; interactive effects, though small, were found with the problem-focused scales. The direction of the relation between problem-focused scales and symptoms may depend in part on perceived efficacy, or how the respondent thought he or she handled the problem. Implications for the measurement of adaptive coping mechanisms and their contextual appropriateness are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction.

After reporting dispositional coping styles, students reported situational coping and 4 classes of affect (from threat, challenge, harm, and benefit appraisals) 2 days before an exam, after the exam but before grades were posted, and after posting of grades. Coping did not predict lower levels of future distress; indeed, some coping seemed to induce feelings of threat. Feelings of harm before the exam induced several kinds of coping after the exam, mostly dysfunctional. Confidence about one's grade was a better predictor of emotions throughout than was coping. Dispositional coping predicted comparable situational coping at low-moderate levels in most cases. Coping dispositions did not reliably predict emotions, however, with these exceptions: Dispositional denial was related to threat, as was dispositional use of social support; dispositional use of alcohol was related to both threat and harm.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in coping styles and coping effectiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease groups.

The purpose of this comparative study was to examine the coping styles and coping effectiveness between men and women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were active in support groups for people with the disease. The entire population of the American Lung Association of Ohio, Southwestern Branch, Easy Breather's Club (n = 1103) was sent 2 mailed surveys, the Revised Jalowiec Coping Scale(1) and a demographic profile questionnaire. A total of 154 surveys were analyzed. Of this total, 43% (n = 66) were returned by men, whereas women's response was 57% (n = 88). Men were enrolled longer in pulmonary rehabilitation programs (median = 20; interquartile range = 2-28) than women (median = 4; interquartile range = 2-24). Men were noted to be more active in pulmonary rehabilitation programs, with 22% (n = 14) compared with women 14% (n = 12). Men's participation with an American Lung Association program yielded 9.4% (n = 6) in comparison with only 8% (n = 7) for women. The majority of this sample, 61% (n = 92), was not currently active. The total group used the optimistic coping style the most (M, 2.1; SD = 0.57). The total group also found the optimistic coping style to be the most effective (M, 2; SD = 0.61). No statistically significant gender differences existed for overall coping use, overall coping effectiveness, or with the 8 coping subscales. No coping differences for use or effectiveness were found to be related to participation in either a pulmonary rehabilitation program or the lung association program.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping with unfair treatment at work--what is the relationship between coping and hypertension in middle-aged men and Women? An epidemiological study of working men and women in Stockholm (the WOLF study).

BACKGROUND: An important hypothesis in psychosomatic medicine is that exposure to psychosocial factors that arouse anger may accelerate the onset of hypertension, particularly if the subject is not allowed to show anger or to deal constructively with the factor that evoked it. For working men and women, being treated in an unfair way at work may be crucial. The present study was designed to answer the question whether the pattern of coping - primarily directed towards the aggressor (open) or directed inwards or towards others (covert) - is associated with hypertension among working men and women. STUDY GROUP: Five thousand seven hundred and twenty working men and women aged 15-64 participated in the study. The participation rate was 76%. METHODS: The coping pattern was studied by means of a Swedish version of a self-administered questionnaire that was originally introduced by Harburg et al. RESULTS: Significant results were confined to the age group 45-54. All analyses were adjusted for age and body mass index. Smoking habits and social class had no effect on the relationships. Low scores (lowest quartile) for open coping tended to be associated with an elevated prevalence ratio (PR) of hypertension both among men (PR 1.3, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.9-1.7) and women (PR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.0). High scores for covert coping (highest quartile) were associated with an elevated PR of hypertension among men (PR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2) but not in women. If the analysis was confined to cases without medication, the relationship between a high level of covert coping and high blood pressure was still significant for men. For women, however, no significant findings were made after this operation. Accordingly, the relationship between a low level of open coping and hypertension in women was confined to women with medication. Coping patterns were correlated with psychosocial work environment factors, in particular decision latitude. CONCLUSION: In men, covert coping was associated with prevalence of hypertension. In women, there tended to be a relationship between low scores for open coping and hypertension.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Identification of stressors, level of stress, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness among Egyptian mastectomy patients.

The purpose of this study was to identify stressors, level of stress, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness in Egyptian female mastectomy patients. A total of 64 women who had had mastectomies participated in the study. Coping effectiveness was measured by McNett's Coping Effectiveness Questionnaire (MCEQ). Factor analysis and reliability measures were established on MCEQ using the study sample. Data were collected using a structured interview method. Participants were also asked about age, education, and time since mastectomy. These data were examined in an effort to predict coping effectiveness. The participants reported five stressors: hope for cure, treatment effectiveness, fear of the unknown, progression of the disease, and pain. The treatment effectiveness stressor had the highest mean level of stress. There was a significant difference in the level of stress among the five stressors. Coping strategies reported were categorized into four groups: faith, compliance with the medical regimen, seeking information and social support, and self-distraction. Coping effectiveness was significantly and positively correlated with age and time since mastectomy, which accounted for 35% of the variance in coping effectiveness. Findings suggest that continuing assessments of Egyptian mastectomy patients' needs, further research studies, and an intervention program to ameliorate cancer-related anxiety and to help cancer patients cope effectively may be helpful.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Gender and coping: the dual-axis model of coping.

Examined a dual-axis model of coping that included both action (active vs. passive) and social dimensions (prosocial vs. antisocial) of coping strategies among a combined sample of students and community residents. We developed an assessment device to represent the model and allow investigation. Mixed support for the model and instrument were noted. Women were more prosocial than men in their coping, but no less active. Men were more likely to use antisocial and aggressive, but less assertive coping strategies than women. More prosocial, action coping strategies were also more likely to be related to greater sense of mastery and more liberal gender-role orientation. Antisocial and passive strategies tended to be related to lower mastery and more traditional gender-role orientation. Active coping was related to lower emotional distress for men and women, but both prosocial and antisocial coping were related to greater emotional distress for men, suggesting that men may have a narrower band of beneficial coping strategies than do women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Quality of life issues in motor neurone disease: the development and validation of a coping strategies questionnaire, the MND Coping Scale.

A person's ability to cope with having motor neurone disease may be an important factor in determining their quality of life. We have developed a scale to measure coping strategies in people with MND. A disease-specific and patient-focused approach was employed. Open-ended interviews were used to generate initial items. Coping with the condition was an important consideration for all subjects. The final scale was administered to a sample of 44 people with MND. A factor analysis of the results demonstrated subscales comprised of distinct styles of coping. Reliability and validity were demonstrated within individual subscales. Significant correlations were shown between coping styles and psychological well being, disease duration and disability. Although still at a preliminary stage of development, the MND Coping Scale is proposed as a useful tool for further longitudinal study of coping in MND, with the potential to discover cause effect relationships between coping and psychological outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stress-coping and temptation-coping as predictors of adolescent substance use.

The stress-coping model of addiction posits that stress-coping and temptation-coping skills each make an independent contribution to the likelihood of substance use. Despite the popularity of this model, this proposition has never been examined empirically. The current study tested this proposition using a sample of public high school students (n = 332). Results supported the model, as stress-coping and temptation-coping each accounted for statistically unique and significant variance in teenagers' substance use. In addition, substance-abusing adolescents reported engaging in significantly more avoidance stress-coping and significantly less temptation-coping than demographically-matched nonsubstance-abusing adolescents. Our results replicate and expand previous findings from the stress-coping literature and have implications for future research and intervention efforts in the adolescent substance abuse field.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

The long-term changes in coping strategies in schizophrenia: temporal coping types.

This prospective study aimed to define the long-term changes in coping strategies used by schizophrenia patients and their relation to clinical and psychosocial factors. The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, psychiatric scales, and self-report questionnaires were administered to 148 schizophrenia patients at admission and 16 months thereafter. Based on trends of individual coping patterns to show change over time, four temporal coping types were distinguished: stable favorable and unfavorable, and becoming favorable and unfavorable. We found that coping patterns of 62.2% of patients remained stable over time, became unfavorable among 19.6% of patients, and became favorable among 18.2% of patients. Each temporal coping type is associated with a specific pattern of changes in clinical and psychosocial variables. The findings underscore the clinical relevance of temporal coping types and corroborate the appropriateness of focusing on aspects of coping behavior in treatment and rehabilitation of schizophrenia patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗