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PubMed1979

Symptom reduction in depression after treatment with L-tryptophan or imipramine. Item analysis of Hamilton rating scale for depression.

Thirty-eight in-patients with endogenous- and 20 in-patients with non-endogenous depression, took part in a multi-centre 3-week double-blind trial where patients were randomly allocated to treatment with either 6 g L-tryptophan or 150 mg imipramine daily. Item analysis of Hamilton ratings, before the investigation and weekly during the trial period demonstrated few statistically different mean scores on individual items between the two treatment groups. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 0.1% level was found in the item Agitation in favour of imipramine-treated, and in the item Work and Activities in favour of L-tryptophan-treated endogenously depressed patients. After 3 weeks' treatment a statistically significant item mean reduction on the 5% level was found in the item Suicide in favour of imipramine-treated non-endogenously depressed patients. The present study has shown that, after 3 weeks' treatment, imipramine and L-tryptophan has decreased the mean score on individual items of HRS in about the same degree.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Depression in treated narcotic addicts, ex-addicts, nonaddicts, and suicide attempters: validation of a very Brief Depression Scale.

Samples of heroin-addicted veterans in treatment at a VA drug clinic, ex-addict and nonaddict Vietnam veterans followed-up after return to the United States, and male suicide attempters who were not drug abusers completed a very short (five item) form of the Beck Depression Inventory developed for screening and research purposes. Results confirmed prior findings of high rates of depression among narcotic addicts in treatment. Two samples of patients assessed at intake to treatment did not differ significantly from the suicide patients in BDI-5 scores. Methadone maintenance patients and ex-addicts scored below those groups, but higher than nonaddicts. Relief of inner tensions or worries was chosen most frequently as the reason for continuing use of narcotics by patients in treatment, suggesting that self-medication for psychiatric problems may be common. The BDI-5 proved to be an efficient method for screening for depression in these samples, and thus might be useful in clinical or research settings when a very brief method is needed.

Depression↗
PubMed1979

Childhood depression: interpersonal interactions and depressive phenomena.

The author discusses the impact of parental disability, particularly parental depression, on children. Depression in children, which takes different forms according to the child's developmental level, may mirror or be a response to similar affect in a parent. Clinicians need to take note of the relationship between child and caretaker and of the various manifestations of childhood depression in order to avoid underdiagnosing this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Objective evaluation of the effectiveness of amineptine in the treatment of severe depressive states using the Hamilton depression scale].

The Amineptine antidepressive action is proved in cases of neurotic, psychotic or reactive depression. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale is used. The target symptoms statistically improved by Amineptine are: depressed mood, guilt, suicide, work, and interests, and retardation. Amineptine has no anticholinergic or cardio-vascular effects.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗
PubMed1979

Depression in childhood. 1: Clinical correlates of depressed children admitted for treatment to a residential program.

Ninety-three children with a diagnosis of depression were admitted to a residential children's unit over a six-year period. Background and clinical data were analysed in order to identify correlates associated with the disorder and to examine the concept of 'depressive equivalents'. The results indicated that parental loss, particularly loss of father, through death or desertion, psychiatric illness in the parents and stressful events in early childhood were important concomitants of the disorder. The study also supported the current literature on 'depressive equivalents' and their expression in childhood.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2026

Effects of adjunctive bifrontal tDCS on depressive symptoms and cognitive performance in major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence for antidepressant effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in major depressive disorder (MDD) is heterogeneous, and cognitive effects remain uncertain. We compared depressive symptoms and DSST performance during active and sham bifrontal tDCS in medicated outpatients with MDD and baseline HAMD-17 &#x2265; 15. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover pilot trial, adults with MDD and inadequate response to an adequate antidepressant trial were assigned to active&#x2192;sham or sham&#x2192;active tDCS sequences while continuing antidepressants. Each period comprised 10 sessions over 2 weeks. Active stimulation was delivered at 2 mA for 20 min (anode F3, cathode F4); sham used the same montage with brief ramping only. No washout interval was used. No washout interval was used. The primary outcome was HAMD-17; secondary outcomes were DSST and CGI ratings. RESULTS: Of 38 randomized participants, 32 completed both periods and were analyzed per protocol. HAMD-17 scores were lower during active than sham stimulation (mean difference -3.63, 95% CI -5.86 to -1.40; p = 0.002), but the condition-by-sequence interaction was significant (p = 0.026). No condition effect was observed for DSST (p = 0.261) or CGI-Severity (p = 1.000); CGI-Improvement was strongly sequence-dependent (p < 0.001). In an exploratory first-period analysis, adjusted T1 HAMD-17 scores were lower in the active-first group (adjusted difference -4.90, 95% CI -7.92 to -1.87; p = 0.003). Adverse effects were mild and transient. CONCLUSIONS: Active tDCS was associated with lower HAMD-17 scores, but the pooled contrast was order-dependent and cannot be interpreted as a definitive treatment effect. No DSST benefit was observed.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Latent endogenous depressions. III. 4 components and 4 stages of latent enogenous depression].

The united somatopsychic structure of larvated depressions consists of asthenia, pathological sensations (cenesthopathy), vegeto-visceral and effective disorders due to a central disturbance of general sensibility. The development of the endo-thymopatical process is expressed in the following stages: 1) vital-asthenic; 2) cenesthopathic-dysthymic; 3) anxious-hypochondriac; 4) delusional-hypochondriac. The second and third stages are larvated depressions in the narrow sense of the word, since the pseudosomatical changes are the main disturbances.

Asthenia↗
PubMed1978

Immune depression in trypanosome-infected mice. I. Depressed T lymphocyte responses.

Using a wide range of experimental conditions, several kinds of T lymphocyte responses in spleen cell populations from trypanosome-infected mice were studied. Lymphocyte stimulation after culture with the mitogen concanavalin A or with histoincompatible cells differing at H-2 or minor lymphocyte-stimulating loci was reduced or abolished in spleen cells from infected mice when compared with responses of spleen cells from uninfected controls. In addition, cytotoxic lymphocytes were not generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures which contained spleen cells from infected animals. Allogeneic skin grafting experiments performed with normal and infected mice showed that a decreased T lymphocyte response also occurs in vivo. The depressed immune responses were not simply due to low numbers of T lymphocytes in spleens of infected animals, but reflected a generalized immune depression which was not antigen-specific.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bipolar depression (manic-depressive disease) in early adolescence.

Bipolar Depression is rare in early adolescence. Since only rare cases were described in the literature, every case is important. In this article we described three cases of Bipolar Depression who were hospitalized in our Adolescent Unit during the past three years. All of them started at age 13--14. It is important to diagnose this illness in order to administer the required treatment in the acute phase and preventive treatment afterwards. Our experience indicates that treatment for early adolescents is identical with treatment for adults and calls for the same dosage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A comparative study of art expression of schizophrenic, unipolar depressive, and bipolar manic-depressive patients.

The literature on art productions from psychiatric patients consistently suggests that specific graphic characteristics distinguish among various major diagnostic groups. These hypothesized differences are summarized. Systematic collection of art productions as part of separate research programs studying affective psychoses and schizophrenia has enabled us to amass a collection of psychotic patients' drawings which are used in an attempt to evaluate these hypotheses empirically. Art sessions were held with 104 patients hospitalized for affective psychoses and with 62 patients hospitalized for acute schizophrenia at NIH's Clinical Center. Comparing these drawings across diagnostic groups revealed, to our surprise and contrary to extant hypotheses, considerable within-diagnostic group variability and between-group overlap. There were, nonetheless, some trends in the hypothesized directions. These differences, however, disappeared when comparisons were made on a subsample of age-matched patients. This discrepancy between this research and expectations based on the literature is discussed. Our studies indicate that pictorial characteristics are not closely associated with diagnosis. We have, however, found that individual patient's art productions, and their associations to the pictures, are of great value in arriving at a dynamic understanding of the patient, regardless of diagnosis.

Age Factors↗