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PubMed1990

The Miller Assessment for Preschoolers: clinical use with children with developmental delays.

In this pilot study, we investigated the clinical use of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) (Miller, 1982) with a sample of children with suspected or confirmed developmental delays. A retrospective chart audit was performed for 95 subjects, 30 girls and 65 boys, 34 to 68 months of age. Clinically related diagnoses were classified into six medical/developmental groups and a no-diagnosis group. When an analysis of variance was used to compare the six medical/developmental groups with the no-diagnosis group, some of the MAP score patterns differed significantly (p less than .01). These score patterns provide preliminary evidence for the MAP's effectiveness in screening children with developmental delays.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Congenital hypoparathyroidism, seizure, extreme growth failure with developmental delay and dysmorphic features--another case of this new syndrome.

A 4-year-old Saudi female child with extreme failure to thrive, striking dysmorphic features, developmental delay, congenital hypoparathyroidism, UTI, seizures, chronic otitis media, chronic non-specific gastroenteritis and repeated life-threatening infections was followed from birth. She was the product of first-cousin consanguineous marriage. She had striking facies with frontal prominence, deep-set eyes, depressed nasal bridge, beaked nose, long philtrum with thin upper lip, micrognathia, large floppy ears, bifid uvula, and growth retardation with SD score less than -2 for height, weight and head circumference. We believe these features which include congenital hypoparathyroidism, severe growth failure and developmental delay in the absence of chromosomal abnormality represent a newly described genetically determined syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed1986

Children at risk: perinatal events, developmental delays and the effects of a developmental stimulation program.

This paper reports the findings of two studies done between 1977 and 1981 in the Philippines. The first study examined the performance of 911 children, with histories of perinatal risk events, on a restandardized Philippine (Metro-Manila) version of the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) which was developed in 1980. This study established that the children performed significantly below Philippine norms. A second study, cognizant of the findings of the first, introduced nursing interventions designed to address some needs of preterm infants and their mothers. Findings suggest that development stimulation can significantly improve the developmental status of preterm infants.

Child↗

PubMed1987

Predicting and understanding developmental delay of children of adolescent mothers: a multidimensional approach.

Divergent literatures on potential relationships among psychological, biological, and contextual factors that may contribute to mental retardation and other types of developmental delay in the children of adolescent mothers were reviewed. A linear model was proposed to describe the direct and indirect effects of learning ability, maternal health, social support, personal adjustment, cognitive readiness for parenting, and infant characteristics on adolescent parenting and child development. Because the validity of the model can be determined through the use of causal modeling (LISREL), it holds the potential for determining a unique set of risk factors that may produce developmental delay in children of adolescent mothers. These factors can serve as the targets in designing intervention programs for such mothers.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Developmental delay in students starting school and possibilities for detection in preschool screening by the public health office].

There is an incomplete degree of school maturity in approximately ten per cent of our school beginners because of developmental delays which may have genetic or psychosocial causes or may be caused by an infantile cerebral dysfunction. A consequence of these developmental delays are the partial disturbances of performance frequently resulting in failure at school. An early registration of the partial disturbances of performance for example at pre-school medical check-ups is important for the prognosis of these children. The examination scheme of the Public Health office Schweinfurt is presented.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1987

Developmentally delayed musical savant's sensitivity to tonal structure.

A developmentally delayed, musically gifted child with no formal musical training was asked to repeat passages on the piano. Analysis of responses to melodies in each of the 24 major and minor keys indicated sensitivity to aspects of diatonic structure exhibited by mature listeners.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancing the coping skills of mothers with developmentally delayed children.

Recent studies have shown that mothers of developmentally delayed children are at risk for depression. During weekly psychoeducational group meetings, Roy's adaptation model was used to identify the focal, contextual, and residual stimuli that contributed to the mothers' depression. Nursing interventions that encouraged adaptation in the four modes were implemented by group facilitators providing parent education and emotional support. Implications for nurses in a variety of settings are given.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Language intervention with children who have developmental delays: effects of an interactive approach.

The interactive model of language intervention instructs parents to use techniques that promote reciprocal social interactions and facilitate the development of communication and language abilities. In this evaluation study, 32 mothers and their preschool-age children with developmental delays were randomly assigned to treatment and control (delayed treatment) groups. Consistent with the interactive model, mothers in the treatment group became more responsive, less directive, and provided clearer linguistic models. Furthermore, these changes were maintained for at least 4 months after intervention, and involvement in the parent-centered intervention program did not increase maternal stress. More important, these changes were accompanied by concomitant increases in children's use of vocal turns. Contrary to predictions, developmental improvements in children's communicative and linguistic abilities were comparable in both groups. Findings suggest that an interactive model may afford a useful adjunct to other intervention approaches by instructing parents on how to promote children's use of existing abilities, but an interactive model may have no effect on language acquisition of at least some children with developmental delays.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

MR evaluation of early myelination patterns in normal and developmentally delayed infants.

This study demonstrates the ability of MR imaging to show progression of myelination in 64 infants and young children (ages 4 days to 36 months). T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequences, frequently used for routine screening of intracranial disease, were used. Gray-white matter differentiation was seen in all patients, and changes occurring with age were documented. Three distinct patterns were seen, and age ranges were established for each pattern in developmentally normal children: (1) infantile (birth-6 months); (2) isointense (8-12 months); and (3) early adult (10 months onward). There was a statistically significant difference between the age ranges of the normal and developmentally delayed children showing all three patterns. These data should be helpful for identifying and following sequentially both infants with clinically suspected developmental delay and those with dysmyelinating or demyelinating disease.

Brain↗

PubMed1985

Tympanometry screening in developmentally delayed individuals.

Residents of the Huronia Regional Centre for the developmentally disabled (N:900) underwent otoscopic screening (canal "clear" vs "not clear") and tympanometric screening, including tympanometry and physical volume measures (Ss exhibiting Type B tympanograms were classified "hard positive"). Results showed that (1) by otoscopy, 53.2% of all Ss examined had canals "not clear". (2) Overall, degree of retardation was loosely related to prevalence of abnormal otoscopy. (3) The etiologies for mental retardation of "metabolism" and "chromosomal abnormalities" (including all Down's Syndrome cases) were most prone to be in the "not clear" otoscopic category. By tympanometry, 25.8% were classified "hard positive". Overall, conductive disorders as assessed by tympanometry increased significantly with degree of mental retardation. Chromosomal abnormalities yielded a significantly higher proportion of "hard positive" cases (43%) than any other etiology. Identification of sub-populations at risk for conductive disorders, such as those of chromosomal abnormalities and/or more severe developmental delays will enable the employment in the future of more efficient auditory screening techniques.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗

PubMed1986

Family responses to developmentally delayed preschoolers: etiology and the father's role.

Parents of 59 developmentally delayed preschoolers (18 with Down syndrome, 19 with neurological problems, and with 22 unknown etiologies) responded to questionnaires and structured interviews to assess parental stress and support, locus of control, and self-esteem. There were group differences in maternal reports of positive experience with the child, self-esteem, reported support, and relations with grandparents. With the exception of self-esteem, all comparisons favored the Down syndrome group. Fathers reported fewer distress symptoms, higher self-esteem, more internal locus of control, and less support than did mothers. These findings indicate a need to understand individual differences among families of delayed children and illustrate that the effects of a child's handicap on fathers differ from those upon mothers.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Myelination patterns on magnetic resonance of children with developmental delay.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 30 children with unexplained developmental delay who had associated neurological abnormalities such as seizures, spasticity, hypotonia, ataxia or poor vision. No child had a history of regression, preterm birth or neonatal cerebral injury. CT scans were performed before MR in all cases and were either normal or showed only mild atrophy. At least two MR sequences were obtained for all patients. Nine children had delayed or absent myelination on MR, one had patchy white-matter abnormalities, and in one patient myelination was topographically normal, but of inappropriately low signal intensity. MR was abnormal in six of seven children who had abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP), and was normal in nine of 11 patients who had a normal BAEP. MR may have a useful rôle in demonstrating abnormal white-matter maturation in children with unexplained neurodevelopmental delay, particularly when abnormalities are found on BAEP studies.

Brain↗

PubMed1986

Patterns of temperament variation in three groups of developmentally delayed preschool children: mother and father ratings.

Patterns of temperament variation in the developmentally delayed preschool population have not been adequately studied. The present paper reports temperament data for children 2 to 4 1/2 years old: 32 with Down's syndrome, 29 with neurological problems, and 35 with delays of unknown etiologies, as reported by their mothers and fathers. Results indicate that children in the total delayed sample are more approaching, less intense, less persistent, and have higher thresholds for stimulation than those in the normative sample. There were differences among the three groups in activity level, approach/withdrawal, and distractibility. Furthermore, on these three dimensions, mothers scored their children as more difficult than did fathers. These data highlight the need for adequate norms for subgroups of delayed children, and suggest that inclusion of temperament assessment can be a useful part of the clinical care of delayed children and their parents.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1988

Improving the social-conversational skills of developmentally delayed children: an intervention study.

Twenty mothers and their preschool-aged, developmentally delayed children participated in this parent-focused intervention study. Nine mother-child dyads received an 11-week training program that espoused a social-conversational approach, while 11 dyads served as controls. Pre- and posttest videotapes were transcribed and coded to yield measures of turn taking, as well as indexes of responsiveness, topic control, and uninvolvement. Following treatment, the mothers in the experimental group were more responsive to and less controlling of their children's behavior than the mothers in the comparison group. The children initiated more topics, were more responsive to their mother's preceding turns, and used more verbal turns and a more diverse vocabulary than the control group children. No differences in language development, as measured by a standardized test, were found. Individual maternal responses to intervention as well as implications for modifying parent training programs are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1991

Adaptive behavior of preschool children with developmental delays: parent versus teacher ratings.

Parents and teachers of 20 children with developmental delays, 24 through 38 months of age, from an early education program in Columbus, Ohio, were interviewed using the Adaptive Behavior Scale for Infants and Early Childhood. Significant differences were found between some of the ratings over the 23 domain and 11 subdomain scores, specifically in regard to sex of the child and length of time of the child's participation in the program. Parents provided higher ratings than did teachers on some domains. In general, parents and teachers tended to agree on the overall adaptive functional levels.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1991

Autosomal recessive hypoparathyroidism with renal insufficiency and developmental delay.

Four children (two boys and two girls) with hypoparathyroidism, renal insufficiency, and developmental delay are described. They were the products of consanguineous marriages in three related Asian families presenting over a six year period. All the children died within the first 15 months of life despite treatment. Postmortem examination on one child showed absent parathyroid glands. We believe these children represent a previously undescribed syndrome that appears to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1991

Religion and families of children with developmental delays.

Parents in 102 families with a 3- to 5-year-old child with developmental delays of uncertain etiology were interviewed concerning religion and adaptations to their child with delays. Religious parents were somewhat more familistic than were nonreligious parents, emphasized parental nurturance, and said that their child was an opportunity rather than a burden. Religious and nonreligious families were similar on other measures of developmental beliefs and social support. Religious parents described the "purpose" of their children with delays in their lives in emotionally powerful and meaningful ways that clearly helped them, although direct measures of peace of mind and emotional adjustment did not differ between religious and nonreligious families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Ataxia, developmental delay and an extensive neuronal migration abnormality in 2 siblings.

Two siblings with developmental delay and a non-progressive cerebellar ataxia are described. The electroencephalograms in both children showed a rather unusual pattern of high amplitude 10-12/s rhythms maximal anteriorly, while extensive neuronal migration abnormalities were apparent on Magnetic Resonance scans. There were no dysmorphic features, metabolic abnormalities, chromosomal defects or evidence of prenatal environmental toxins. It is considered that these siblings have an autosomal recessive neuronal migration defect which has not previously been reported.

Brain↗