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PubMed1986

Contributions of glomerular and tubular mechanisms to antidiuresis in conscious domestic fowl.

Recently developed radioimmunoassay (RIA techniques were employed in a quantitative investigation of the renal actions of the avian antidiuretic hormone arginine vasotocin (AVT) in the conscious domestic fowl. Constant intravenous infusion of AVT at doses of 0.125-1.00 ng . kg-1 . min-1 was used to produce plasma AVT (PAVT) concentrations (verified by RIA) over the entire range of physiological PAVT levels in the domestic fowl. Comparison of the dose-response relationships between PAVT and glomerular and tubular mechanisms of antidiuresis revealed that tubular mechanisms are of primary importance and glomerular mechanisms of secondary importance in the conservation of water by the avian kidney. The greatest proportion of the total AVT-induced reduction in renal water excretion occurred at low physiological PAVT levels (less than 5 microU/ml), prior to any significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and appeared to be the exclusive result of tubular mechanisms of antidiuresis. At high PAVT levels (5-16 microU/ml), glomerular and tubular mechanisms overlapped, and their effects on water conservation could not be separated. Although GFR was reduced by nearly 30% at the highest dose of AVT, only minor additional amounts of water were conserved by the combined actions of glomerular and tubular mechanisms. The glomerular mechanisms appear to have only a minor secondary effect on water-conserving ability of the avian kidney.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inter-relation of sylvatic and domestic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in areas with and without domestic vectorial transmission in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

During the period 1980-1986, we captured triatomine bugs and mammalian reservoir hosts from sylvatic and domestic situations in different municipalities of the State of Minas Gerais. Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from captured bugs, mammals and patients. After cultivation in LIT medium, the electrophoretic enzyme profiles were determined. We obtained a total of 32 parasite isolates from regions with active domestic transmission, and 24 isolates from areas under control. For the first areas the results suggest introduction of T. cruzi from sylvatic habitats, through incursion of infected opossums and/or sylvatic T. sordida, which appears to have given rise to at least one acute human infection. Of particular interest is the finding of sylvatic opossums and a T. sordida nymph infected with ZB, that could indicate return of parasites from chronic human infections to sylvatic transmission cycles. For the areas under control we also interpret the results as interaction between sylvatic and domestic cycles of transmission, here through the invasion of houses by bugs carrying the Z1 zymodeme from the sylvatic environment. The Multivariate Correspondence Analysis gives a spatial description between the different parasite isolates and confirms the existence of a bridge in the opposite direction in the region with active vectorial transmission including the exporting of Z2 through the peridomestic environment into the sylvatic cycle. For the other areas this bridge corresponds especially to Panstrongylus megistus, importing Z1 into the domestic environment.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Ending domestic violence is everyone's responsibility: an integrated approach to domestic violence treatment.

According to the American Medical Association diagnostic and treatment guidelines, "...silence, disregard or disinterest convey tacit approval of domestic violence." Stopping domestic violence requires a coordinated community response in which health care providers, criminal justice systems, and social service agencies join forces to confront the violence. Nurses must be part of this coordinated response by becoming knowledgeable about the dynamics of domestic violence and the ways to recognize it. Topics include a medical and legal overview, gender involvement, solution approaches and program examples, outcomes, and implications for nurses.

Colorado↗

PubMed1993

In vitro fertilization in domestic and non-domestic cats including sequences of early nuclear events, development in vitro, cryopreservation and successful intra- and interspecies embryo transfer.

The domestic cat may be used as a model for developing assisted reproduction techniques including in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo culture, cryopreservation and embryo transfer (ET) for application to threatened and endangered species of non-domestic cats. Interoestrous domestic cats were injected with a total of 1.0-6.0 mg follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) daily for 4 days and with 100 iu human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) on day 5. Follicular oocytes recovered at 26 +/- 1 h after hCG were co-incubated for 4-6 h at 38 degrees C in 5% CO2 with spermatozoa (1-2 x 10(5) motile spermatozoa ml-1) collected by artificial vagina. To determine the timing of sperm penetration and early fertilization events in vitro, oocytes were fixed and examined at intervals from 0.5 to 10 h after sperm exposure. The penetration rate of metaphase II (MII) oocytes at 0.5-3 h was equivalent to that at 3-6 h (95 versus 96%). Second polar body extrusion, pronuclear formation and apposition were observed at 2, 6-8 and 10 h, respectively. Simple (Tyrode's) and complex (F-10, M-199 and CMRL-1066) culture media with 10% fetal calf serum were compared for their ability to support development to the morula or blastocyst stage during culture periods of 96-168 h after IVF. The average number of cells per embryo was similar (P > 0.05) in the various media at each interval except that CMRL-1066 reduced (P < 0.05) development at 96 h if it was used before the two-cell stage. In F-10, neither the presence of intact cumulus cells nor changing to fresh F-10 medium at 48 h affected development at 96 h. Blastocyst development at 168 h was similar in both F-10 (18%) and Tyrode's (26%). To determine developmental ability in vivo, IVF-derived embryos (n = 586) were transferred at 96 or 120 h to recipients (n = 49) that had undergone synchronous oocyte recovery as donors. The percentage of recipients producing kittens after transfer of embryos cultured for 96 or 120 h in F-10 was 31 and 25, respectively, compared with 55% of 120 h recipients receiving embryos cultured in M-199 or Tyrode's. Overall, more pregnancies occurred following transfer of > or = 12 embryos (11/26) than if < 12 embryos were transferred (6/23).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Phase II clinical trial of domestic amsacrine in patients with acute leukemias. Cooperative Group for Treating Acute Leukemias with Domestic m-AMSA].

118 patients with acute leukemias, including initial, relapsed and refractory cases, were treated with domestic Amsacrine (m-AMSA), singly or combined with other drugs. The total CR rate was 39.5% in ALL and 38.8% in ANLL, the response rate was 47.5% for both types of acute leukemias. The CR rate of relapsed and refractory ALL and ANLL treated with combination chemotherapy including domestic m-AMSA was 30.8% and 46.2% respectively. Domestic m-AMSA was similar to the foreign product and many other antitumor drugs in side effects and toxicity. The pharmacokinetics parameters of the drugs, C12h/C6h,K21 and Cmax were correlated with the therapeutic effectiveness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Analysis of peripheral blood serotonin in domesticated silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as a major gene marker of domesticated behavior].

A segregation analysis of inheritance of the blood serotonin level in a domesticated silver fox population was performed (104 foxes from 4 pedigrees). The results of the analysis point to the effect of a major-gene in the control of this quantitative trait (dominance coefficient of lower level is 0.79), and suggest that breeding for domestic behavior is accompanied by selection against heterozygosity with respect to this major-gene. The lower blood serotonin level revealed in more domesticated foxes (p < 0.02) may be a consequence of this.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Histomorphometric study of bone microstructure of primates and domestic animal with the goal of species identification with reference to the effects of domestication].

Functional bone microstructure of long limb bones is a function of species-specific biomechanical properties such as locomotion and weight. Histomorphometry and statistics were used to identify various primate species (Hylobates moloch, Pongo satyrus borneensis, Pan tr. troglodytes, Gorilla g. gorilla, Homo sapiens), equid species (Equus caballus, Equus asinus, Equus mulus, Equus hemionus kulan, Equus ferus przewalskii) and also extinct horses e.g. iron age, medieval and neolithic forms on the microstructural level. Furthermore, bones from domesticated cattle, their Neolithic forms, pigs, sheep and goats (Bos taurus, Sus scrofa, Ovis aries, Capra hircus) were examined. Thin sections from proximal metacarpi or radii per species were taken in case of the domesticated animals and from distal humeri in case of the primates. Areas, perimeters, minimal and maximal axis of Haversian canals and secondary osteons were measured on digital images. Canonical discriminant analysis permits a differentiation of the species by these parameters of bone microstructure. Thus it is possible to distinguish between the different primate species, sheep and goats, horses, extinct horses, donkeys, mules and kulans on the microstructural level, however not between cattle and pig, E. f. przewalskii and Equus caballus, medieval and iron age horses. Neolithic cattle and horses do overlap, yet they are different from the modern forms.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Responding to domestic violence: a coordinated response by a consortium of teaching hospitals. Domestic Violence Task Force, Conference of Boston Teaching Hospitals.

Increasingly, health care providers are recognizing their role in the struggle against domestic violence. Although individual institutions around the country have developed protocols and programs in conjunction with community providers, there has been no unified health care effort. In May 1995, the Conference of Boston Teaching Hospitals (COBTH)--a collaborative body of the 14 academic hospitals and medical centers in the Boston area--formed the COBTH Domestic Violence Task Force. This task force, chaired by the president of Children's Hospital, represents the first time that hospital administrators and clinical staff have joined forces to deal with this issue. Critical to this effort were (1) the recognition that the hospitals have a responsibility to respond to patients as well as employees who are battered, (2) that in order for this work to move forward and become integrated into hospital systems, the involvement of senior medical staff and management is necessary, (3) that training and education must be ongoing and penetrate all levels of staff, and (4) that this work must be collaborative, with hospital staff working across disciplines and with community service providers. This paper outlines the year-long work of this Committee, including specific objectives and recommendations.

Boston↗

PubMed1982

Immunoreactive neuropeptide systems in avian embryos (domestic mallard, domestic fowl, Japanese quail).

In embryos of the domestic mallard, domestic fowl, and Japanese quail vasotocin-, mesotocin-, luliberin (LHRH)-, met-enkephalin-, corticotropin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya and fiber formations were visualized at different incubation stages by means of the PAP technique (Sternberger 1979). The most striking results were: (1) Vasotocin-, mesotocin-, and luliberin-immunoreactive systems display, up to the late embryonic period, morphological features most probably related to a neurohormonal function. (2) Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity appears very late during embryonic life; it is restricted to fiber networks and not found in perikarya. (3) Corticotropin immunoreactivity is observed in the tuberal region temporarily at the end of the second and the beginning of the last third of the incubation period. (4) Somatostatin-immunoreactive material is present (i) at the end of the first third of incubation, in association with the olfactory system; (ii) during the same period, adjacent to thin-layered portions of the roof of the brain; (iii) shortly thereafter, in cells of both pancreatic primordia and thyroid gland; and (iv) onward from the middle of the incubation period, in a mesencephalic cell group. The striking difference, in the early embryo, between the mature somatostatin plays a role in the development of the brain, as well as the pancreas, and the thyroid gland.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed2006

Early experience and domestication affect auditory discrimination learning, open field behaviour and brain size in wild Mongolian gerbils and domesticated laboratory gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus forma domestica).

The influence of early experience and strain differences on auditory discrimination learning, open field behaviour and brain size was investigated in wild-type Mongolian gerbils (strain Ugoe:MU95) raised in the wild (wild F-0) or in the laboratory (wild F-1) and in domesticated Laboratory Gerbils (LAB). Adult males were conditioned for 10 days in a shuttle box go/no-go paradigm to discriminate two frequency-modulated tones. Significant learning was established within 5 days in wild F-0 and within 3 days in wild F-1 and LAB. Spontaneous jumps in the shuttle box (inter-trial crossings) were frequently seen in wild F-0 and F-1, but rarely in LAB. All groups exhibited nearly the same ability to remember after 2 weeks without training. In the open field test applied on 5 consecutive days, no differences in locomotion patterns and inner field preferences were found. Rearing frequency decreased over 5 days in wild gerbils. Running distances (4-6m/min) were similar in wild F-0 and LAB, but higher in wild F-1. The ratio of brain size to body weight did not differ between wild F-0 and F-1, but was 17.1% lower in LAB. Correspondingly high brain weights in wild F-1 and F-0 support our domestication hypothesis and negate any serious effect of early experience or captivity on brain size in Mongolian gerbils. In contrast, wild F-1 raised in the laboratory show a rapid improvement in learning performance, indicating that early experience rather that genetic differences between strains affect shuttle box discrimination learning in gerbils.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Effects of stress on growth, cortisol and glucose levels in non-domesticated Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) is a promising aquaculture candidate, but the growth performance of this non-domesticated species may be negatively affected by its stress responsiveness to intensive culture conditions. To evaluate this potential problem, juvenile Eurasian perch were exposed to a standardized handling stressor twice a week for an 8-week period. A similar study was conducted on domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for comparison of intra- and inter-specific differences. The stressed fish of both species showed lower body growth than the non-stressed control fish, however, the final mean body mass was 35.4% lower in the stressed Eurasian perch than in the non-stressed controls, compared to 22.8% difference between the two groups in rainbow trout. The stress responsiveness was examined by comparing the post-stress cortisol and glucose levels in repeatedly stressed fish and fish exposed to the stressor only once. The cortisol stress response in both species strongly indicated a habituation to the repeated stressor. Thus, repeatedly stressed Eurasian perch reached maximum cortisol levels of 130 ng/mL after 0.5 h compared to 200 ng/mL in the fish stressed once, while considerably smaller differences in cortisol levels were shown between the repeatedly and single stressed rainbow trout. Rainbow trout also showed lower post-stress glucose levels in the repeatedly stressed fish compared to the single stressed fish. In contrast, the glucose levels in both groups of Eurasian perch increased abruptly after stress treatment and remained elevated at approximately 19 mM for 6 h; levels were three times as high as the peak levels 3 h post-stress in rainbow trout. Together, the habituation of the stress response shown in both species did not eliminate the growth difference found in the repeatedly stressed fish versus the control fish. Further, the lower growth performance of Eurasian perch compared to rainbow trout could partly be due to the increased energy consumption in the more stress responsive Eurasian perch.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

In vitro embryo production and embryo transfer in domestic and non-domestic cats.

Over a 5-year interval, multiple laparoscopic oocyte retrievals were done in fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus), caracals (Caracal caracal) and domestic cats after ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. From 21 retrievals in five fishing cats, 579 preovulatory oocytes (mean = 27.6) were recovered and 348 embryos were produced in vitro (mean = 16.6). A total of 452 preovulatory oocytes (mean = 25.1) were recovered from 18 of 24 retrievals in six caracals and 297 (mean = 16.6) embryos were produced. An additional 16 caracal embryos (19%) were produced after in vitro maturation of 83 oocytes, 59 of which came from six retrievals producing only immature oocytes. The presence of corpora lutea at oocyte retrieval occurred in each species (1) at a similar frequency (33%) and (2) more frequently during January through May (11 of 15 retrievals) than during the latter half of the year (4 of 30 retrievals). Of the 12 embryo transfer procedures done in fishing cats, one pregnancy (8%) was obtained and one live kitten born after the auto-transfer of 10 Day-6 embryos. In caracals, a total of 46 Day-4 or Day-5 embryos were auto-transferred to six recipients, one of which delivered two live kittens. Then, 109 caracal embryos were cryopreserved before thawing and transferring to nine recipients (mean = 12.1) on Days 5 or 6. From three pregnancies established (33%), a total of three kittens were born. Two to six gonadotropin treatments/oocyte retrievals were done in domestic cats during 1999 through 2003; an average of 24.9, 23.5, 22.0, 23.1, 23.5 and 40.9 oocytes (P > 0.05) were recovered at the first through the sixth treatment cycles from 138, 138, 97, 49, 22, and seven retrievals, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Nonsurgical collection and nonsurgical transfer of preimplantation embryos in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo).

The objective of this study was to develop nonsurgical methods of embryo collection and transfer in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to serve as models for use in mammals in which surgical procedures are the usual means for applying embryo transfer technology. Specially designed transcervical catheters were used together with a fibre optic endoscope to visualize and then catheterize the rabbit and ferret cervices. Five consecutive transcervical uterine flushes in each of eight superovulated female rabbits 78-89 h after an ovulatory injection of LH resulted in the retrieval of 187 embryos, for an average of 23 embryos per rabbit. A total of 116 embryos were nonsurgically transferred to the uteri of ten recipients, and resulted in 23 young (20%). Eight rabbits (80%) produced young with an average litter size of 2.88 (range 1-7). Ten consecutive transcervical uterine flushes in each of 37 female ferrets 145-178 h after an ovulatory injection of hCG resulted in the retrieval of 324 embryos, an average of 8.76 embryos per ferret. A total of 251 embryos from 27 donors were nonsurgically transferred to the uteri of 31 recipients, and resulted in 65 young (26%). Twenty-eight of the recipients (90%) were initially pregnant, as indicated by postpartum necropsies, and twenty-two ferrets (71%) produced young. The average litter size was 2.95 (range 1-7). This is the first report of live births resulting from the nonsurgical collection of embryos from a donor followed by nonsurgical transfer of those same embryos to a synchronous recipient. The methods reported here can serve as models for use in other mammals in which direct visualization and manipulation of the cervix are not possible, and will be particularly useful in endangered species.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Branching of the coeliac artery in some domestic birds. iii. A comparison of the pattern of the coeliac artery in three breeds of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus f. domestica).

The authors examined the pattern of the coeliac artery and its branches in 100 females of the domestic fowl of three breeds: White Leghorn (33 females), Brown Leghorn (34 females) and White Plymouth (33 females). The arterial pattern was injected by red-dyed latex. An exact analysis of the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in the individual breeds was made, the individual signs were compared and the level of statistical significance in the differen breed-related findings was determined. On the basis of study of the material it is possible to state that: a) There exist certain differences in the pattern of branches of the coeliac artery in various breeds of the domestic fowl. b) These differences comprise especially the way of origin of the A. proventricularis dorsalis, the origin of spleen arteries, the existence of the accessory arteries for the gall bladder, bile ducts and the duodenum, the origin of the Aa. ileocaecales and the way of branching of the A. gastrica sin. c) It will be possible to compare the pattern of the coeliac artery in various species of birds no sooner than the breed-related differences are determined.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Impact of domestic violence posters on female caregivers' opinions about domestic violence screening and disclosure in a pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to examine female caregivers' attitudes about the display of domestic violence (DV) resources in a pediatric emergency department (ED) and to explore whether these resources engendered positive feelings about DV screening and encouraged disclosure. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in a pediatric ED during 2 distinct periods, comparing responses of female caregivers before (pre) and after (post) displaying DV posters and cards. Women were surveyed about (1) personal experience with DV, (2) the appropriateness of DV posters and screening in a pediatric ED, and (3) willingness to divulge DV, if abused. RESULTS: The 2 groups (pre, n = 133; post, n = 136) did not significantly differ with respect to age, race, education, or personal DV history. The majority endorsed that "it is appropriate to have DV posters," with the post group responding in this manner more often than the pre group (pre, 85%; post, 95%; odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-8.5). The post group was less likely to prefer pediatric ED DV screening (pre, 76%; post, 63%; OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9) and tended to be less likely to say that they would divulge (pre, 85%; post, 75%; OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-1.1). In both groups, women with a DV history were less likely than women without this history to say that they would disclose DV to their pediatric ED provider (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the need for further exploration of how to most effectively help and provide resources for abused women in this setting.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Association between clinical symptoms and lymphocyte abnormalities in a population with chronic domestic exposure to industrial solvent-contaminated domestic water supply and a high incidence of leukaemia.

An unusually high incidence of leukaemia and recurrent infections was noted in children exposed in utero to domestic water supply contaminated with industrial solvents including trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and 1,2-transdichloroethylene. Medical and laboratory investigations were carried out on 28 family members of the patients with leukaemia with particular emphasis on the immunological system to determine if they displayed symptoms associated with acute or chronic exposure to these chlorinated hydrocarbons. The principal organ systems affected were neurological, immunological and cardiological. Damage to these systems was found in all subjects by history, physical and laboratory parameters. Damage to the immunological system was manifest by altered ratios of T lymphocyte subpopulations, increased incidence of auto-antibodies, increased infections and recurrent rashes.

Adult↗

PubMed1970

Myxomatosis. The effect of age upon survival of wild and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with a degree of genetic resistance and unselected domestic rabbits infected with myxoma virus.

The response of wild and domestic rabbits with a degree of genetic resistance to myxomatosis has been shown to be markedly affected by the age at which they were infected with a virulent strain of the virus. The response, in terms of mean survival time and percentage survival, fell with increasing age from 10 to 30 weeks with little change thereafter.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Toward improving food safety in the domestic environment: a multi-item Rasch scale for the measurement of the safety efficacy of domestic food-handling practices.

To reduce consumer health risks from foodborne diseases that result from improper domestic food handling, consumers need to know how to safely handle food. To realize improvements in public health, it is necessary to develop interventions that match the needs of individual consumers. Successful intervention strategies are therefore contingent on identifying not only the practices that are important for consumer protection, but also barriers that prevent consumers from responding to these interventions. A measure of food safety behavior is needed to assess the effectiveness of different intervention strategies across different groups of consumers. A nationally representative survey was conducted in the Netherlands to determine which practices are likely conducted by which consumers. Participants reported their behaviors with respect to 55 different food-handling practices. The Rasch modeling technique was used to determine a general measure for the likelihood of an average consumer performing each food-handling behavior. Simultaneously, an average performance measure was estimated for each consumer. These two measures can be combined to predict the likelihood that an individual consumer engages in a specific food-handling behavior. A single "food safety" dimension was shown to underlie all items. Some potentially safe practices (e.g., use of meat thermometers) were reported as very difficult, while other safe practices were conducted by respondents more frequently (e.g., washing of fresh fruit and vegetables). A cluster analysis was applied to the resulting data set, and five segments of consumers were identified. Different behaviors may have different effects on microbial growth in food, and thus have different consequences for human health. Once the microbial relevance of the different consumer behaviors has been confirmed by experiments and modeling, the scale developed in the research reported here can be used to develop risk communication targeted to the needs of different consumer groups, as well as to measure the efficacy of different interventions.

Communication↗