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PubMed2000

[The hormonal factors regulating water-electrolyte exchange in the pathogenesis of the hemodynamic disorders in pre-eclampsia].

Study of indices of different endocrine links of female organisms with gestosis of the 2nd half of pregnancy with the search of degree of taking part of this hormones in the forming of basic syndromes of hestosis and guiding line to fundamental approach in medicinal practice with gestosis. Decrease of natrium content in CBV at the same time with decrease of intravascular volume of it and decrease of excretion of it with urine in the dynamics of gestosis confirms hestosis development and retention of natrium in the expectorant women's organism with primary delay of it in tissues. Energization of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-tromboxane system, changes of prostaglandin-tromboxane link in blood contributed to forming of arterial hypertension and edema. With taking into account revealed changes of hormonal levels at the background of progressive hypovolemia, decrease of speed of excretion of natrium with urine and speed of glomerular filtration, differentiate approach in prescription for hypotensive and diuretic agents is recommended for the avoidance of possible hardening of state of expectorant woman with gestosis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

[The effect of systemic changes on sick-day absenteeism in the workplace. II. Causes of work disability among persons under termination of employment].

During the period of transformations and restructuring of workplaces in Poland, the reduction of employment becomes quite common, what seems to make a considerable impact on sick absenteeism. The analysis presented aimed at defining how far the risk of sick absenteeism increases among workers under termination of employment because of different reasons, and indicating morbidity causes in case of which sick absenteeism is most extensive. The study was carried out in one of the largest plants of the motor car industry (before the process of restructuring), and it covered a cohort of 5,373 men and 3,215 women employed during the years 1989-94. The workers who terminated their employment during those years made 77% of the whole cohort under study. The case index, calculated as the ratio of the number of cases to the number of man-days under observation, was taken as an analysis parameter. Poisson regression model involving a number of variables (age, departments, current workers, workers discharged according to particular reasons, and the period preceding the termination of employment) was used in the statistical analysis. The study indicated an increased risk of sick absenteeism in the group of workers approaching the termination of employment in comparison with that among current workers. The highest risk of work disability, both among men and women, was observed in persons leaving their jobs because of long-lasting illness or disability pension. The highest risk indices were noted in men whose sick absenteeism was caused by neoplasms (RR = 14.42); endocrine secretion disorders (RR = 4.83); cardiovascular disorders (RR = 3.60); mental disorders (RR = 3.04); and diseases of the musculoskeletal system (RR = 2.95); and in women with neoplasms (R = 6.42); diseases of the musculoskeletal system (RR = 4.01); and cardiovascular diseases (RR = 3.99). Risk of sick absenteeism was over 50% higher among retiring workers than among current workers (RR = 1.50 for men; and RR = 1.53 for women). Among workers discharged because of economic reasons, statistically significant risk of sick absenteeism was also observed (RR = 1.51 for men; and RR = 1.37 for women). In the group of workers leaving their jobs, following the agreement of the parties, an increased risk of sick absenteeism was noted in men (RR = 1.45). The economy transformation processes make a considerable impact on the occurrence of sick absenteeism in workplaces. Workers leaving their jobs because of health problems or of their own accord, as well as those discharged because of economic reasons belong to the highest risk groups.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2004

Fibromyalgia pain: do we know the source?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition of unknown origin. Multiple abnormalities have been described, including peripheral tissue and central nervous system changes. The relation of these mechanisms, however, is likely bidirectional. FMS pain clearly depends on peripheral nociceptive input as well as abnormal central pain processing. This review will focus on the role of peripheral nociceptive input for pain in FMS. RECENT FINDINGS: There is strong evidence for abnormal central pain processing in FMS. Sensitized spinal cord neurons in the dorsal horn are responsible for augmented pain processing of nociceptive signals from the periphery. In addition, glial activation, possibly by cytokines and excitatory amino acids may play a role in the initiation and perpetuation of this sensitized state. SUMMARY: Nociceptive input clearly plays an important role in FMS. Acute or repetitive tissue injury has been associated with FMS pain. Cytokines related to such injuries may be responsible for long-term activation of spinal cord glia and dorsal horn neurons, thus resulting in central sensitization. A better understanding of these important neuro-immune interactions may provide relevant insights into future effective therapies.

Cytokines↗
PubMed1984

Cells of the fetomaternal interface: their role in the maintenance of viviparous pregnancy.

An immune system capable of discriminating between self and nonself evolved in nature long before the appearance of the viviparous mode of pregnancy, which brings maternal cells into a direct physical contact with genetically disparate cells of fetal origin. In the hemochorial type of placentation, the former include cells of the maternal immune system. This article briefly reviews the possible mechanisms that may protect the semiallogeneic conceptus in nature, with special reference to the role of the cells at the fetomaternal interface. We also present some new data on the antigenicity of pre- and postimplantation trophoblast cells and the immunobiology of decidual cells. Systemic changes in the maternal immune system appear to represent homeostatic responses to the presence of a semiallogeneic conceptus, unrelated to its protection; mechanisms for this protection must reside locally at the fetomaternal interface. We find that the lack of immunogenicity of the outer (trophoblast) cells of the preimplantation blastocyst can be explained by a transient disappearance of the major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens on their cell surface. However, following implantation and the formation of the placenta, class 1 MHC antigens reappear on certain classes of trophoblast cells, i.e., labyrinthine and spongiotrophoblast cells of the murine placenta. Similarly, cytotrophoblast cells of the early human placenta exhibit the presence of class 1 MHC antigens. An absence of class 2 MHC antigens despite the presence of class 1 antigens cannot entirely explain the lack of trophoblast immunogenicity. A local immunosuppression mediated by trophoblast cells themselves as well as maternal cells of hemopoietic origin in the decidua remain as a strong possibility. Typical decidual cells appear to play a central role in the maintenance of pregnancy because of their numerous functions: nutritive, endocrine, and immunoregulatory. Our studies reveal that they are descendants of bone-marrow-derived precursors, have unique surface markers recognizable with monoclonal antibodies nonreactive with other hemopoietic cell lineages, and have the ability to abrogate mixed lymphocyte reactions in vitro in a genetically unrestricted manner. Further studies directed at the cells of the fetomaternal interface should provide a better insight into the mode of survival of the nature's most commonplace allograft.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Wool growth rate in vitro is independent of host animal nutrition, season, and the potential mediators of photoperiod, melatonin and prolactin.

In most sheep breeds, wool growth varies seasonally and is correlated with changes in photoperiod, temperature, and nutrition. Wool growth regulation by these factors may result from systemic changes, or to a response localized at the wool follicle. Possible roles of systemic and local factors have been examined here by comparison of wool growth responses in vitro and in vitro. Wool follicles were isolated and maintained under conditions facilitating fibre growth for at least 4 days. The wool growth rate by follicles isolated regularly over a 10 month period was invariate (P > 0.10), in contrast to a seasonally varying wool growth rate by follicles from the same animals in vivo (P < 0.001). Although a high energy, high protein diet increased wool growth in vivo (P < 0.05), cultured follicles isolated from these animals showed no change in growth rate (P > 0.10). These observations suggest that the regulation of wool growth by environmental factors is extrafollicular and that there is no carryover of the in vivo growth rate when follicles are isolated and systemic signals are therefore removed. Additional work discussed here examined the regulation of pelage by prolactin and melatonin, potential endocrine mediators of photoperiod. The fibre production rate by isolated follicles maintained in control media was not different to that of prolactin or melatonin supplemented follicles (P > 0.10). It is concluded that selective breeding of domesticated sheep has suppressed the response of follicles to regulation by prolactin and melatonin. Studies currently underway using in situ RT-PCR will provide further characterization of this conclusion.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Metabolic changes in women using a long-acting monthly oral contraceptive and return of ovulation on discontinuation.

Metabolic changes were investigated in two groups of women using oral contraceptives for 5 to 16 years. Blood samples were taken during the last cycle of oral contraceptive use and three months post-treatment. One group had used a monthly oral contraceptive (MOC, 3mg quinestrol and 10mg 16-methylene chlormadinone acetate) and the second group a daily oral contraceptive (DOC, 35 micrograms ethynylestradiol and 0.625 mg norethisterone). During treatment there were increases in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides but not HDL-C, in plasma total cortisol but not in renin activity, angiotensin II or urinary free cortisol excretion, in hemoglobin and some coagulation factors but not Factor X or antithrombin III, platelet function or fibrinolysis. The area under the blood glucose concentration-time curve, but not that for serum insulin, was slightly increased and there was no change in fasting blood sugar concentrations. All metabolic parameters, except plasma cortisol, which had shown an increase on treatment, had decreased to control levels within 3 months. Ovulation returned promptly in all women, the mean time being 70 days for Group MOC and 44 days for Group DOC. Thus, in spite of the long duration of use of the oral contraceptives, metabolic changes were minor.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Serum and endometrial sodium and potassium levels with inert and copper-containing IUCDs and relation to serum steroid levels.

Serum and endometrial sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels and serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and cortisol were measured in the mid-follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in 20 Lippes loop and 20 CuT-200 IUCD users and 20 matched controls. Na and K were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while serum steroids were measured by RIA. Regarding steroids, the only significant difference between the three groups was a significantly lower mean mid-luteal serum estradiol in CuT-200 IUCD users compared to Lippes loop users (p less than 0.05). Regarding sodium in the control group, there was significantly lower mean mid-luteal serum and endometrial Na (p less than 0.01) that was not found in both groups of IUCD users. In the mid-follicular phase, there was significantly higher mean serum Na in both Lippes loop and CuT-200 groups compared to controls (p less than 0.05). Mean endometrial Na showed no significant difference between the three groups in both phases of the menstrual cycle. Regarding potassium in the control group, there was significantly lower mean levels in the mid-luteal-phase of the cycle (p less than 0.01) that was not seen with both groups of IUCD users. Serum K showed no significant difference in the three groups in both phases of the menstrual cycle. Endometrial K showed a significantly higher mean level in both Lippes loop and CuT-200 IUCD users compared to controls in the mid-luteal (p less than 0.01), but not in the mid-follicular phases of the cycle.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Main medical results of extended flights on space station Mir in 1986-1990.

During 1986-1990 seven prime spacecrews (16 cosmonauts) have flown on-board the Mir orbital complex. The longest space mission duration was 366 days The principal objectives of the medical tasks were the maintenance of good health and performance of the spacecrews and conducting medical research programs which included study of the cardiovascular, motor, endocrine, blood, immune, and metabolic systems. Results obtained point to the ability of humans to readily adapt to a year-long stay in space and maintain good health and performance. Readaptation had a similar course as after other previous long-term space flights of up to 8 months in duration. Primary body system changes were not qualitatively different from findings after flights aboard the Salyut 6 and 7 space stations. In this case, during and after an 11-12 month flight, body system alterations were even less severe which was a result of adequate countermeasure use, their systematic and creative employment and maintenance of required environments to support life and work in space.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

Antispermatogenic action of gossypol in men.

Twelve Brazilian men were treated with gossypol for 1 year. The treatment schedule consisted of oral administration of 20 mg gossypol daily for 4 months, followed by a maintenance dose of 20 mg on alternate days (3 days a week), totaling 60 mg weekly for 8 months. Ten men became azoospermic at the end of the fourth month of treatment, and the two others developed marked oligospermia with necrospermia. Except for one man who complained of transient listlessness and fatigue, the subjects reported no side effects during treatment. No changes in libido or potency were reported, and plasma testosterone remained unchanged. Blood chemistry values, which included complete blood cell count, cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, acid phosphatase, urea, transaminases, sodium, and potassium, were not changed significantly during treatment. The response of the pituitary to gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation and the response of the testis to gonadotropin stimulation appeared normal in men treated with gossypol. After treatment, the sperm counts reverted to essentially normal levels in 8 of 12 men. In four men, azoospermia continued 1 year after discontinuation of gossypol treatment. Retrograde phlebography carried out in three of the four men who remained azoospermic after discontinuation of therapy revealed subclinical varicocele.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Prolactin receptor gene expression in the forebrain of pregnant and lactating rats.

Prolactin plays a large role in the onset of maternal behavior at parturition. Knowledge of the change in expression of the prolactin receptor in the brain across pregnancy and lactation, however, is limited. Prolactin receptor gene expression was determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry during pregnancy and lactation in rats. Expression of the mRNA for the longform of the prolactin receptor (PRL-R-L) was measured in various forebrain structures in primigravid rats at different stages of pregnancy, in primiparous rats during early, mid-, and late lactation, and in age-matched, nulliparous females in diestrus. Hybridizations were performed using a [33P]-labeled riboprobe specific for the long form of the prolactin receptor mRNA complimentary to 290 bp of the prolactin receptor gene. The following areas of the forebrain were examined: medial preoptic area (MPOA), median preoptic nucleus both dorsal (MePOd) and ventral (MePOv) to the anterior commissure, ventral lateral septum (LSv), and the ventral and principal parts of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BnSTv and BnSTpr, respectively). Overall, the number of cells expressing PRL-R-L mRNA was significantly higher at 2 h postpartum compared to diestrus in all areas examined except the LSv. In addition, there were lower numbers of PRL-R-L cells during all stages of lactation compared to pregnancy. The number of grains per cell in the MPOA and LSv did not change as dramatically as the number of cells expressing PRL-R-L mRNA in those brain regions. These data contribute to the growing body of evidence that the neural lactogenic system changes as a function of female reproductive state. Changes in PRL-R-L mRNA in terms of behavior and endocrine functions are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The systemic response of the traumatized patient: an overview.

A metabolic conflict occurs between increased production of easily used substrates and inhibition of their metabolism in any injured animal. The terms ebb and flow describe the dwindling and rising tides of such activity. The ebb may last 24 to 72 hours; the flow is usually over within two weeks but may last up to eight weeks or longer in more severe cases. The ebb phase corresponds to the traumatic and initial post-traumatic period when there usually is adequate substrate (oxygen, glucose, fatty acid) to meet the diminished demand of the tissues. The flow phase is the period of convalescence. The object of the organism's initial defense following injury seems to stabilize the situation during the ebb phase (preservation of the internal milieu). The longer the ebb phase can be maintained and the more substrates that can be conserved, the more likely the animal will recover during the flow phase. The ebb phase is set in motion by an injury such as hemorrhage, burns, fractures, soft tissue damage by crushing sepsis, or diarrhea. After the ebb phase, a variable, integrated response of nervous, endocrine, and metabolic systems begins, which compromises normal function to achieve specific survival objectives (that is, protection, stabilization and adaptation). Systemic changes (such as tissue catabolism) devoted to caloric needs and local growth (that is, wound repair) are all directed at the ultimate objective of survival.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Endocrine problems in the menopause.

The climacteric is an interval characterized by a multitude of physiologic, psychologic, and sociologic alterations that result in an individual's adaptation to life beyond reproduction. The common denominator of the physiologic changes is the loss of functional ovarian follicles and their ability to produce estradiol. The relative estrogen deficiency results in a myriad of systemic changes, some of which in themselves may impair the quality of life or be life-threatening. Estrogen replacement therapy is effective in alleviating some of these changes, including osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, and genital atrophy. This treatment, however, confers additional risks, endometrial adenocarcinoma being the one of greatest concern. This risk can be reduced by carefully selecting patients to be treated, closely following them, minimizing the duration and amount of exposure, and adding a progestin to the regimen. It is hoped that the risk of endometrial cancer and other adverse reactions associated with estrogen use can be further reduced when more data regarding optimum dosage and choice of agents are available.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Reduced primary T lymphopoiesis in 3-month-old lurcher mice: sign of premature ageing of thymus?

OBJECTIVE: The nervous, endocrine and immune systems are functionally interconnected so that they may form a complex metasystem. Abnormalities within the neuroendocrine compartment can thus affect immune mechanisms and vice versa. The Lurcher-type mutation in mice has a profound impact on brain development in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals, which is followed by immune system changes. We investigated whether macroscopic changes in the thymus size were associated with an altered thymocyte development or with changes in peripheral T cell subset distribution. METHODS: CD3, CD4 and CD8 expressions on thymocytes and peripheral T cells were compared with those in wild-type and Lurcher heterozygous C3H mice using surface immunophenotyping and flow cytometry. Galanthus nivalis agglutinin binding to thymocytes was measured at the same time. RESULTS: While no differences between experimental groups were observed in 1-month-old mice, a critical reduction of numbers of thymocytes and namely double-positive cells occurred before the age of 3 months in Lurcher mice, which was accompanied by thymus involution. Interestingly, this was not accompanied by significant differences in major T subset proportions in the peripheral lymphatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We interpret our observations as hallmarks of premature thymus ageing in heterozygous Lurcher mice with only a marginal effect in the periphery in early adulthood.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Changing hypothalamopituitary function: its role in aging of the female reproductive system.

Changes in female reproductive function occur relatively early during the life span in many mammalian species. Therefore, this physiological system is an excellent model system in which to study the effects of age on specific endocrine relationships since changes occur prior to the occurrence of multiple pathologies associated with later stages of aging. Data from several laboratories suggest that changes in hypothalamic, pituitary and ovarian function may contribute to age-related deterioration of fertility in females. We will focus our attention on the role of hypothalamic changes in the cascade of events that eventually lead to acyclicity and infertility. Data suggest that changes in the diurnal rhythmicity of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters and their receptors occur during middle age. These changes may regulate the pattern of release of GnRH since alterations in the pulsatile pattern of LH secretion also become detectable at this age. Some age-related changes in hypothalamic and pituitary function are not irreversible or absolutely determined. Instead it appears that the ovarian steroidal milieu modulates the rate of aging of several aspects of hypothalamohypophysial function. In summary, changes in hypothalamic and pituitary function appear to contribute to the aging of the female reproductive system.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Local hormonal factors (intracrine, autocrine, and paracrine) in hypertension.

Vasoactive hormones acting as endocrine, neuroendocrine, or local hormonal systems (intracrine, autocrine, and paracrine) are an important component of the many factors that regulate blood pressure. Hypertension may be the result of an alteration in the balance between vasodepressor and vasopressor hormonal systems. Changes in this balance could be due to genetic factors such as mutations in one of the genes of the vasoactive system or environmental factors that alter the synthesis and release of one or more vasoactive hormones. Endocrine and neuroendocrine vasopressor hormonal systems, such as the renin-angiotensin system and catecholamines, play a well-established and important role in the regulation of blood pressure and the pathogenesis of some secondary forms of hypertension. The blockade of such systems has already resulted in effective antihypertensive treatment. The role of local hormonal systems is less well established; however, recent evidence suggests they also play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Some vasopressor hormonal systems, such as the renin-angiotensin system, can act as both endocrine or local hormonal systems. Work using transgenic rats harboring the mouse Ren-2 gene has conclusively demonstrated that the renin-angiotensin system, acting as a local hormonal system, has the capability to cause severe hypertension. Whether this model of experimental hypertension mimics any type of human hypertension is not known. Vasodepressor hormones such as kinins, prostaglandins, and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) act mainly as local hormonal systems, with the notable exception of atrial natriuretic factor, which may act as both an endocrine and a local hormone. The tissue kallikrein-kinin system, acting either directly or via paracrine eicosanoids or EDRF, participates in local regulation of the circulation, renal function, and the acute antihypertensive effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) that distinguishes the kallikrein gene family of a strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) from normotensive Brown Norway rats has been identified. In a set of 32 recombinant inbred strains derived from these SHR and Brown Norway strains, the RFLP marking the kallikrein gene family of SHR cosegregated with an increase in blood pressure. Also, in a study of Utah families it was found that a dominant-allele kallikrein gene expressed as high urinary kallikrein excretion was associated with a decreased risk of essential hypertension. In conclusion, vasopressor and vasodepressor hormones, acting not only as endocrine but also as local hormones, play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and the pathogenesis of hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1985

[Chronic toxicity study on difluprednate in dogs].

The chronic toxicity of a new topical glucocorticoid, difluprednate (DFBA) was studied in Beagle dogs. DFBA ointment (0.05%) was percutaneously treated to the back of dogs at daily doses of 125, 12.5 and 1.25 micrograms/kg for 6 months. The local effects of DFBA In the treated area, thinning of the skin and inhibition of the fur-growth were observed with scale and erythema. The skin showed histological atrophy of the epidermis, a decrease of the adipose tissue and atrophy of the adnexa. These changes returned to normal after the 2-month withdrawal period. The systemic effects of DFBA In the 125 micrograms/kg group, the following changes were observed, although neither death nor severe symptoms occurred: General observations were seen an increase of water intake and urinary volume. A decrease of lymphocytes and eosinophils, and an increase of neutrophils were observed in the hematological examination. There were high sodium and low potassium levels, and an increase of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities in the biochemical examination. The organ weights showed a decrease of the thymus, adrenals, prostate and ovaries, and an increase of the liver and kidney. An atrophy of the lymphatic tissues and adrenal cortex, retardation of the sexual maturation, glycogen deposit in the hepatic cells, slight degeneration of the renal tubuli, and slight thinning of the sternum and non-treated skin were noted in the pathological examination. These changes returned to normal after the 2-month withdrawal period. In the 12.5 micrograms/kg group, the atrophic changes in the thymus, adrenal and non-treated skin appeared slight. In the 1.25 micrograms/kg group, no changes were found. Conclusively, all the local and systemic changes observed by DFBA in this study were due to the already known pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids. It is considered that a 12.5 micrograms/kg dosage is similar to a non-effect dose.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Changes of interleukin-6 and related factors as well as gastric intramucosal pH during colorectal and orthopaedic surgical procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of perioperative serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol, as well as gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) and plasma lactate, aiming to compare systemic changes and tissue perfusion during colorectal and orthopaedic surgical procedures. METHODS: Twenty patients were randomly assigned to two groups, 10 cases of operation on vertebral canal, 10 cases of colorectal radical operation. Venous blood was drawn at 1 day before operation, 2, 4, and 6 hours following skin incision, and 1 day after operation, in order to measure serum IL-6, CRP, and cortisol. pHi and plasma lactate were also measured at the same time points. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of IL-6 and cortisol increased gradually following operation, reaching the peak value at 6 hours from the beginning of operation. CRP was not detectable until the first day after operation. Peak concentration of IL-6 had positive relationship with CRP. These variables changed more significantly in colorectal group than that in orthopaedic group (P < 0.05). pHi decreased gradually, reaching the lowest level at 4 hours from the beginning of operation, and to more extent in colorectal group than that in orthopaedic group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: IL-6 may reflect tissue damage more sensitively than CRP. Colorectal surgery might induce systemic disorder to more extent, in terms of immuno-endocrinal aspect as well as tissue perfusion, reflected with pHi.

Adult↗