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Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

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27 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

[Monoaminergic theories in depressive illness (author's transl)].

The biochemical exploration in man is limited by ethical and technical factors. Results are contradictory and it is only by the mean of the antidepressants used as pharmacological tools that monoaminergic hypotheses have been made. The specificity of action of these drugs is very different from one substance to another and the post synaptic impact of the antidepressants is more important than it was thought before. Finally the monoaminergic hypothesis is too simple and cannot summarize the biochemical factors in depression.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1979

[Prospective controlled clinical trials in surgery. controversial issues in motivation and performance (author's transl)].

Controversial aspects in prospective controlled trials in surgery can be detected at various stages in the course of this research work, such as in motivation, planning and performance as well as in assessment and evaluation of the results. Especially the introduction of control groups, randomization and "blindness" of patients, operators and doctors running the follow-up are subjects of a controversial discussion. Subthreshold arguments for defenders and eniers of the trial are taken from different theories of science, such as empirism and rationalism which are more effective in the daily routine work than expected. Provided that convincingly only therapeutic and diagnostic procedures are compared which were considered as equi-effective and reliable to the same extent according to the best and most complete knowledge available it is ethically justified to perform controlled randomized trials. It should, however, not be expected that they (always) produce differences between treatment of high degree of difference. The aim of the controlled trials is not the introduction of sensational novelties into medicine, but the abolition and prevention of unnecessary and unworthy modes.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1977

Revolutions and the rights of man.

The author describes the dialectical struggle in psychiatric treatment between those who advocate maximum liberty in the management of the mentally disordered and those who believe such patients will benefit more from firm guidance and discipline. He uses illustrations from British psychiatric history to illustrate this struggle. He also points out and discusses two current challenges to psychiatry worldwide: the unconstructive hostility of the various schools of antipsychiatry and the political abuse of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, particularly in the USSR.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

[Prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled--their origin and methods of elimination (author's transl)].

Based on the fact that prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled are not only common to our culture, but a worldwide problem, the following article studies their genesis from the point of view of behavioural science and biology. Dispositions of the mind transmitted by society can only be considered as one causative factor amongst many for these undesirable prejudices and attitudes. It is shown that human inborn inclination for a specific reaction towards marginal groups and the equally inborn fear-reaction towards strangers are also contributing factors to the formation of prejudices. This theory is supported by findings of the animal behavioural science and comparative human ethology. As inborn prejudices can be influenced by education and need not be put down to fate, two suggestions are made concerning the elimination of negative attitudes, e.g. (1) to make man aware of the fact that as a cultural being his inborn negative reaction towards marginal groups is inappropriate. As a consequence, this reaction must be transformed both culturally and ethically, (2) to eliminate the fear-reaction towards strangers, amongst other things, through integrated education.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2025

How do parents decide on genetic testing in pediatrics? A systematic review.

PURPOSE: This systematic review aims to identify the factors that influence parents' decisions regarding pediatric diagnostic genetic testing (DT) and predictive genetic testing (PT). These factors are integrated into a conceptual decision-making model. Implications for genetic counseling, research, and ethics were derived. METHODS: PubMed, PsychInfo, WebofScience, and related references were searched for original publications between 2000 and 2023. The extracted factors were categorized using existing models. RESULTS: Of the 5843 publications, 56 met the inclusion criteria. The included studies differentiated between DT, traditional PT, and expanded PT and described factors affecting parental decisions to have the child genetically tested and to be informed about additional findings. Factors included (1) benefits/hopes, (2) worries/concerns, (3) values and beliefs, (4) individual circumstances, and (5) emotional states. CONCLUSION: Our work extends the existing empirical decision model of family decisions about genome sequencing to genetic testing in pediatrics in general, adding the categories of individual circumstances and emotional states. These factors can be further integrated into the Health Belief Model; the importance of emotional states is reflected in dual-process theories, such as the Fuzzy Trace Theory. Research is required on emotional states, differences between DT and PT, parents' decisions regarding result disclosure, and dyadic variables as decision-making predictors.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Origins and control of stereotyped movements.

A large number of retarded individuals exhibit repetitive and rhythmical movements of a highly stereotyped character. Common forms of these behaviors include body rocking, head nodding, hand waving, head banging and so on. Such behaviors are distinguished by their apparently maladaptive and excessive nature. The frequency of these bizarre responses in negatively correlated with measured intelligence. Stereotyped movements usually have their onsets early in the life of the individual and, in many cases, appear to have become functionally autonous. A variety of theories have been proposed to explain the onset and maintenance of stereotyped movements. None can be accepted to the exclusion of others and all have some empirical support. Problems of measurement are particularly difficult ones in this area. Of the various methods devised to suppress stereotyped movements, those based on principles of learning seem to be the most popular. However, generalization and durability of suppression effects generally have not been dealt with adequately. Much less attention has been paid to ecological analyses of the natural environments in which individuals exhibits stereotypies. A case can be made that our knowledge about the initiating conditions for these behaviors and subsequent effects on the natural environment is far less than perfect. A number of research directions are suggested.

Behavior↗
PubMed2026

Effects of a situational interest-based rotational fitness training program on positive affect in university students: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate whether a 12-week situational interest-based rotational fitness program improved positive emotional states in university students, to compare module-specific effects, and to examine whether the intervention moderated the heart rate-emotion association. METHODS: In this 2-arm randomized controlled trial, 560 freshmen from 10 Chinese universities were assigned to an experimental (n&#x2005;=&#x2005;280) or control group (n&#x2005;=&#x2005;280). The experimental group completed weekly 90-minute sessions covering strength, endurance, speed, and agility modules; controls received regular physical education. Positive emotional states were assessed using the positive well-being subscale of the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale through ecological momentary assessment at 3 points per session, yielding over 14,000 observations. Linear mixed-effects models tested group, time, group&#x2005;&#xd7;&#x2005;time, heart rate, and heart rate&#x2005;&#xd7;&#x2005;group effects. Assessors and analysts were blinded. Ethical approval for the trial was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports (2025A055). RESULTS: Improvement was greater in the experimental group than in controls (EMM change: 1.843 vs 0.505; difference&#x2005;=&#x2005;1.338, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.275-1.400, P&#x2005;<&#x2005;.001). At week 12, the raw between-group difference was 1.85 (d&#x2005;=&#x2005;2.23), and all group&#x2005;&#xd7;&#x2005;week interactions from weeks 2 to 12 were significant. Heart rate positively predicted emotional states in controls (B&#x2005;=&#x2005;0.005, 95% CI: 0.003-0.007), but this association was attenuated in the experimental group (interaction B&#x2005;=&#x2005;-0.008, 95% CI: -0.011 to -0.005). Strength and agility showed significant improvements, while endurance produced consistently higher emotional states across assessment points. Heart rate moderation was significant for strength and endurance, but not speed or agility. CONCLUSION: The rotational program improved positive emotional states more than regular physical education, although effects varied by module. Strength showed the most robust benefit. The program also weakened, but did not eliminate, the heart rate-emotion association during more demanding activities.

Humans↗