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PubMed1992

Exercise training prevents decline in stroke volume during exercise in young healthy subjects.

Stroke volume (SV) increases above the resting level during exercise and then declines at higher intensities of exercise in sedentary subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an attenuation of the decline in SV at higher exercise intensities contributes to the increase in maximal cardiac output (Qmax) that occurs in response to endurance training. We studied six men and six women, 25 +/- 1 (SE) yr old, before and after 12 wk of endurance training (3 days/wk running for 40 min, 3 days/wk interval training). Cardiac output was measured at rest and during exercise at 50 and 100% of maximal O2 uptake (Vo2max) by the C2H2-rebreathing method. VO2max was increased by 19% (from 2.7 +/- 0.2 to 3.2 +/- 0.3 l/min, P less than 0.001) in response to the training program. Qmax was increased by 12% (from 18.1 +/- 1 to 20.2 +/- 1 l/min, P less than 0.01), SV at maximal exercise was increased by 16% (from 97 +/- 6 to 113 +/- 8 ml/beat, P less than 0.001) and maximal heart rate was decreased by 3% (from 185 +/- 2 to 180 +/- 2 beats/min, P less than 0.01) after training. The calculated arteriovenous O2 content difference at maximal exercise was increased by 7% (14.4 +/- 0.4 to 15.4 +/- 0.4 ml O2/100 ml blood) after training. Before training, SV at VO2max was 9% lower than during exercise at 50% VO2max (P less than 0.05). In contrast, after training, the decline in SV between 50 and 100% VO2max was only 2% (P = NS). Furthermore, SV was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) at 50% VO2max after training than it was before. Left ventricular hypertrophy was evident, as determined by two-dimensional echocardiography at the completion of training. The results indicate that in young healthy subjects the training-induced increase in Qmax is due in part to attenuation of the decrease in SV as exercise intensity is increased.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Effects of exercise on coronary collateralization--angiographic studies of six patients in a supervised exercise program.

The existence of coronary collaterals in man and a positive correlation of their extent with the degree of coronary artery obstruction has been shown. The theory that functional collateralization associated with coronary occlusive disease is a response to local hypoxia is widely advocated. It was theorized here that coronary heart disease patients might enhance coronary collateralization through exercise-induced myocardial hypoxia. This pilot study was carried out to test the specificity of coronary arteriography for measuring changes in collateralization after a period of exercise training. Reports of follow-up examinations 7 years after program termination are also included. Six volunteer, male subjects--3 months to 3 years post-myocardial infarction--completed 10-12 months of medically-supervised exercise. All had an intensive cardiovascular work-up, serial treadmill exercise tests and coronary arteriography before and after training. All demonstrated the expected physical, physiological, metabolic, and psychological benefits. Two showed some definite, increased collateralization, however, in both of these the changes may have been a response to some extension of the occlusive disease and not exclusively an exercise effect. It was evident that minute changes in coronary collaterals are detectable by selective coronary arteriography, but that the specific effect of exercise on the development of collaterals could only be determined by a large-scale, controlled program with randomization of the multiple, uncontrollable variables among exercise and non-exercise populations.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Reduced heart rate response to exercise in ischemic heart disease: the fallacy of the target heart rate in exercise testing.

When exercise testing 159 patients with prior myocardial infarction, we identified 39 who were limited by fatigue. This group was all in sinus rhythm; none were taking drugs likely to impair the chronotropic response of the heart; none experienced chest pain or developed ischemic ECG changes. In 18 of this group, maximal heart rate achieved with exercise was 2SD or more below the age predicted value, and their heart rate response to exercise was reduced compared to that of the other 21 whose maximal exercise heart rates were within 2SD of age predicted values. A subgroup of 8 subjects with reduced exercise heart rates was studied before and after vagal blockade. In the 4 subjects whose infarction was inferior, the reduction in heart rate response was more profound and persisted after vagal blockade, suggesting either reduced pacemaker responsivness, due to ischemia or infarction, or autonomic imbalance as possible mechanisms. All 8 showed alinear increases in ventilation at higher power outputs and mean blood lactate postexercise was 7.5 mM/I without vagal blockade. Our findings suggest that a reduced heart rate response to exercise, already shown to imply added coronary risk, may be subdivided aetiologically and possibly prognostically. The use of a "Target Heart Rate" in such patients offers no safety margin, and maximal exercise capacity will be grossly over-estimated if extrapolated from the submaximal heart rate response. A cardiovascular limitation to exercise may be detected by an alinear increase in ventilation.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Prevalence and reproducibility of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias during maximal exercise testing in normal men.

The occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias at rest or during ordinary daily activities has been implicated as a risk factor for future coronary-related events and sudden death. However, the clerical significance of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias remains uncertain. To assess the prevalence and reproducibility of such arrhythmias, two serial maximal treadmill exercise tests were performed in a study population of 543 male Indian State policemen at an average interval of 2.9 years. Four hundred sixty-two subjects were clinically free of evidence of cardiovascular disease, and 81 had evidence of definite or suspected cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias during the first test was 30% in men aged 25 to 34 years, 32% in those aged 35 to 44 years and 36% in those aged 45 to 54 years. The prevalence rate in these age groups with repeat testing was 36, 38 and 42%, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. The group with definite or suspected cardiovascular disease had a greater prevalence of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias than normal subjects during both tests but the prevalence rate with repeat testing remained constant. The occurrence of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias was reproducible in individual subjects during the second test in 55% of 25 to 34 year olds, 58% of 35 to 44 year olds and 62% of 45 to 54 year olds. Thus, individual reproducibility in two consecutive tests was only slightly greater than reproducibility by chance alone. The group with known or suspected cardiovascular disease demonstrated a trend toward greater reproducibility with repeat testing. Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias were not reproducible by type or complexity. The marked variability of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias during repeat maximal exercise testing in a clinically normal population appears to negate the usefulness of this finding during a single test as a marker of future cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, subjects whose arrhythmias were reproducible may form a group destined to manifest clinical cardiovascular disease in long-term follow-up studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

The effect of combining visuo-vestibular exercises with manual therapy and exercise on sensorimotor function in chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether adding visuo-vestibular exercises to standard manual therapy and exercise produces superior improvements in sensorimotor function, pain, balance, and functional disability in adults with chronic neck pain. METHODS: This prospective, randomized controlled trial enrolled 58 adults with chronic neck pain (≥3 months) allocated to a manual therapy and exercise group (MtE; n = 29) or MtE plus visuo-vestibular exercises (MtE-VVE; n = 29). Both groups completed 12 supervised sessions over six weeks with a daily home exercise programme. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, and included pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale [VAS]), upper extremity reaction time, computerized posturography, the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and cervical muscle endurance. RESULTS: Fifty-four participants (27 per group) completed the study. Both groups improved significantly across all outcomes (p < 0.001). At 12-week follow-up, the MtE-VVE group demonstrated superior outcomes: activity-related pain was reduced by an additional 2.00 cm (95% CI: 0.75-3.25; p = 0.005), bilateral reaction time improved by 1.70 s (p = 0.001), eyes-open mediolateral sway decreased by 0.50 mm (p < 0.001), NDI score was 6.30 points lower (95% CI: 3.42-9.18; p < 0.001), and cervical flexion and extension endurance improved by 12.00 s and 27.70 s, respectively (p ≤ 0.020). CONCLUSION: Adding visuo-vestibular exercises to standard manual therapy and exercise produces clinically meaningful and sustained improvements in activity-related pain, sensorimotor function, postural control, and functional disability in adults with chronic neck pain, and may be recommended as an effective adjunctive intervention.

Humans↗

PubMed1992

[Comparison of exercise capacity evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test and hemodynamic parameters in patients with atrial septal defect].

We evaluated the maximal exercise tolerance using cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and investigated the relation of the hemodynamic parameters such as mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAm) and pulmonic-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) to exercise tolerance in 18 adult patients consecutively. All the patients had atrial septal defect (ASD). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) averaged only 21.6 +/- 5.6 ml/min/kg and 63.5 +/- 16.2% of the predicted values (VO2max). And anaerobic threshold averaged 12.5 +/- 2.3 ml/min/kg and 56.7 +/- 12.4% of the predicted values. There were 2 patients who had marked pulmonary hypertension (PH, PAm more than 44 mmHg). Maximal exercise tolerance of these patients was severely impaired, and %VO2max was only 45.9% and 46.2% respectively. In patients without PH (PAm less than 20 mmHg), however %VO2 max ranged widely from 100.3 to 44.7% and PAm correlated with %VO2max weakly (r = -0.53, p less than 0.05). But there was a significant inverse relationship between Qp/Qs and %VO2max(r = -0.85, p less than 0.01). In 16 patients without PH, maximal O2-pulse during exercise was also inversely correlated with Qp/Qs (r = -0.76, p less than 0.01). The relation between PAm and %VO2max suggests that afterload on the right ventricle may be an important determinant of exercise capacity in patients with PH. And the relation between Qp/Qs and %VO2max or Qp/Qs and % maximal O2-pulse suggests that Qp/Qs may also be a very important determinant factor of exercise capacity in patients without PH.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Metabolic effects of exercise. I. Effect of exercise on serum lipids and lipogenesis in rats.

To evaluate the metabolic effects of exercise, three groups of exercised male rats were compared to their sedentary controls at the end of 10 wk of voluntary exercise in rodent activity cages. Exercises rats consumed more food than sedentary rats but had greater weight gain only at the higher levels of activity. Exercised rats had significanlty lower serum triglycerides and higher values of adipose tissue alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity. At higher levels of physical activity, the exercised rats enhibited larger adrenal glands and lower values of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that specific levels of voluntary exercise are needed to achieve specific metabolic effects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

Blood pressure and heart rate during rest-exercise and exercise-rest transitions.

The transients of mean arterial blood pressure (BPa) and heart rate (fc) during rest-exercise and exercise-rest transitions have been studied in six healthy sport students. After 5 min of rest in an upright position on a cycle ergometer they exercised for 15 min and remained seated for a further 5 min. The subjects exercised at four different constant intensities (40 W, 80 W, 120 W, 160 W) in random order separated by at least 24 h. The BPa was determined by a noninvasive and continuous method. During the first minute of exercise, three phases of response could be distinguished, with the first two showing no clear relationship to intensity. Phase 1 consisted of simultaneous increases in both fc and BP during the first 6 s. In phase 2, BPa decreased while fc continued to increase. During phase 3, BPa and fc approximated constant values or a linear increase. Both parameters showed no comparable intensity-independent reactions during the off-transients. In conclusion, during the first 15 s of rest-exercise transitions there seems to be a fast and uniform cardiovascular drive which overrode other influences on fc.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Relationship between post-exercise plasma CK elevation and muscle mass involved in the exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a larger post-exercise increase in plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity would be produced when a larger amount of muscle is damaged by eccentric exercise. Twenty-two non-weight trained females were placed into two groups; Group A (n = 12) and Group B (n = 10). Both groups performed 24 maximal eccentric actions of the forearm flexors on each bout. The right and left arm were exercised on the same day for Group A (24 eccentric actions per arm, a total of 48 actions). In contrast, Group B performed 24 actions with either the right or the left arm on the first bout and performed 24 eccentric actions with the opposite arm on the second bout 3-5 weeks later. Blood samples were taken before and for 5 days after each exercise and plasma CK activity was determined. Forearm flexion isometric force (ISO), range of motion evaluated by relaxed elbow joint angle (RANG) and flexed elbow joint angle (FANG), and perceived muscle soreness (SOR) were also examined to indirectly assess muscle damage. All of the muscle damage indicators changed significantly over time (p < 0.01) for both groups, but changes were not significantly different between arms or between groups. Because it seemed that both arms were equally "damaged" for each group, it was expected that Group A (two arms were exercised on the same day) should show an approximate two-fold increase in plasma CK compared to Group B when one arm was exercised on each bout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Exercise-induced QRS changes in healthy men and women: a multivariate analysis on their relation to background data and exercise performance.

Changes in the QRS segment during exercise have repeatedly been suggested to provide diagnostic information with respect to ischaemic heart disease, but the subject is controversial. In order to study the possibly confounding effects of gender, age, resting ECG and exercise performance, 50 healthy subjects were investigated with computerized vectorcardiography during a maximal ergometer exercise test. The overall change in the QRS complex decreased significantly with age and female gender (P < 0.001). However, these responses were better explained by baseline QRS size, change in heart rate and systolic blood pressure (adjusted r2 > 0.70, vs adjusted r2 > 0.41). Effects of age were seen in the Y-lead, and gender effects in the X- and Z-leads (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analyses, X- and Y-lead alterations correlated negatively to change in heart rate and resting QRS size (X-lead; adjusted r2 > 0.50, Y-lead; r2 > 0.44). Z-lead alterations correlated negatively with female gender and resting Z-lead QRS size (adjusted r2 > 0.31). ST changes correlated with QRS changes in the X- and Y-leads (P < 0.05). QRS changes immediately after exercise correlated with alterations during exercise (P < 0.004), maximal load (P < 0.01) and time to hypotension post-exercise (X- and Z-lead; P < 0.02). In conclusion, QRS changes appear to be related to baseline QRS size, change in heart rate and ST change, factors which may have important confounding effects. Consideration of these factors may help in resolving the controversy surrounding QRS changes.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Effects of amiodarone on erect and supine exercise haemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary heart muscle disease associated with a high incidence of sudden death. Amiodarone is of benefit in those patients with a high risk profile for sudden death. Amiodarone has also been reported to improve symptoms dramatically in some patients with HCM but to cause functional deterioration in others. In the acute phase of oral amiodarone therapy there are few discernable changes in cardiovascular haemodynamics and the mechanisms of any beneficial effects on symptoms remain unclear. To determine the effect of amiodarone on exercise responses we measured haemodynamic indices in 10 patients during maximal supine- and symptom-limited erect treadmill exercise before and 6 weeks after amiodarone therapy. Following amiodarone therapy there was a significant reduction in resting and peak heart rate during erect exercise (76 +/- 13 vs 97 +/- 19 b.min-1; P = 0.001 and 114 +/- 26 vs 146 +/- 21 b.min-1; P = 0.001 respectively). Despite increases in peak pulmonary and systemic artery pressures with amiodarone therapy there was no difference in the peak left ventricular filling pressure or maximum cardiac output achieved. Similarly, during supine exercise the resting and peak heart rates were less following the 6 weeks amiodarone therapy. Comparison of supine and erect exercise haemodynamic indices demonstrated higher peak LV filling and higher peak systolic and pulmonary artery pressures during supine than during erect exercise (29 +/- 10 vs 25 +/- 12; P less than 0.04; 151 +/- 42 vs 126 +/- 48; P = 0.01 and 66 +/- 27 vs 62 +/- 21; P = 0.08 respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Influence of body position and pre-exercise activity on cardiac output and oxygen uptake following step changes in exercise intensity.

Parallel measurements of breath-by-breath oxygen uptake, cardiac output (Doppler technique), blood pressure (Finapres technique) and heart rate were performed in nine subjects during cycle ergometer exercise in the upright and supine positions. Transients were monitored during power steps starting from and leading to either rest or lower levels of exercise intensity. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and cardiac output kinetics were markedly faster than in all other conditions when exercise was started from rest. In contrast to exercise-exercise on steps, the computed arteriovenous difference in O2 content increased almost immediately in this situation, indicating that not only the additional energy expenditure due to the acceleration of the flywheel but also an increased venous admixture from non-exercising parts of the body contributed to the early kinetics. The off kinetics generally showed a more uniform pattern and did not simply mirror the on transients. The present findings indicate that transitions from rest should be avoided when muscle VO2 kinetics are to be assessed on the basis of VO2 measurements at the mouth.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Immediate effects of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate combination on exercise capacity and exercise hemodynamics in patients with left ventricular failure.

Resting hemodynamics improve during vasodilator administration in patients, with congestive heart failure (CHF), but the effects of these agents on exercise is unknown. Twenty-two patients with class II or III CHF performed bicycle exercise to symptomatic maximum before and 90 minutes after random double-blind administration of oral hydralazine (100 mg) and isosorbide dinitrate (40 mg) (11 patients, group 1) or placebo (11 patients, group 2). Exercise duration was unchanged after treatment in either group. Maximal oxygen consumption changed insignificantly in both groups, from 12.6 +/- 1.2 (SEM) to 13.6 +/- 1.6 ml/kg/min in group 1, and from 11.7 +/- 1.4 to 13.4 +/- 1.7 ml/kg/min in group 2. Maximal cardiac index was unchanged in both group 1 (4.00 +/- 0.33 to 4.41 +/- 0.29 l/min/m2) and group 2 (4.11 +/- 0.43 to 4.14 +/- 0.42 l/min/m2). Systemic vascular resistance at peak exercise was also unchanged in both group 1 (14.1 +/- 1.6 to 11.8 +/- 1.0 units) and group 2 (14.7 +/- 1.6 to 13.5 +/- 1.6 units). at submaximal exercise (300 kilopond-meters/min), however, cardiac index after treatment increased in group 1 (0.51 +/- 0.18 l/min/m2, p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance decreased (-3.3 +/- 1.3 units, p less than 0.05), but were unchanged in group 2. Thus, although vasodilators do not improve maximal exercise capacity acutely, they can improve hemodynamics at lower work loads which may, therefore, be better tolerated in patients with CHF.

Adult↗

PubMed2024

Acute strength exercise training impacts differently the HERV-W expression and inflammatory biomarkers in resistance exercise training individuals.

BACKGROUND: Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are fossil viruses that composes 8% of the human genome and plays several important roles in human physiology, including muscle repair/myogenesis. It is believed that inflammation may also regulate HERV expression, and therefore may contribute in the muscle repair, especially after training exercise. Hence, this study aimed to assess the level of HERVs expression and inflammation profile in practitioners' resistance exercises after an acute strength training session. METHODS: Healthy volunteers were separated in regular practitioners of resistance exercise training group (REG, n = 27) and non-trained individuals (Control Group, n = 20). All individuals performed a strength exercise section. Blood samples were collected before the exercise (T0) and 45 minutes after the training session (T1). HERV-K (HML1-10) and W were relatively quantified, cytokine concentration and circulating microparticles were assessed. RESULTS: REG presented higher level of HERV-W expression (~2.5 fold change) than CG at T1 (p<0.01). No difference was observed in the levels of HERV-K expression between the groups as well as the time points. Higher serum TNF-α and IL-10 levels were verified post-training session in REG and CG (p<0.01), and in REG was found a positive correlation between the levels of TNF-α at T1 and IL-10 at T0 (p = 0.01). Finally, a lower endothelial microparticle percentage was observed in REG at T1 than in T0 (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: REG individuals exhibited a significant upregulation of HERV-W and modulation of inflammatory markers when compared to CG. This combined effect could potentially support the process of skeletal muscle repair in the exercised individuals.

Humans↗

PubMed1975

The use of the treadmill for assessing exercise-induced asthma and the effect of varying the severity and duration of exercise.

Running produces a greater amount of post-exercise bronchoconstriction than other forms of exercise carried out a similar metabolic rates. The treadmill can be used to provide a standardized form of exercise when studying the asthmatic child. The severity of post-exercise bronchoconstriction depends upon the rate of working on the treadmill and the duration of exercise. A maximum response is obtained by six minutes of running at an uphill slope of 10% at a speed of 5 kmph (3 mph). Even with this type of test, there is still considerable variation in the response from time to time and greatest reporducibility is obtained by repeating the test within one week. Treadmill exercise tests may be used in the diagnosis of asthma and in the assessment of its likely severity.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Effect of different modalities of exercise and recovery on exercise performance in subjects with sickle cell trait.

The sickle cell trait (HbAS) does not seem to affect exercise performance. It remains unclear, however, whether the capability to sustain repeated brief maximal effort and recovery by HbAS subjects, is also preserved. To study this, nine HbAS and nine matched controls underwent on two different occasions, a series of four, approximately 2-min duration, maximal cycle exercise tests separated by 20-min recovery periods of either absolute rest (P) or light pedaling (A) as well as an incremental test to exhaustion. In all tests, work performed, heart rate, blood hematocrit, lactate, and serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) were measured. Performances were similar in HbAS and HbAA subjects in both the predominantly anaerobic and aerobic exercise series. There were no observable differences in work, power, or heart rate in the two groups both during peak exercise or recovery periods. A significant hemoconcentration was observed during P, with hematocrit increasing in HbAS from 46.4 +/- 0.7% to 48.3 +/- 0.4% at the end of the last recovery period. Similar changes were seen in HbAA. Significantly greater fluid losses were found during A (1.3 +/- 0.2 l in A and 0.6 +/- 0.1 l in P for HbAS; P < 0.001), but fluid losses were similar in each type of recovery in the two groups. Despite similar performance, significantly lower blood lactate concentrations were consistently found in HbAS in each of the three exercise series (P < 0.001). Lower lactate levels in HbAS were observed only at exercise loads above the lactate threshold during the incremental test (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Optimising Exercise Prescription: A Meta-Analysis Examining the Dose Response of Exercise Duration on Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following HIIT and MICT.

BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is often promoted as a time-efficient alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, yet the duration of HIIT sessions varies considerably across studies. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterise the dose-response relationship between exercise session duration and the improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness for HIIT and MICT. METHODS: A dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing exercise duration in HIIT and MICT, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022335590). Effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis. The primary outcome was maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Secondary outcomes included blood pressure, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism markers and body composition measures. A one-stage random-effects dose-response meta-analysis was performed to examine the relationship between exercise duration and adaptations. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar; eligibility criteria for selecting studies were randomised controlled trials in humans, published in English and exercise interventions lasting at least 4 weeks. RESULTS: We identified 69 randomised controlled trials (2387 participants). High-intensity interval training elicited greater improvements in VO2max than MICT (d = 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.49, p < 0.001). High-intensity interval training demonstrated a non-linear dose-response relationship between exercise session duration and VO2max, with 80% of maximal effect (changes in VO2max = 3.45 mL/kg/min) achieved with only ~11 min/session (95% confidence interval 9.5-40.2). Moderate-intensity interval training showed a linear dose-response relationship between exercise session duration and VO2max, requiring ~52 min/session to achieve 80% of the maximal observed effect (95% confidence interval 30.4-55.8). The dose-response relationship was consistent across populations. High-intensity interval training and MICT had comparable effects in improving cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: High-intensity interval training demonstrated a non-linear dose response, with 80% of maximal effect on VO2max in ~11 min/session, whilst MICT required four to five times longer to reach similar responses. The different types of training had comparable effects on cardiometabolic risk factors.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

Effect of endurance exercise training on plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration during exercise.

The effect of exercise on human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) levels was evaluated in five subjects preceding and following a conditioning program. During 90 min of exercise, the plasma concentration of hPP rose to a peak value five times higher than the resting level. After 2 mo of endurance exercise training, exercising at the same absolute work load resulted in only a twofold increase in hPP levels. Even at a higher work load, plasma hPP levels were significantly lower than the values observed prior to conditioning. These results show that plasma hPP concentrations rise during exercise and the magnitude of this response is significantly lower after 2 mo of endurance exercise training.

Adult↗