PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Extinction, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Attempted suicide: an operant formulation.

An alternative formulation of attempted suicide is offered, in which the phenomenon is considered within the context of social learning theory. The suicidal behaviour is viewed as an operant which is reinforced and maintained by the consequent interpersonal contingencies. The modification of the suicidal behaviour then involves alteration of the contingent consequences. This theoretical formulation is elaborated and the treatment principles and practice are outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Self-injurious behavior in schizophrenic and retarded children.

Self-injurious behavior is a problem with some children who are primarily nonverval and low-functioning. This behavior has resulted in management difficulties far out of proportion to its incidence. In the present paper, we have considered possible operant and respondent paradigms instrumental in the acquisition and maintenance of several different topographies of self-injurious behavior. Support for these paradigms was gathered from existing epidemiological literature dealing with humans and primates and from the literature concerned with treatment of self-injurious behavior. Immediate outcome and results of subsequent follow-up were presented as a function of type of intervention, the nature of positive reinforcement utilized, and the topography of the self-injurious response involved. Implications were drawn for future research and treatment.

Attention↗
PubMed1977

Eyelid response topography in differential interstimulus interval conditioning.

The problem of conditioned eyelid discrimination was investigated with a differential interstimulus interval (ISI) conditioning procedure. In two groups, conditioned stimulus (CS) lights presented in the left or right visual fields signaled ISIs of 800 or 1,200 msec before delivery of an airpuff unconditioned stimulus. Two additional groups received one or the other ISI with both CSs. Somewhat unexpectedly, none of the response-frequency or topography measures showed evidence of conditioned discrimination in the differential ISI groups. Instead, the latencies and puff-attenuating topographies of responses were much more appropriate to the ISI given on the preceding trial, n--1, than to the ISI cued on trial n. Neither the absence of conditioned discrimination nor the presence of ISI sequential effects was related to subjects' reported awareness of the CS-ISI contingencies, suggesting that the overriding process was a relatively "automatic" shaping and reshaping of responses in accord with recent ISI experience. These results are discussed in terms of the complex stimulus- and response-processing requirements of the task. Across all four groups there was some evidence of a relative excitatory response bias to CSs presented in the right visual field, and it was found that voluntary-form responders (but not conditioned-form responders) initially gave more alpha responses to the right-field CS than to the left-field CS. These results were examined for possible hemispheric processing implications.

Conditioning, Classical↗
PubMed1976

Graduated approach modeling in an aversive task.

Sixty female Ss were assigned randomly to six conditions that involved self-administration of electrical shock. These were: (1) no model-one trial S response; (2) no model-graduated trial S response; (3) one trial model-one trial S response; (4) one trial model-graduated S response; (5) graduated model-one trial response; and (6) graduated model-graduated response. Results indicated that graduated exposure of S to an aversive stimuli was more effective than a single such exposure and that type of exposure provided by a model had little effect.

Avoidance Learning↗
PubMed1976

Long-term retention of early Pavlovian fear conditioning in infant rats.

That organisms cannot remember events occurring during infancy may be the result of common forgetting processes exacerbated by the organism's increase in size during development or a unique process such as insufficient neurological development at the time of the early experience. To establish the uniqueness of infantile forgetting, size change was made irrelevant by exposing infant rats to "off-baseline" Pavlovian fear conditioning and assessing the effect of an apparatus-free conditioned stimulus upon independently established bar pressing. In Experiment 1, bar pressing by rats exposed to Pavlovian contingencies when 20-22 days old was substantially suppressed by the conditioned stimulus both 1 and 42 days after conditioning. In Experiment 2, pups conditioned when 17-19 and 20-22 days old again showed excellent retention, whereas pups conditioned when 11-13 and 14-16 days old showed total forgetting 42 days later. In Experiment 3, pups conditioned when 14-16 days old remembered well after 5 days, less well 10 days later, and not at all after 20 days. These findings suggest that size change may contribute to the forgetting of events occurring late in development, but that neurological immaturity may underly the forgetting of earlier events.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1978

Vulnerability and defensive reactions in relation to the human menstrual cycle.

The effects of alterations of the organism's internal state, attributable to the menstrual cycle, upon heart-rate responsivity and conditioning are reported. Two groups of 24 female phobic patients (one with natural cycles and the other taking the oral contraceptive) were tested, either premenstrually or intermenstrually, using a conditioning procedure in which a small blue light was the CS and white noise the UCS. Subjects tested premenstrually were significantly differentiated from those tested intermenstrually respecting HR responsivity to the first UCS. Significant differences were also found in conditioned responses following three acquisition trials. The type of reactions observed are similar to those which have been called defensive reactions. Subjects taking the oral contraceptives showed increased susceptibility to acquisition of conditioned responses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Etiopathogeneic aspects of inhibition. Psychodynamic approach to inhibition].

From a psychodynamic point of view it is not sure that the meaning of the term inhibition differs radically from the meaning of the same term when it is used in psychophysiology. It is stated in this paper that the psychodynamic point of view concerns the actions and inhibitions which can be seen as the non activation of an action with the substitution of a deplacement action. Inhibition of actions can be investigated in three clinical fields: intrapsychic and external conflicts, depressive reaction and psychotic lack of energy. It is clear that the psychological mechanism is not the same in the three kinds of disorders. In a second part, the authors try to bridge the gap between the psychodynamic point of view and the psychophysiological one.

Conflict, Psychological↗