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PubMed2003

A sensibility analysis of model selection in modeling the reactive transport of cesium in crushed granite.

We performed a sensibility analysis of model selection in modeling the reactive transport of cesium in crushed granite through model calibration and validation. Based on some solid phase analysis data and kinetic batch experimental results, we hypothesized three two-site sorption models in the LEHGC reactive transport model to fit the breakthrough curves (BTCs) from the corresponding column experiments. The analysis of breakthrough curves shows that both the empirical two-site kinetic linear sorption model and the semi-mechanistic/semi-empirical two-site kinetic surface complexation model, regardless of their complexity, can match our experimental data fairly well under given test conditions. A numerical experiment to further compare the two models shows that they behave differently when the pore velocity is not of the same order of magnitude as our test velocities. This result indicates that further investigations to help determine a better model are needed. We suggest that a multistage column experiment, which tests over the whole range of practical flow velocities, should be conducted to help alleviate inadequate hypothesized models.

Calibration↗
PubMed2026

Genetics of sensory nutrition.

Sensory nutrition is an emerging research area that examines how chemosensory perception, particularly taste and smell, shapes dietary behaviours, nutritional status, and disease risk. Variation in how individuals perceive the same foods may help explain differences in diet quality and responsiveness to behavioural dietary interventions, yet chemosensory phenotypes are rarely measured at the population level. Genetic variation contributes to this perceptual diversity and provides a framework for investigating sensory determinants of diet using genomic approaches. This review summarises evidence linking chemosensory genetics to perception and dietary behaviours, and discusses applications for causal inference and for precision and personalised nutrition. Twin studies reveal moderate to high heritability for bitter taste traits, with more modest and phenotype-dependent estimates for sweetness, sourness, saltiness, fat-related traits, and olfactory measures. Genome-wide association studies have identified loci in taste and olfactory receptor genes associated with specific chemosensory traits as well as liking and intake of various foods, although the evidence remains concentrated on bitter taste and populations of European ancestry. These genetic variants have been used in Mendelian randomisation, a genetics-based approach that strengthens causal inference, to test whether sensory traits influence dietary behaviour. For precision nutrition, evidence for taste genotype-stratified interventions remains limited and mixed. Realising the promise of sensory nutrition will require scalable and standardised chemosensory phenotyping, Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data infrastructure, expanded research in diverse populations, and integration with broader biological and sociocultural determinants of dietary intake.

Genetics↗
PubMed2026

The Lipid Interactome: an interactive and open access platform for exploring cellular lipid-protein interactions.

SUMMARY: Lipid-protein interactions play essential roles in cellular signaling and membrane dynamics, yet their systematic characterization has long been hindered by the inherent biochemical properties of lipids. Recent advances in functionalized lipid probes-equipped with photoactivatable crosslinkers, affinity handles, and photocleavable protecting groups-have enabled proteomics-based identification of lipid interacting proteins with unprecedented specificity and resolution. Despite the growing number of published lipid interactomes, there remains no centralized effort to harmonize, compare, or integrate these datasets. The Lipid Interactome addresses this gap by providing a structured, interactive web portal that adheres to FAIR data principles-ensuring that lipid interactome studies are Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Through standardized data formatting, interactive visualizations, and direct cross-study comparisons, this resource enables researchers to systematically explore the protein-binding partners of diverse bioactive lipids. By consolidating and curating lipid interactome proteomics data from multiple studies, the Lipid Interactome database serves as a critical tool for deciphering the biological functions of lipids in cellularsystems. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: This site can be viewed at LipidInteractome.org. All data are available for download. No user information is collected or necessary for data navigation, interaction, or download.

Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health inequity: the plight of uninsured children in a rural Alabama county and the plan to cure it.

Many children in the United States do not have access to health insurance. Providing health insurance for children has been particularly challenging in rural America. This article describes and evaluates a local plan to provide access to health care for school children in a rural Alabama county. A triangulated methodology (personal interviews, ad hoc survey focus groups, US census and health fair data) was used in the evaluation. Gains were made in enrolling children despite some limitations, especially in rural outreach. The most successful aspect of the program was a partnership between local leaders, health providers, and educators to provide impetus for a coordinated plan. The stability of the program is uncertain because of diminishing resources and the negative effects of economic recession.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of growth of multicellular tumour spheroids by mathematical models.

We wished to determine the applicability of previously proposed deterministic mathematical models to description of growth of multicellular tumour spheroids. The models were placed into three general classes: empirical, functional and structural. From these classes, 17 models were applied systematically to growth curves of multicellular tumour spheroids used as paradigms of prevascular and microregional tumour growth. The spheroid growth curves were determined with uniquely high density of measurements and high precision. The theoretical growth curves obtained from the models were fitted by the weighted least-squares method to the 15 measured growth curves, each corresponding to a different cell line. The classical growth models such as von Bertalanffy, logistic and Gompertz were considered as nested within more general models. Our results demonstrate that most models fitted the data fairly well and that criteria other than statistical had to be used for final selection. The Gompertz, the autostimulation and the simple spheroid models were the most appropriate for spheroid growth in the empirical, functional and structural classes of models, respectively. We also showed that some models (e.g. logistic, von Bertalanffy) were clearly inadequate. Thus, contrary to the widely held belief, the sigmoid character of a three or more parameter growth function is not sufficient for adequate fits.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1987

Influence of perfusate oncotic pressure on the transcapillary clearance of albumin in maximally vasodilated rat skeletal muscle.

An external detection technique was developed for repetitive and reliable measurements of clearance (Cl) of 99mTc-albumin during alterations of serum colloid osmotic pressure (pi p). Isolated, maximally vasodilated rat hindquarters were perfused with serum of two pi ps (20 mmHg and 45 mmHg) at four or five different filtration rates (Fv) for each pi p in each animal. The recorded accumulation rates of 99mTc-albumin (AR) were converted into dimensions of albumin clearance, setting the isogravimetric Cl at normal vascular pressures (pi p = 20 mmHg) at 0.0246 +/- 0.0012 ml min-1 per 100 g, which was obtained in defined muscle samples in 11 separate experiments. Serum perfusion with higher colloid osmotic pressure (45 mmHg) shifted the albumin clearance values upwards, without affecting the slope of the Cl vs. Fv relationship. Thus, the reflection coefficient (sigma) for albumin did not seem to be affected by the changes in pi p, while the isogravimetric albumin clearance was increased to roughly 0.058 ml min-1 per 100 g. Explicit two-pore equations were found to describe the experimental data fairly well, yielding an average sigma for albumin of 0.92 and a minor contribution of diffusion to overall transport even at low Fvs. Moreover, a coupling of macromolecular clearance to pi p may serve to minimize alterations in plasma protein concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dynamic response of the isolated passive rat diaphragm strip.

To further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying chest wall mechanics, we investigated the dynamic response of the isolated passive rat diaphragm strip. Stress adaptation of the tissue was measured from 0.05 to 60 s after subjecting the strips to strain steps of normalized strain amplitudes from 0.005 to 0.04. The tissue resistance (R), elastance (E), and hysteresivity (eta) were measured in the same range of amplitudes by sinusoidally straining the strip at frequencies from 0.03125 to 10 Hz. The stress (T) depended exponentially on the strain (epsilon) and relaxed and recovered linearly with the logarithm of time. E increased linearly with the logarithm of frequency and decreased with increasing amplitude. R fell hyperbolically with frequency and showed an amplitude dependence similar to that of E. To interpret the strong nonlinear behavior, we extended the viscoelastic model of Hildebrandt (J. Appl. Physiol. 28: 365-372, 1970) to include an exponential stress-strain relationship. Accordingly, the step response was described by T - Tr = Tr(e alpha delta epsilon - 1)(1 - gamma log t), where delta epsilon is the strain amplitude, Tr is the initial operating stress, alpha is a measure of the stress-strain nonlinearity, and gamma is the rate of stress adaptation. The oscillatory response of the model was computed by applying Fung's quasi-linear viscoelastic theory. This quasi-linear viscoelastic model fitted the step and oscillatory data fairly well but only if alpha depended negatively on delta epsilon, as might be expected in a plastic material.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Force from cat soleus muscle during imposed locomotor-like movements: experimental data versus Hill-type model predictions.

Muscle is usually studied under nonphysiological conditions, such as tetanic stimulation or isovelocity movements, conditions selected to isolate specific properties or mechanisms in muscle. The purpose of this study was to measure the function of cat soleus muscle during physiological conditions, specifically a simulation of a single speed of slow walking, to determine whether the resulting force could be accurately represented by a Hill-type model. Because Hill-type models do not include history-dependent muscle properties or interactions among properties, the magnitudes of errors in predicted forces were expected to reveal whether these phenomena play important roles in the physiological conditions of this locomotor pattern. The natural locomotor length pattern during slow walking, and the action potential train for a low-threshold motor unit during slow walking, were obtained from the literature. The whole soleus muscle was synchronously stimulated with the locomotor pulse train while a muscle puller imposed the locomotor movement. The experimental results were similar to force measured via buckle transducer in freely walking animals. A Hill-type model was used to simulate the locomotor force. In a separate set of experiments, the parameters needed for a Hill-type model (force-velocity, length-tension, and stiffness of the series elastic element) were measured from the same muscle. Activation was determined by inverse computation of an isometric contraction with the use of the same locomotor stimulus pattern. During the stimulus train, the Hill-type model fit the locomotor data fairly well, with errors < 10% of maximal tetanic tension. A substantial error occurred during the relaxation phase. The model overestimated force by approximately 30% of maximal tetanic tension. A nonlinear series elastic element had little influence on the force predicted by a Hill model, yet dramatically altered the predicted muscle fiber lengths. Further experiments and modeling were performed to determine the source of errors in the Hill-type model. Isovelocity ramps were constructed to pass through a selected point in the locomotor movement with the same velocity and muscle length. The muscle was stimulated with the same locomotor pulse train. The largest errors again occurred during the relaxation phase following completion of the stimulus. Stretch during stimulation caused the Hill model to underestimate the relaxation force. Shortening movements during stimulation caused the Hill model to overestimate the relaxation force. These errors may be attributed to the effects of movement on crossbridge persistence, and/or the changing affinity of troponin for calcium between bound and unbound crossbridges, neither of which is well represented in a Hill model. Other sources of error are discussed. The model presented represents the limit of accuracy of a basic Hill-type model applied to cat soleus. The model had every advantage: the parameters were measured from the same muscle for which the locomotion was simulated and errors that could arise in the estimation of activation dynamics were avoided by inverse calculation. The accuracy might be improved by compensating for the apparent effects of velocity and length on activation. Further studies are required to determine to what degree these conclusions can be generalized to other movements and muscles.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The modulation component of nystagmus during earth-horizontal rotation: relationship with gaze angle.

Periodic fluctuations in gaze angle and nystagmus slow phase velocity (SPV) were characterized using 6 normal subjects rotated at constant angular velocity about their rostral-caudal body axis with that axis in the horizontal orientation. The periodicity of the fluctuations corresponded to the angular frequency of rotation. The magnitude of the SPV fluctuations was moderately well correlated with those of the gaze fluctuations. Four vector quantities were found to characterize these data fairly completely, yet compactly.

Electronystagmography↗
PubMed2001

The role of science in Codex standards.

The key principle in the development of Codex standards is to ensure that the decision-making process is based on sound science. The approval for the use of food additives and other chemicals in foods should be made only when adequate scientific data is available. The same principle applies to the development of maximum tolerable (or residue) levels for contaminants in foods. Using the General Standards for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods as an example, the following criteria are considered, when developing recommendations and standards: Toxicological information; Analytical data; Intake data; Fair trade considerations; Technological considerations; and Risk assessment and risk management considerations. The Codex Alimentarius Commission has repeatedly emphasized the use of risk analysis approach, in particular the use of risk assessment in conducting the safety evaluation of food additives agricultural and veterinary chemicals and environmental and industrial contaminants in foods. In this respect, the well known efforts of the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the FAD/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) provide the much needed information and recommendations for the risk assessment of specific chemicals. The risk assessment approach is also used in the safety evaluation of foods derived from modern biotechnology as well as in the quantitative assessment of microbiological risks in foods.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1988

Dose-response relationships in rodents of promoter carcinogens: a tentative interpretation of some downward trends.

This study analyzes a set of dose-response curves relative to promoter carcinogens administered to experimental animals with or without initiator pretreatment. In the case of initiator plus promoter treatment, as well as for low experimental doses, the experimental data and their mathematical fitting indicate a downward shape of the dose-response curves as a general feature. In this study, the following hypothesis, according to the two-stage carcinogenic action of initiator plus promoter treatment, is presented to interpret this downward shape: (i) an initiating action, involving a subset of available "targets" (the number of "initiated" targets is assumed to depend on initiating treatment level), and (ii) a subsequent dose-dependent promoting process, mainly involving the initiated targets. This process reaches a saturation level when all the initiated targets have been promoted. This kind of process may be quantitatively described by a saturated exponential model: P(d) = K(1 - exp(-K0 + K1d)] which fits the experimental data fairly well. No indication supporting the hypothesis of a threshold for the chemicals examined resulted from the analysis. In the specific case of sodium saccharin, experimental dose-response relationships were available with or without initiator pretreatment (BBN and MNU). While in the first case the shape of the dose-response curve is downward, in the second case, it is upward and significantly different.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Regional deposition of particles in human lung after induced bronchoconstriction.

The percentage 24-hr lung retention (Ret24), a measure of penetration to the aveoli, of 4 micron monodispersed Teflon particles, aerodynamic diameter 6 micron, was studied in 8 healthy nonsmokers. The particles were inhaled at 0.2 1/sec with maximally deep breaths. Bronchoconstriction was induced by inhalation of a methacholinebromide aerosol for one exposure before and for one exposure after inhalation of the Teflon particles. Airway resistance (Raw) was measured using a whole body pletysmograph before and after the induction of bronchoconstriction and increased on an average by a factor 2-3. Ret24 was significantly lower when the Teflon particles were inhaled during bronchoconstriction than when bronchoconstriction was induced after inhalation of the Teflon particles, 26 +/- 12% and 48 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD), respectively. These experimental data agree fairly well with data on deposition due to impaction and sedimentation using a lung model where the diameters of the airways were varied so that an increase in airway resistance occurs similar to that produced in our experimental subjects. However, the experimental data tended to be lower than the theoretical ones when the particles were inhaled during the induced bronchoconstriction. In this study, where the mucociliary transport system was stimulated by methacholinebromide, the percentage 3-hr retention (Ret3) was highly correlated with Ret24, r = 0.97, i.e., Ret3 can be used instead of the Ret24. This implies that radionuclides with shorter half-lives which give lower radiation doses, can be used, and that subjects can be studied within shorter periods of time.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Microbiology Galaxy Lab: The first community-driven gateway for reproducible and FAIR analysis of microbial data.

The explosion of microbial omics data has outpaced the ability of many researchers to analyze it, with complex tools and limited computational resources creating barriers to discovery. To address this gap, we present the Microbiology Galaxy Lab: a free, globally accessible, community-supported platform that combines state-of-the-art analytical power with user-friendly accessibility. Supported by the Galaxy and global microbiology communities, this platform integrates over 315 tool suites and 115 curated workflows, enabling comprehensive metabarcoding, (meta)genomic, (meta)transcriptomic, and (meta)proteomic data analysis within a FAIR-aligned environment. It also supports research in the health and infectious disease sectors, as well as in environmental microbiology. The platform's utility is exemplified through various use cases, including antimicrobial resistance tracking, biomarker prediction, microbiome classification, and functional annotation of key microbes. Built on reproducibility and community engagement, it supports creation, sharing, and updating of best-practice workflows. Over 35 tutorials and learning paths empower scientists, fostering an ecosystem that keeps resources at the forefront of microbial science. The Microbiology Galaxy Lab enables collective analysis, democratising research, thereby accelerating discovery across the global microbiology community (microbiology.usegalaxy.org, .eu, .org.au, .fr).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management.

CONTEXT: Patients with serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels outside the reference range and levels of free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (T3) within the reference range are common in clinical practice. The necessity for further evaluation, possible treatment, and the urgency of treatment have not been clearly established. OBJECTIVES: To define subclinical thyroid disease, review its epidemiology, recommend an appropriate evaluation, explore the risks and benefits of treatment and consequences of nontreatment, and determine whether population-based screening is warranted. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Guideline Clearing House, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Controlled Trials Register, and several National Health Services (UK) databases were searched for articles on subclinical thyroid disease published between 1995 and 2002. Articles published before 1995 were recommended by expert consultants. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: A total of 195 English-language or translated papers were reviewed. Editorials, individual case studies, studies enrolling fewer than 10 patients, and nonsystematic reviews were excluded. Information related to authorship, year of publication, number of subjects, study design, and results were extracted and formed the basis for an evidence report, consisting of tables and summaries of each subject area. DATA SYNTHESIS: The strength of the evidence that untreated subclinical thyroid disease is associated with clinical symptoms and adverse clinical outcomes was assessed and recommendations for clinical practice developed. Data relating the progression of subclinical to overt hypothyroidism were rated as good, but data relating treatment to prevention of progression were inadequate to determine a treatment benefit. Data relating a serum TSH level higher than 10 mIU/L to elevations in serum cholesterol were rated as fair but data relating to benefits of treatment were rated as insufficient. All other associations of symptoms and benefit of treatment were rated as insufficient or absent. Data relating a serum TSH concentration lower than 0.1 mIU/L to the presence of atrial fibrillation and progression to overt hyperthyroidism were rated as good, but no data supported treatment to prevent these outcomes. Data relating restoration of the TSH level to within the reference range with improvements in bone mineral density were rated as fair. Data addressing all other associations of subclinical hyperthyroid disease and adverse clinical outcomes or treatment benefits were rated as insufficient or absent. Subclinical hypothyroid disease in pregnancy is a special case and aggressive case finding and treatment in pregnant women can be justified. CONCLUSIONS: Data supporting associations of subclinical thyroid disease with symptoms or adverse clinical outcomes or benefits of treatment are few. The consequences of subclinical thyroid disease (serum TSH 0.1-0.45 mIU/L or 4.5-10.0 mIU/L) are minimal and we recommend against routine treatment of patients with TSH levels in these ranges. There is insufficient evidence to support population-based screening. Aggressive case finding is appropriate in pregnant women, women older than 60 years, and others at high risk for thyroid dysfunction.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

An evaluation of the utility of high blood pressure detection fairs.

Our data indicate that voluntary casual screenings in essentially middle class locations may be of limited value in attracting the young, the black, and the male relative to the target population. Our screens attracted a large proportion of individuals who where already aware of their high blood pressure. Nevertheless, these screens can be useful in getting and keeping individuals under medical care: newly detected hypertensives, those who knew they have it and even some of those under treatment for it.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗