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PubMed2000

A comparison of jump performances of the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis, 1826) and the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché, 1835).

Jump performances of Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis felis have been measured and compared on unfed young imagos. The mean length of the C. felis felis jump was 19.9+/-9.1cm; minimum jump was 2cm, and the maximum was one 48cm. The C. canis jump was significantly longer (30.4+/-9.1cm; from 3 to 50cm). For height jump evaluation, grey plastic cylindric tubes measuring 9cm in diameter were used. Their height was increasing from 1 to 30cm by 1cm. Groups of 10 fleas of the same species were deposited on the base of the tube. The number of fleas which succeeded in jumping above the tube was recorded. The mean height jump carried out by 50% of fleas was calculated after linearisation of the curves: it was 15.5 and 13.2cm for C. canis and C. felis, respectively. The highest jump was 25 for C. canis and 17cm for C. felis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

'Great fleas have little fleas': Irish student midwives' views of the hierarchy in midwifery.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have investigated the world of the student nurse, but there is little work into the lives and experiences of student midwives. Studies of Irish midwives' provision of care have demonstrated that they are not fulfilling their complete role, and research into their education was deemed to be necessary. AIM: To explore the opinions, feelings and views of student midwives as they progressed through their 2-year education programme in Ireland. METHODS: Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used and the qualitative sections of the study were guided by the phenomenological approach. Ethical approval was granted. All students in the first intake of 1995 in all seven midwifery schools in Southern Ireland agreed to take part (n=125). Individual and group interviews, diary-keeping and questionnaires collected data. RESULTS: The findings presented in this paper describe the students' views of the hierarchical structures in midwifery, and the role and behaviours of the 'Matron'. The data describes a subculture of nursing/midwifery subordination. DISCUSSION: One reason for the hierarchical nature of the midwifery profession may be because it is an almost totally female-dominated profession, with the female hierarchy exercising control over other women within a male-based power structure. Many hospitals preferred to employ their own students as staff, ensuring a continuation of the hierarchical regime. CONCLUSION: The recurring nature of this problem may be because midwives now fear change more than they desire it. Further research is required to ascertain whether the reason for the strong hierarchy is because of the continuation of midwifery from the male-dominated profession of nursing, to the existence of the industrial/economic model of maternity care or to the impact of the medicalization of childbirth.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1979

Health Administration: of fleas and smaller fleas...

Monitoring as an official management tool has been a source of discontent since its introduction with reorganisation. Normal pride in a job well done is replaced by tension over monitoring being a negative and censorious act of interference. Drew Clode reports on some schemes that aim to make it a participatory and constructive exercise.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1991

Cytogenetics of fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). 1. Rat fleas of the genus Xenopsylla.

Five populations of Xenopsylla cheopis exhibit a chromosome complement of 2n = 17, X1X2Y (male), and 2n = 18, X1X1X2X2 (female). A detailed analysis of populations of X. astia from Bombay and Trivandrum led to the identification of two distinct cytotypes which hybridisation studies indicated were sibling species. These are referred to as X. astia with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 18, X1X2X3Y (male), and 2n = 20, X1X1X2X2X3X3 (female) and X. prasadii with 2n = 10, X1X2Y1Y2 (male), and 2n = 10 X1X1X2X2 (female). It is proposed that X. prasadii is derived from X. astia through translocation/fusion events since the average total chromosome lengths are remarkably similar in all three species.

Animals↗