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PubMed1975

Action of gastrin on gastrointestinal structure and function.

In previous communications we have reported using the rat fed by total parenteral nutrition to examine the effects of the absence of food from the gut on functional and structural parameters of the gastrointestinal tract. In the current study three groups of animals were fed parenterally; one received a continuous infusion of pentagastrin equal to about one-half the D50 for acid secretion, another received a comparable infusion of histamine, and a third group was given only the liquid diet. These animals were compared to orally fed sham operated controls. The parenterally fed animals had significantly lower levels of antral and serum gastrin. When compared to whole body weight, the weights of the oxyntic gland area of the stomach, the pancreas, and the small intestine were significantly lower. In addition, the total and specific activities of the disaccharidase enzymes were significantly reduced. Pentagastrin prevented both the decreases in weights of the gastrointestinal tissues and the decreases in dissaccharidase activity. Histamine was without effect. We conclude that pentagastrin prevents the changes in gastrointestinal structure and function caused by the absence of food from the gut and that the trophic action of gastrin is necessary for the maintenance of the functional and structural integrity of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Genomic structure of class 1 and 2 integrons in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from food animals and related meat products in the USA.

OBJECTIVES: Integrons facilitate the capture and expression of exogenous genes, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. This study aimed to detect the presence of integrons, examine their genomic structure and location, and analyse integron-associated AMR, virulence and stress response genes in Salmonella using WGS. METHODS: WGS data from 193 Salmonella strains, representing 38 serotypes isolated from food animals and related meat products (2001-2019), were analysed using bioinformatic tools to assess integron presence and characterize their genomic architectures. RESULTS: Of 193 isolates, 116 (60.1%) harboured class 1 and/or class 2 integrons. Class 1 integrons alone were detected in 105 isolates, with some containing multiple copies. One S. Infantis isolate harboured only class 2 integrons, whereas 10 others contained both classes. No class 3-5 integrons were found. Twenty-seven class 1 integrons were chromosomal; the rest were plasmid-associated, linked to various plasmid incompatibility (Inc) types. Sixty-nine distinct AMR genes conferring resistance to 11 antimicrobial classes were found in integron cassettes or integron-associated plasmids. Genes linked to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds and heavy metals, as well as ISs and transposons, were also identified. Significant virulence and stress response genes and proteins such as groES-groEL, LysR and EAL (glutamate, alanine and leucine) were common in integron cassettes. CONCLUSIONS: Class 1 integrons are prevalent in MDR Salmonella isolates from food animals and related meat products and are linked to diverse plasmid types. Their association with AMR, virulence and stress response genes underscores their role in AMR dissemination, and bacterial adaptation and pathogenicity.

Integrons↗
PubMed1979

Nutritional management of chronic renal disease.

The importance of nutritional evaluation and diet therapy in the overall management of the patient with chronic renal disease is unquestioned. Its application often is limited by a lack of knowledge regarding the requirement for certain nutrients in health as well as the way in which these requirements are modified by chronic disease. However, the most important and often the most difficult task is engaging the cooperation of the patient in the nutritional management of his disease. Acceptance of dietary manipulation depends upon the patient's family structure and the importance of food and mealtime within the particular cultural and ethnic background. Dietary recommendations implemented by the parents of pediatric patients may produce untoward changes in the child's behavior, attitudes toward food, or relationships with other family members. Dietary recommendations must be carefully planned and their effect reevaluated. They should be individualized to the age, intellectural skills, and developmental stage of the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Beverage specific drinking contexts.

The contextual differentiation of beverage specific consumption is examined in a metropolitan area household survey of current drinkers. The findings indicate that beverage specific consumption is related to such structural proportions as presence/absence of food, drinking location, type of companion, and duration. Wine, for example, is frequently associated with mealtimes, at home, and with relatives.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1977

System organization of alimentary behavior in the newborn and the developing cat.

This review deals with the structural, behavioral, and EEG correlates of searching for food and food intake. Data were collected on freely behaving kittens of 1 to 60 days of age with chronically implanted electrodes. The 1st manifestations of hunger involve activation of limbic-reticular structures and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity consisting of fast oscillations of 30-40-60 cps, correlated with general behavioral arousal as manifested by motor restlessness and vocal reactions. The more specific behavior form of hunger--feeding motivation--involves structures that include the motor and parietal cortex, amygdala, and medial hypothalamus; the EEG activity consists of high-amplitude, slow waves of 3-6 or 6-8 cps; and the behavioral correlate is purposeful search for the mother's teat or food. Satiation is associated with activity of the synchronizing structures in the forebrain and lower brain stem, as well as in the relay nuclei that transmit the sensory flow from oral afferents; EEG activity consists of regular rhythms of 10-14 and 2-4 cps; and the behavioral correlate is the act of feeding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Serotonergic influences on food intake: effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on parameters of feeding behaviour in deprived and free-feeding rats.

Three experiments were carried out to examine the effect of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, upon food intake and the micro-structure of eating in deprived rats, and on the pattern of meal taking in free-feeding animals. The study also investigated the capacity of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK-486) to antagonise the effect of 5-HTP in order to identify a central or peripheral mode of action. In deprived rats 5-HTP brought about a dose related inhibition of food intake which was midly antagonised by MK-486. A detailed analysis of the behavioural changes occurring during eating showed that the inhibition of food intake by 5-HTP was reflected in a reduced number of eating bouts and a slower rate of eating. MK-486 did not antagonise the effect of 5-HTP on eating rate. In free-feeding rats whose food comsumption was continuously monitored for 24-hr periods, 5-HTP gave rise to reduction in meal size and a slowing of the intra-meal rate of eating. These findings are in keeping with the effects of other serotonergic manipulations on the patterns of feeding in rats.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed2026

Impacts of climate-driven yield changes on the affordability of healthy diets: a modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Food security is central to global nutrition improvement and public health goals, and healthy diets represent a higher-level aspiration beyond merely avoiding hunger. Climate change poses an increasing threat to food systems by affecting crop yields and food prices. Although climate change-driven risks to hunger have been widely studied, the extent to which climate change undermines the affordability of healthy diets while accounting for socioeconomic responses and regional inequalities remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to quantify the effects of climate change on the future affordability of healthy diets under alternative socioeconomic and climate scenarios. METHODS: We developed an integrated modelling framework that explicitly couples multimodel crop-yield projections with an integrated assessment model (Global Change Analysis Model [GCAM]). Yield responses from six global gridded crop models driven by four climate models were integrated into GCAM, allowing endogenous socioeconomic adjustments such as land-use shifts, production reallocation, and price responses to emerge under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Diet affordability was then assessed using the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN's Cost and Affordability of a Healthy Diet framework across three socioeconomic-climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP3-6.0). FINDINGS: Under a high-emissions pathway (ie, SSP3-6.0), climate change was projected to render healthy diets unaffordable for a model-mean of 119 million people globally by 2100, even when CO2 fertilisation effects are included, with the upper end of the model ensemble reaching about 1·6 billion people. In contrast, climate-induced affordability losses were found to be negligible under both a low-emissions pathway (ie, SSP1-2.6; -0·3 million) and a medium-emission pathway (SSP2-4.5; +0·2 million). Under a high-emission pathway, model-mean projections indicated that diet costs could increase by up to 12% in the most affected regions by the end of the century. Under medium emissions, cost increases were projected to remain below 4%, whereas under low emissions, affordability changes were projected to be minimum across regions (within approximately 0·5%). Substantial regional disparities emerged, with the largest and most consistent affordability losses concentrated in low-income regions that contributed least to historical greenhouse gas emissions. Under SSP3-6.0, these disparities persisted particularly in regions of Africa and Asia despite projected three-to-five-fold increases in income over the century, with climate-induced disruptions to food systems increasing the number of people unable to afford a healthy diet through mid-century. INTERPRETATION: Climate change is likely to exacerbate global nutritional inequalities by disproportionately increasing the affordability risks of healthy diets in regions that have contributed least to historical greenhouse gas emissions. Under high-warming scenarios, socioeconomic development alone is insufficient to fully offset these risks, highlighting the structural vulnerability of low-income food systems to climate-driven price shocks. These findings suggest that in the absence of targeted interventions, climate change could continue to undermine progress towards equitable and health-oriented nutrition outcomes. FUNDING: Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Institute for Space Studies Climate Impacts Group; Future of Life Institute; and Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food and water intake microinjection of fenitrothion into the hypothalamus.

Two experiments were carried out to observe the effect of the application of an anticholinesterasic agent on water and food intake in rats. The first studied the effect of fenitrothion injected into the L.H.A. on water and food intake. An increase in water intake was observed in the 6th hour, while food intake decreased in the first and 24th hours. The same study was performed in the V.M.N. In this case, only an alteration in food intake occurred, with a decrease in the first hour, followed by an increase in the other two periods. These results suggest a cholinergic interaction between these two structures in the regulation of water and food intake, and also a central action of cholinesterasic agents when applied systemically.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Mangabey(Cercocebus albigena). Social organization and population density in relation to food use and availability.

Data are presented on the feeding behavior and activities of mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena) in the Ngogo study area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabeys spend 47% of activity observations feeding, 27% moving, and the remainder of the activity observations is accounted for by grooming, playing, vocalizing, copulating, etc. Feeding on fruit constitutes 58% of feeding records, arthropods 25%, young leaves and flowers 10%, cambium 5% and rare and unidentified items 2%. 29 tree species are used as sources of vegetable food and 31 tree species are used as substrate for arthropod search. Mangabeys move an average distance of 1,299 m per day, and use an average of 28,50 X 50 m quadrats per day. The activity patterns, the types and number of food species, the daily distances traveled, and the number of quadrats used per day, are not significantly different from those found in the literature for mangabeys in the Kanyawara research area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabey population density in Ngogo is approximately 1.46 times that of the Kanyawara mangabeys. The difference in density is associated with Ngogo exhibiting a greater mangabey food tree density than is found at Kanyawara. The higher mangabey density in Ngogo is associated with an average group size similar to that at Kanyawara, and an increase in the number of groups per unit area. The greater number of groups is accommodated by the mangabey having smaller home ranges, and less home range overlap than do the Kanyawara mangabeys. I suggest that these results are compatible with an interpretation based on disease control via regulation of group size, and social and spatial isolation between groups. The role of food availability in regulation of group size, or determining land tenure systems remains uncertain.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Position of tylopoda in the system of placental mammals].

Anatomical features of the Tylopoda are determined to a great extent by the convergence with the Ruminantia. The dental system adapted to the double mastification of plant food. The convergent character of the structure of limbs follows from the reduction of carpal and tarsal bones in the Tylopoda and their presence in the Ruminantia. The Ruminantia have no mandibular angular processes which are present in the Tylopoda. In the Tylopoda, the foramina in the transversal processes of cervical vertebrae from a canal by which the vertebral artery opens in the brain. In the Ruminanta there is no such a canal. The embryonic development of camels is characterized by the promitive features of provisory organs. The mating of camels occurs in winter, a feature probably showing that they have preserved the reproduction cycle of the Southern Hemisphere animals.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1979

Cholecystokinin octapeptide: continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding.

Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased food intake in a dose-related manner when injected continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep that had been deprived of food for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours. In sheep deprived of food for 2 hours, as little as 0.01 picomole per minute suppressed feeding 35 percent 1 hour after beginning injection. Pentagastrin also decreased feeding in the 2-hour group, but only at a much higher dose range. Secretin had no effect. These findings support the hypothesis that cholecystokinin octapeptide acts on central nervous system structures that are involved in control of food intake.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Structural properties of short-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols relate to the molecular and physiological response of Salmonella enterica in an acidic environment.

Short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCA) and short-chain alcohols (SCALC) are naturally occurring antimicrobials that contribute to the biopreservation of food fermentations. This study investigated the effect of structurally different SCCA/SCALC with two-carbon (acetic acid; phenylacetic acid; 2-phenylethanol), three-carbon (propionic acid; 3-phenylpropionic acid; 3-phenylpropanol), and three-carbon chain with an additional hydroxyl group (lactic acid; 3-phenyllactic acid; 1-phenylpropanol) on the fitness, metabolic activity and gene expression of the pathogen Salmonella enterica at pH 4.5. SCCA inhibited Salmonella at lower concentrations than SCALC with the exception of lactic acid, which was partly consumed. The presence of a phenyl group enhanced antimicrobial activity. SCCA but not SCALC increased the lag phase of S. enterica, and in general, acetate was formed when cell growth was reduced by 20% suggesting a negative impact on bacteria fitness. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering indicated distinct gene expression profiles of S. enterica in response to SCCA or SCALC. In the presence of certain SCCA/SCALC, Salmonella activated pathways related to cellular pH control, and 1,2-propanediol, propionic acid and ethanolamine metabolism that involved the formation of metabolosomes. Genes related to flagellar assembly were less expressed and mobility was lower in the presence of lactic and 3-phenyllactic acid compared to controls suggesting a compound-specific response. KEY POINTS: • Differences in response among structurally different SCCA/SCALC at acidic condition. • SCCA/SCALC stress interfered with cell growth and metabolism of acetic and propionic acid. • Lactic acid prolonged the lag phase and reduced motility of Salmonella.

Salmonella enterica↗
PubMed2026

The agroenvironmental-clinical link of Proteus mirabilis: Genomic epidemiology, clonal relationships, and shared resistance and virulence profiles.

Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs), with its pathogenicity driven by coordinated virulence traits such as adhesion, biofilm formation, and toxin production. The systemic emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within this species raises critical concerns regarding its persistence across clinical and environmental niches. This study investigated the virulence profiles, AMR determinants, and molecular epidemiology of P. mirabilis isolates recovered from retail vegetables and human community-acquired UTIs (CA-UTIs) in southern Brazil. A total of 310 isolates were analyzed (110 from vegetables and 200 from UTIs). Multidrug resistance was observed in 36.6-42.0% of vegetable isolates and 16.0% of UTI isolates, while extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production reached 32.0% in the vegetable group. Notably, the carbapenemase gene blaKPC-2 was identified in vegetable isolates, representing a critical food safety concern. High-consequence resistance genes, including blaCTX-M variants, fosA3, and qnrD, were widely distributed. Furthermore, all isolates harbored multi-element virulence profiles-particularly genes encoding fimbriae, proteases, and iron acquisition systems-and exhibited strong or very strong biofilm-forming phenotypes. Clonal analysis revealed tight genetic relatedness between vegetable and clinical isolates, including indistinguishable profiles. Whole-genome sequencing identified shared sequence types (STs), most notably the high-risk clone ST773, alongside internationally reported lineages such as ST135 and ST336. Moreover, conserved mobile genetic environments flanking blaKPC-2 were structurally characterized. These findings demonstrate that food-associated P. mirabilis serves as an active agroenvironmental reservoir for virulent and multidrug-resistant lineages, posing an unmonitored risk for zoonotic dissemination and human infection within the One Health framework.

bla KPC−2↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth and maturation of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The purpose of this paper is to define criteria used for classifying patients into varying degrees of diabetic control and to verify that children with diabetes maintained in higher degrees of metabolic control do not have delayed growth and maturation. Growth records of 252 children with insulin-dependent diabetes who have been under continuous observation in our clinic at three- to five-month intervals for at least three years and up to 16 years have been individually reviewed and analyzed. All children received two daily injections of a mixture of two parts of an intermediate to one part of regular insulin and were instructed to eat structured meals of high-quality selected foods. An over-all rating for diabetic control based primarily on the frequency and degree of glycosuria was made for the time period between clinic visits. The over-all diabetic control rating and the size of the subgroups were "good"--20 per cent, "fair to good"--64 per cent, and "fair"--16 per cent. All children maintained in "good" and "fair to good" control (84 per cent), grew and matured at a normal rate regardless of the age at onset or duration of diabetes. All children in lower degrees of control coming under care for greater than 24 months after diagnosis had accelerated growth during the early months after attaining a higher degree of control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

AI-driven snapshot hyperspectral imaging for on-line sorting systems in food industry: From real-time sensing to intelligent decision-making.

High-throughput food sorting requires rapid, non-destructive detection of external defects, foreign materials, and internal quality attributes in heterogeneous food matrices. Conventional scanning hyperspectral imaging may suffer from motion-induced spatial-spectral mismatches, whereas snapshot hyperspectral imaging (S-HSI) captures spectral images within a single integration time. However, its advantage is limited by trade-offs in resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), reconstruction uncertainty, and calibration stability, which are further amplified by variable tissue structure, surface reflection, moisture, and fat distribution in foods. This review critically examines artificial intelligence (AI)-driven S-HSI for on-line food sorting within a sensing-representation-decision-execution framework. Compact architectures are compared according to their physical constraints, food-sorting suitability, and ability to support mapping between spectral responses and physicochemical quality attributes. AI strategies are reviewed for spectral reconstruction, image restoration, spatial-spectral representation, band selection, uncertainty-aware decision-making, and edge implementation. AI can partially compensate for snapshot-specific limitations, but current evidence remains largely limited to laboratory or prototype studies. Future work should link system performance to food safety and quality outcomes by reporting throughput, decision latency, calibration drift, missed-detection risk, false-rejection cost, and closed-loop sorting success.

Hyperspectral Imaging↗
PubMed1978

Iron sources used in food fortification and their changes due to food processing.

The effect of food processing on the biological availability of iron in iron-fortified foods is critically reviewed. Studies on changes in the chemistry of the iron in processed foods are examined. Various iron sources currently used in food fortification in the U.S. are defined with emphasis on their biological availabilities under various conditions. The availability of iron in foods depends upon numerous factors, most of which are not fully understood. A factor which is often overlooked is the interaction of the iron with the food during events such as cooking or processing. Chemical changes in the iron compounds occur which may correlate with changes in the biological availability.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The ultrastructure of Gymnosphaera albida Sassaki, a marine axopodiate protozoon.

Gymnosphaera albida has been found on the sponge Sycon ciliatum in the Menai Straits, North Wales, during the months of May to December. It commonly adopts a sedentary mode of life when cultured, settling with its body in contact with the substratum and its axopodia radiating upwards and outwards all round. At times it floats freely. When sessile it can displace itself, but not by rolling. It is a voracious carnivore. The largest seen had a body size of 510 mum X 320 mum. The body of Gymnosphaera is divided into three zones: a central medulla, a cortex and a superficial reticulated pseudopodial layer. The medulla is finely vacuolated and contains an axoplast at its centre. The cortical cytoplasm contains many nuclei, Golgi bodies, polysomes, mitochondria, osmiophilic globules, lipoid spherules and vacuoles of various kinds, but no zooxanthellae. The superficial reticulated pseuopodial layer contains osmiophilic globules and occasional mitochondria. Axonemes radiate from the axoplast to the axopodia, along which osmiophilic globules are generally in motion. In between the cortex and the reticulated pseudopodial layer there is a narrow, extracytoplasmic capsular wall (Sassaki's line), consisting of a microfibrillar coagulum. The wall is a labile structure, perforating locally to allow the passage of food vacuoles or faeces and vanishing completely in certain conditions. It is evaginated to form a sleeve around the base of each axopodium. The cortex is completely penetrated by a system of clefts, the lumen of which opens here and there into the space containing the capsular wall. The clefts are distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum, cisternae of which are commonly found near the surface of the cytoplasmic tracts. Some of the cortical vacuoles contain organic refractive crystals. The crystals have the shape of crossed rodlets, each rodlet having a thermostable component ensheathing a thermolabile component. Their properties are described. The nuclei are enveloped in a thin layer of cytoplasm, connected by narrow bridges to the adjacent cytoplasmic strands. They generally contain several peripherally arranged nucleoli, each bearing a number of nucleolar organizers. Near the centre of the nucleoplasm there is usually a "central chromatin body". The vacuoles of the medulla are of two kinds, one equipped with a fibrous coat. In the vicinity of an axoneme the coat commonly connects with the microtubules and their cross-bridges. The axoplast has a central "hyalosphere" exhibiting a fibrogranular matrix. No tripartite organelle is present therein. The axoplast shell consists of the proximal ends of the axonemes, each enveloped by a fibrous sheath, the fibres coursing around adjacent axonemes, binding them together. The shell thickness is a constant fraction (1/2.5) of the axoplast diameter. The axonemes consist of bundles of parallel microtubules arranged in transverse section in a pattern of alternating rows of hexagons, the microtubules being joined together by 12.3 nm long cross-bridges...

Animals↗