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PubMed2005

Life cycle strategy of Hysterothylacium aduncum to become the most abundant anisakid fish nematode in the North Sea.

The present study demonstrates the influence of physical systems (mixed and stratified waters) on the occurrence and distribution of the anisakid nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum in commercially important gadiform fish species from the central and northern North Sea. Stratified waters are essential in structuring marine food webs and are therefore also important for the transfer of fish parasites to their host species. During two research cruises in 2001, 308 haddocks (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and 203 whitings (Merlangius merlangus) were caught in the central and northern North Sea and were examined for anisakid nematode parasites and food composition. Additionally, the most abundant pelagic invertebrates, hyperiid amphipods, of the investigated area were sampled and examined with regard to their parasite infestation rates. The influence of stratified waters on the infestation of the gadiform fish species by H. aduncum was shown by ecological and parasitological investigations. In stratified areas haddocks and whitings feed specifically and invariably on pelagic hyperiids. The number of ingested hyperiids in these areas was in both fish species correlated with infestation rates of H. aduncum. Therefore, hyperiids were identified as the obligatory intermediated host of H. aduncum, since these crustaceans carried high numbers of nematode larvae in their haemocoel. The results of the present study demonstrate that haddocks and whitings from the stratified waters are highly parasitised, both in terms of the numbers of individuals of larval and adult stages of H. aduncum.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1992

Fish allergy: evaluation of the importance of cross-reactivity.

Fish constitute one of the most important groups of allergens in the induction of immediate (type I) food hypersensitivity. In our environment, fish allergy is present in 22% of all patients with a diagnosis of food hypersensitivity. We studied the allergenic significance of the fish species considered most representative because of their greater consumption in our environment (flatfishes: Pleuronectiformes such as sole, whiff, and witch; Gadiformes such as hake; and Scombriformes such as albacore) or because of the results of previous studies of Gadiformes such as cod. Through the use of isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblotting, we have observed that several allergens common to all these species are able to bind specific IgE from the sera of sensitized patients. This allergenic community has been confirmed by radioallergosorbent inhibition. Another group of species-specific allergens focuses in the regions at about pH 5 and with molecular weights less than 14 kilodaltons; these allergens correspond to sarcoplasmic parvoalbumins. From the results observed, which have been confirmed by various procedures and techniques, we conclude that hake is the fish with the capability to induce the strongest IgE response, followed by whiff; the witch seems to be the least allergenic of all flatfishes. Among all species studied, albacore was the least allergenic. These results may be considered when one introduces supplementary feeding with fish in infants, most particularly in infants at high risk for atopy.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed1977

[Tribuliphorus salilotae gen. et spec. nov., a new representative of the monogena].

Belonging to the Monogenean family Diclidophoridae, Tribuliphorus salitotae nov. gen. nov. spec. is described from a gadiform fish, Salilota australia (family Moridae). Its specific characteristics are: big and sharp clasps at the anterior lateral and the posterior lateral plates of the adhesing valves. All 8 valves are structured in the same manner, but they differ in their situation and size: the first 3 pairs are smaller and are inverted (180 degrees to the body's length exis) the hind pair is twice as big and situated normally. --In respect to its morphology, Tribuliphorus nov. gen. could belong to the lowes (most primitive) genera of the subfamily Diclidophorinae, which parasitize the Macruriformes. On the other side, the genus shows affinities to Anchophorus, whose only representative (A. sinensis Bychovsky & Nagibina, 1958) has been found on cynoglossids (an apart group of the Pleuronectiformes), and which has been put in a monotypic family Anchophoridae. By this, the parasitological data again support the previously expressed view (by one of the authors) regarding the relationship of the Pleuronectiformes to the Gadiformes and Goryphaenoididae = Macruriformes).

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparative scanning electron microscopic investigations of the sensory epithelia in the teleost sacculus and lagena.

Scanning electron microscopic studies were conducted on the sensory epithelia of the auditory portions of the ears in teleost species representing wide taxonomic diversity. A number of the features of the ears investigated resembled features found in other teleost species, although some major exceptions to earlier patterns were found, particularly in the saccular sensory epithelium. The saccular maculae of all but one species contained basically similar ciliary bundles on the sensory hair cells while there was some significant variation on the lagenar maculae. Hair cell orientation patterns on the sacculus contained four orientation groups in all of the species, other than the mormyrid, Gnathonemus, which only had two groups. Lagenar maculae had two orientation groups, and the orientation patterns were similar to one another. The most divergent form of lagenar macula was found in gnathonemus. These data, combined with data from earlier investigations, provide a broad overview of the surface features of the ear in teleost fishes. Most significantly, it now appears that there are at least five different saccular hair cell orientation patterns among teleost fishes, and all of these patterns are found spread through many major teleost taxa. While there is some similarity in ear structures among some groups of closely related species, such as the Elopomorpha and the Gadiformes, it is becoming more apparent that there is extensive convergence in a number of features of he teleost ear that most likely reflect similar selective pressures during the evolution of the ear. The nature of these selective pressures, however, are not well understood.

Acoustic Maculae↗
PubMed1994

Evolutionary analysis of cytochrome b sequences in some Perciformes: evidence for a slower rate of evolution than in mammals.

To obtain information relative to the phylogenesis and microevolutionary rate of fish mitochondrial DNA, the nucleotide sequence of cytochrome b gene in seven fish species belonging to the order of Perciformes was determined. Sequence analysis showed that fish mitochondrial DNA has a nucleotide compositional bias similar to that of sharks but lower compared to mammals and birds. Quantitative evolutionary analysis, carried out by using a markovian stochastic model, clarifies some phylogenetic relationships within the Perciformes order, particularly in the Scombridae family, and between Perciformes, Gadiformes, Cypriniformes, and Acipenseriformes. The molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA was calibrated with the nucleotide substitution rate of cytochrome b gene in five shark species having divergence times inferred from paleontological estimates. The results of such analysis showed that Acipenseriformes diverged from Perciformes by about 200 MY, that the Perciformes common ancestor dates back to 150 MY, and that fish mitochondrial DNA has a nucleotide substitution rate three to five times lower than that of mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

TMAO-ase activity in tissues of fish species from the Northeast Atlantic.

The influence of various parameters (evacuation; pH value; addition of Fe2+, cysteine, ascorbic acid and methylene blue) on the activity of the trimethylamine oxide demethylase (TMAO-ase) in extracts from the kidney of saithe (Pollachius virens L.) is described. Assay conditions resulting in maximum formaldehyde (FA) production were used to measure the TMAO-ase activity in kidney, spleen, liver, pyloric caeca, blood and muscle from Northern Atlantic fish species. Only in organs from fishes of the order Gadiformes could TMAO-ase activity be detected. The TMAO-ase was most active in kidney and spleen whereas in muscle the enzyme activity could be barely detected.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Further support for the clades obtained by multiple molecular phylogenies in the acanthomorph bush.

Several recent molecular studies have begun to clarify the phylogeny of Acanthomorpha (Teleostei), a wide clade of teleost fishes. However, different molecular datasets do not agree on a single history of the taxa, probably because of marker-specific biases. The 'total-evidence' approach maximizes character congruence, but may be biased by a single robust, but non-phylogenetic constraint from one dataset. We have therefore taken the approach to analyse also each dataset separately prior to their combination, and detect repeated groups: signal common to markers is more probably a reflection of shared ancestry than marker-specific signal. Partial sequences (678+527 base pairs) of exons of the MLL gene (Mixed Lineage Leukaemia-like) gene were used, as well as the datasets of Chen et al. (ribosomal 28S, rhodopsin gene, mitochondrial 12S and 16S). Most of the repeated clades of Chen et al. are supported by the new dataset. Some new groups were repeatedly found: a Scarus-Labrus group (clade M), the presence of Gasterosteidae as a sister taxon or within the clade Zoarcoidei-Cottoidei (clade Is), Polymixia as a sister-group to the clade Zeoidei-Gadiformes (clade O), the clade Q grouping Mugiloidei, Cichlidae, Atherinomorpha, Blennioidei and Gobiesocoidei; and the interesting clade N, reducing potential sister-groups to Tetraodontiformes to either Caproidei, Lophiiformes, Acanthuroidei, Drepanidae, Chaetodontidae, and Pomacanthidae.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Are larvae of demersal fishes plankton or nekton?

A pelagic larval stage is found in nearly all demersal marine teleost fishes, and it is during this pelagic stage that the geographic scale of dispersal is determined. Marine biologists have long made a simplifying assumption that behaviour of larvae--with the possible exception of vertical distribution--has negligible influence on larval dispersal. Because advection by currents can take place over huge scales during a pelagic larval stage that typically lasts for several days to several weeks, this simplifying assumption leads to the conclusion that populations of marine demersal fishes operate over, and are connected over, similar huge scales. This conclusion has major implications for our perception of how marine fish populations operate and for our management of them. Recent (and some older) behavioural research-reviewed here-reveals that for a substantial portion of the pelagic larval stage of perciform fishes, the simplifying assumption is invalid. Near settlement, and for a considerable portion of the pelagic stage prior to that, larvae of many fish species are capable of swimming at speeds faster than mean ambient currents over long periods, travelling tens of kilometres. Only the smallest larvae of perciform fishes swim in an energetically costly viscous hydrodynamic environment (i.e., low Reynolds number). Vertical distribution is under strong behavioural control from the time of hatching, if not before, and can have a decisive, if indirect, influence on dispersal trajectories. Larvae of some species avoid currents by occupying the epibenthic boundary layer. Larvae are able to swim directionally in the pelagic environment, with some species apparently orientating relative to the sun and others to settlement sites. These abilities develop relatively early, and ontogenetic changes in orientation are seemingly common. Larvae of some species can use sound to navigate, and others can use odour to find settlement habitat, at least over small scales. Other senses may also be important to orientation. Larvae are highly aware of their environment and of potential predators, and some school during the pelagic larval stage. Larvae are selective about where they settle at both meso and micro scales, and settlement is strongly influenced by interactions with resident fishes. Most of these behaviours are flexible; for example, swimming speeds and depth may vary among locations, and speed may vary with swimming direction. In direct tests, these behaviours result in dispersal different from that predicted by currents alone. Work with both tropical and temperate species shows that these behaviours begin to be significant relatively early in larval development, but much more needs to be learned about the ontogeny of behaviour and sensory abilities in larvae of marine fishes. As a preliminary rule of thumb, behaviour must be taken into account in considerations of dispersal after the preflexion stage, and vertical distribution behaviour can influence dispersal from hatching. Larvae of perciform fishes are close to being planktonic at the start of the pelagic period and are clearly nektonic at its end, and for a substantial period prior to that. All these things differ among species. Larvae of clupeiform, gadiform and pleuronectiform fishes may be less capable behaviourally than perciform fishes, but this remains to be confirmed. Clearly, these behaviours, along with hydrography, must be included in modelling dispersal and retention and may provide explanations for recent demonstrations of self-recruitment in marine fish populations. Current work is directed at understanding the ontogeny of the gradual transition from planktonic to nektonic behaviour. Although it is clear that larvae of perciform fishes have the ability to strongly influence their dispersal trajectories, it is less clear whether or how these abilities are applied.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Repeatability of clades as a criterion of reliability: a case study for molecular phylogeny of Acanthomorpha (Teleostei) with larger number of taxa.

Although much progress has been made recently in teleostean phylogeny, relationships among the main lineages of the higher teleosts (Acanthomorpha), containing more than 60% of all fish species, remain poorly defined. This study represents the most extensive taxonomic sampling effort to date to collect new molecular characters for phylogenetic analysis of acanthomorph fishes. We compiled and analyzed three independent data sets, including: (i) mitochondrial ribosomal fragments from 12S and 16s (814bp for 97 taxa); (ii) nuclear ribosomal 28S sequences (847bp for 74 taxa); and (iii) a nuclear protein-coding gene, rhodopsin (759bp for 86 taxa). Detailed analyses were conducted on each data set separately and the principle of taxonomic congruence without consensus trees was used to assess confidence in the results as follows. Repeatability of clades from separate analyses was considered the primary criterion to establish reliability, rather than bootstrap proportions from a single combined (total evidence) data matrix. The new and reliable clades emerging from this study of the acanthomorph radiation were: Gadiformes (cods) with Zeioids (dories); Beloniformes (needlefishes) with Atheriniformes (silversides); blenioids (blennies) with Gobiesocoidei (clingfishes); Channoidei (snakeheads) with Anabantoidei (climbing gouramies); Mastacembeloidei (spiny eels) with Synbranchioidei (swamp-eels); the last two pairs of taxa grouping together, Syngnathoidei (aulostomids, macroramphosids) with Dactylopteridae (flying gurnards); Scombroidei (mackerels) plus Stromatoidei plus Chiasmodontidae; Ammodytidae (sand lances) with Cheimarrhichthyidae (torrentfish); Zoarcoidei (eelpouts) with Cottoidei; Percidae (perches) with Notothenioidei (Antarctic fishes); and a clade grouping Carangidae (jacks), Echeneidae (remoras), Sphyraenidae (barracudas), Menidae (moonfish), Polynemidae (threadfins), Centropomidae (snooks), and Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Digenean parasites of deep-sea teleosts: a review and case studies of intrageneric phylogenies.

Studies on the digenean parasites of deep-sea (> 200 m depth) teleosts are reviewed and two case study generic phylogenies are presented based on LSU rDNA and ND1 mtDNA sequences. The phylogeny of the lepocreadiid genus Lepidapedon, the most common deep-sea digenean genus, is not clearly resolved as the two gene trees are not compatible. It can be inferred, however, that the genus has radiated in the deeper waters off the continental shelf, mainly in fishes of the gadiform family Macrouridae. Steringophorus, a fellodistomid genus, is better resolved. In this case a deep-sea radiation is also indicated, but the pattern of host-specificity is not clear, with evidence of much host-switching. Results of studies of the parasites of the macrourid fish Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus from various depths have reinforced recent views on the lack of zoned depth-related communities in the deep-sea. The diversity of deep-sea digeneans is relatively low with only 18 families (of about 60) reported. Little, or nothing, is known from most deep-sea areas and nothing from trenches and mid-ocean ridge systems.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Six new species of Lepidapedon Stafford, 1904 (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) from deep-sea macrourid fishes from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, with revised keys to the species of the genus.

Species of the genus Lepidapecon are divided into various groups and subgroups based on vitelline distribution relative to the acetabulum and anterior extent of the excretory vesicle. Members of this genus predominantly parasitise gadiform fishes and are commonly collected from relatively deep waters. A recent study of deep-sea helminths from macrourids of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea revealed six new species of this genus. L. mexicanensis n. sp., of the elongatum group, elongatum subgroup, differs from other species in this subgroup in proportions (as % of body length), lacking confluent vitelline fields between both the ovary and anterior testis and the testes, and in having a smaller egg and body size. L. nezumiatis n. sp., of the elongatum group, desclersae oesophagus than prepharynx. L. caribbaei n. sp. and L. longivesicula n. sp., of the garrardi group, congeri sub-subgroup, differs from both L. filiformis and L. desclersae in having intermediate egg and body sizes, and a longer group, differ from L. congeri in having a sucker-ratio of 1: < 1. L. caribbaei n. sp. and L. longivesicula n. sp. differ from each other in that L. caribbaei n. sp. has numerous long, barb-like, deeply imbedded spines, a less elongate body, an infundibuliform oral sucker, a similar-sized oesophagus and prepharynx, and a caecal bifurcation which is closer to the acetabulum than oral sucker, while L. longivesicula n. sp. has shorter, serrate or plate-like, lightly imbedded, widely to sporadically spaced spines, a more elongate body, a spherical to subspherical oral sucker, a longer oesophagus than prepharynx, and a caecal bifurcation which is closer to the oral sucker than acetabulum. L. desotoensis n. sp., of the rachion group, rachion subgroup, is distinct from both L. luteum and L. abyssensis in having a smaller size, lacking cervical glands or pharyngeal gland cells, and possessing dark-staining particles in the mesenchyme, while it differs from L. abyssensis specifically in having a much longer oesophagus than prepharynx, lateral vitelline fields that are not confluent intertesticularly, and wider eggs. L. zaniophori n. sp., also of the rachion subgroup, differs from both L. cascadensis and L. genge in having a smaller egg size, a shorter prepharynx and oesophagus than pharynx, and vitelline fields that are intertesticular but only slightly encroach between the ovary and anterior testis. L. sammari and L. spiniferi are designated as incertae sedis, and L. quiloni and L. stromateusi are designated as species inquirendae. New parasite keys and host records for Coelorinchus coelorhincus. C. caribbaeus and Nezumia cyrano are offered. Support is given to Lepidapedon probably being the dominant digenean genus in deep water.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Identification of commercial hake and grenadier species by proteomic analysis of the parvalbumin fraction.

Analysis of parvalbumin fractions through proteomic methodologies allowed the differential classification of ten commercial, closely related species of the family Merlucciidae. Muscle extracts from nine hake species of the genus Merluccius including two subspecies of Merluccius australis (australis and polylepsis) and one grenadier species Macruronus novaezelandiae with two populations (novaezelandiae and magellanicus) were evaluated by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS. 2-DE demonstrated that the species tested displayed a low intra-specific degree of polymorphism and the isoform patterns were noticeably species-specific. MALDI-TOF mass fingerprints showed clear differences in the pattern of peptides produced by tryptic digestion between the Merluccius and the Macruronus, making the genus differentiation possible. In addition, a selective peptide mass present in the spectra from certain hakes allowed its classification in two groups: Euro-African and American hakes. Besides, some specific masses allowed a clearly individual identification for M. bilinearis, M. australis polylepsis, M. australis australis, M. productus, M. paradoxus and M. polli, while the rest of the hake species can be grouped in two clusters, comprising M. hubbsi and M. gayi in one and M. merluccius and M. capensis in the other.

Amino Acid Sequence↗