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PubMed2006

[Effects of ganoderma lucidum spores on cytochrome C and mitochondrial calcium in the testis of NIDDM rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Ganoderma lucidum spores on Cytochrome C (Cyt-C) and mitochondrial calcium in the testis of NIDDM rats. METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats were divided randomly into three groups: model, ganoderma and normal control, the first two groups injected with 2% STZ through vena caudalis, and the last one with half-and-half sodium citrate/citrate buffer solution. Two weeks after normal diet, glucose tolerance tests were performed and the rats with abnormal glucose tolerance from the model and ganoderma groups received high-fat and high-carbohydrate food, the ganoderma group given Ganoderma lucidum spores (250mg/[ kg x d] ) in addition, both for 10 weeks. Glucose tolerance tests were repeated 1 day before the end of the experiment and the rats were castrated and relevant indexes measured. RESULTS: The NIDDM model was successfully constructed. In the model group, the levels of mitochondrial Cyt-C and mitochondrial calcium were significantly lower (P <0. 05) while that of the plasma Cyt-C was significantly higher than in the ganoderma and the control groups. CONCLUSION: Cyt-C and calcium ion are involved in the damage of the testis. Ganoderma lucidum spores can protect the testis of NIDDM rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the platelet and global hemostatic effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Ling-Zhi) in healthy volunteers.

UNLABELLED: Ganoderma lucidum is a Chinese herbal medicine popular with cancer patients. Previous in vitro studies suggested that Ganoderma lucidum might impair hemostasis. In this prospective, randomized double-blind study, healthy volunteers received orally Ganoderma lucidum capsules 1.5 g (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) daily for 4 wk. We monitored subjects before drug administration and at 4 and 8 wk thereafter by routine coagulation screen, fibrinogen concentration, von Willebrand ristocetin cofactor activity, platelet function analyzer PFA-100, and thrombelastography. There were no significant between-group differences and all measurements remained within the normal range. Ganoderma lucidum ingestion over 4 wk was not associated with impairment of hemostasis. IMPLICATIONS: Ingestion of Ganoderma lucidum does not cause impairment of hemostatic function in healthy volunteers, despite earlier in vitro reports that it may cause platelet inhibition and may have other antithrombotic and fibrinolytic activity. The use of Ganoderma lucidum preoperatively is unlikely to increase the risk of surgical bleeding in otherwise healthy patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of the hepatic and renal-protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum in mice.

The antioxidative effect of hot water extract of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on ethanol-induced free radical generation had been studied. In order to further investigate the hepatic and renal protective mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum, rates of lipid peroxidation were determined. The hot water extract of Ganoderma lucidum dose-dependently exhibited antioxidative effect on mouse liver and kidney lipid peroxidation; our results indicated that hepatic and renal homogenates have a higher malonic dialdehyde level in an ethanol administered group than in the Ganoderma lucidum treated group. It was concluded that the hepatic and renal protective mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum, might be due at least in part to its prominent superoxide scavenging effect. Ganoderma extract could protect the liver and kidney from superoxide induced hepatic and renal damages.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in cancer treatment.

The popular edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) has been widely used for the general promotion of health and longevity in Asian countries. The dried powder of Ganoderma lucidum was popular as a cancer chemotherapy agent in ancient China. The authors recently demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum inhibits constitutively active transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and AP-1, which resulted in the inhibition of expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR. Ganoderma lucidum also suppressed cell adhesion and cell migration of highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells, suggesting its potency to reduce tumor invasiveness. Thus, Ganoderma lucidum clearly demonstrates anticancer activity in experiments with cancer cells and has possible therapeutic potential as a dietary supplement for an alternative therapy for breast and prostate cancer. However, because of the availability of Ganoderma lucidum from different sources, it is advisable to test its biologic activity.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed2005

[Effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on serum lipids and lipoperoxidation in experimental hyperlipidemic rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on blood lipid and lipoperoxidation from the experimental hyperlipidemic rats. METHOD: 50 rats were randomly divided into normal group, hyperlipidemia control group, experimental group 1, 2 and 3 in which the rats were treated with ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides at dosages of 200 mg x kg(-1) and 400 mg x kg(-1) and 800 mg x kg(-1) respectively. Apart from the rats in control group, all the rats in other groups were fed with high fat forage for 30 days. The blood was collected from the tails of rats for measuring the serum TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, GSH-Px, SOD and LPO. RESULT: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides could significantly decrease the serum contents of TC, TG, LDL-c in the experimental hyperlipidemic rats (P < 0.01), and markedly increase the level of serum HDL-C (P < 0.05), Mean Level of blood LPO in the experimental groups treated by ganoderma lacidum polysaccharides at different dosages were much lower than that in hyper lipidema group, and the GSH-Px and SOD activities of blood in the group of ganoderma were much higher than those in hyperlipidema group. CONCLUSION: Ganoderma can regulate lipid metabolism, enhance the antioxidation and reduce the lipid peroxidation in the rats with hyperlipidemia.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Ganoderma diseases of perennial crops in India--an overview.

The species of Ganoderma recorded from India as causing diseases of perennial crops are listed, and their host range and taxonomy discussed. Four new hosts of G. lucidum are also reported. A decline in productivity and the death of trees are the main economic impacts due to Ganoderma diseases, and the fungus is identified as a serious pathogen of cash crops, forest plantations and trees in natural forests in the country. Ganoderma diseases have been recorded on 144 hosts in India, the major pathogens being G. lucidum and G. applanatum. G. lucidum has been recorded on 91 hosts, and appears to cause the most widespread diseases. Identification has largely been made from morphological and cultural characters, and the names currently in use should therefore be treated with caution. Cultural methods of disease control are largely inefficient in minimising inoculum pressure and in reducing the disease incidence. Chemical methods in combination with soil amendments form short-term solutions for managing the disease and improving productivity. The immediate priorities for developing an efficient management system for Ganoderma diseases in India are: (1) a thorough understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of the diseases on different hosts, (2) clarifying current ambiguity in species names, (3) assessing the inter-relationships between populations of Ganoderma on different hosts and (4) developing tools for early detection of diseases in important crops.

Ganoderma↗

PubMed2005

Enhancing biological control of basal stem rot disease (Ganoderma boninense) in oil palm plantations.

Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most destructive disease in oil palm, especially in Indonesia and Malaysia. The available control measures for BSR disease such as cultural practices and mechanical and chemical treatment have not proved satisfactory due to the fact that Ganoderma has various resting stages such as melanised mycelium, basidiospores and pseudosclerotia. Alternative control measures to overcome the Ganoderma problem are focused on the use of biological control agents and planting resistant material. Present studies conducted at Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI) are focused on enhancing the use of biological control agents for Ganoderma. These activities include screening biological agents from the oil palm rhizosphere in order to evaluate their effectiveness as biological agents in glasshouse and field trials, testing their antagonistic activities in large scale experiments and eradicating potential disease inoculum with biological agents. Several promising biological agents have been isolated, mainly Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Gliocladium viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus sp. A glasshouse and field trial for Ganoderma control indicated that treatment with T. harzianum and G. viride was superior to Bacillus sp. A large scale trial showed that the disease incidence was lower in a field treated with biological agents than in untreated fields. In a short term programme, research activities at IOPRI are currently focusing on selecting fungi that can completely degrade plant material in order to eradicate inoculum. Digging holes around the palm bole and adding empty fruit bunches have been investigated as ways to stimulate biological agents.

Arecaceae↗

PubMed2004

Antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum in acute ethanol-induced heart toxicity.

The hot water extract of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum was shown to have antioxidative effect against heart toxicity. Investigations into the mechanisms of action, level of lipid peroxidation level in vivo, and superoxide scavenging activity were also conducted. The mice were divided into six groups with ten animals in each group. Ganoderma lucidum, at doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg (p.o.) was administered. Superoxide anions were assayed by UV spectrophotometer using the cytochrome C reduction method. The results of this study showed that Ganoderma lucidum exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidative effect on lipid peroxidation and superoxide scavenging activity in mouse heart homogenate. Additionally, this result indicated that heart damage induced by ethanol shows a higher malonic dialdehyde level compared with heart homogenate treated with Ganoderma lucidum. It is concluded that the antioxidative activity may therefore contribute to the cardioprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum, and may therefore protect the heart from superoxide induced damage.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

Sensitization to Ganoderma lucidum in patients with respiratory allergy in India.

Although human sensitization to basidiomycete Ganoderma has been reported in New Zealand, North America and Europe, hypersensitivity due to this fungi is not known in India, in spite of its prevalence in the atmosphere. We have studied the atmospheric concentration of Ganoderma in different localities within Delhi and the sensitization level to this fungi amongst the Indian population. Aerobiological sampling, using a Burkard personal slide sampler, was carried out in Delhi for 2 consecutive years (October 1989-September 1991). The sampler was operated at 10 day regular intervals for 10 min to trap the spores. The peak season for Ganoderma is recorded from July to September with highest average monthly catch of 336 spores/m3 in September 1991 from south Delhi. Antigenic extracts were prepared from both, the spores and whole body of Ganoderma lucidum. The results of intradermal skin tests conducted on 172 patients revealed that 28.48% and 17.44% of patients showed marked skin reactivity to spore and whole body extracts, respectively. A significant correlation (r = 0.963, P < 0.01) was found between intradermal and skin-prick tests. More than 80% of the intradermal test positive patients had significantly (P < 0.01) elevated IgE antibodies to the fungi in question. Thus, sensitization to Ganoderma lucidum has been reported for the first time in the atopic population of India.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Comparative studies of delignification caused by ganoderma species.

Isolates of six species of Ganoderma in the G. lucidum complex were evaluated for their ability to decay wood of Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus and Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl. ex. Hildebr. by using in vitro agar block decay tests. Morphological, ultrastructural, and chemical studies of decayed wood were used to determine the extent of delignification or simultaneous decay caused by each species of Ganoderma. All species decayed both white fir and oak wood; however, less percent weight loss (%WL) occurred in white fir than oak. In white fir, isolates of two undescribed Ganoderma species (RLG16161, RLG16162, JEA615, and JEA625) caused significantly higher%WL (21 to 26%) than that in G. colossum, G. oregonense, G. meredithiae, and G. zonatum (10 to 16%). Only Ganoderma sp. isolates JEA615 and JEA625 caused delignification, with JEA615 causing a lignin-to-glucose gram loss ratio of 1.6:1. Morphological and ultrastructural studies confirmed delignification by this fungus and showed that some delignification had occurred by all of the species, although areas of delignification were limited to small regions adjacent to simultaneously decayed cells. In oak, G. colossum caused significantly less%WL (22 to 35%) than the other species (38 to 52%). All of the species, except G. meredithiae, caused delignification with lignin-to-glucose gram loss ratios ranging from 1.4 to 4.9:1. Extensive delignification by isolates of G. colossum and G. oregonense was observed; moderate delignification was caused by the other species. Ganoderma meredithiae caused a simultaneous decay, with only small localized regions of cells delignified, while delignification by G. zonatum was irregular, with specific zones within the cell wall delignified. The thermophilic and chlamydosporic G. colossum has the capacity to cause extensive delignification and appears ideally suited for use in lignin degradation studies and biotechnological applications of lignin-degrading fungi.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Ganoderma lucidum extract protects DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxyl radical and UV irradiation.

The fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum have been used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases in the Orient. Its antitumor and immune enhancing properties, along with no cytotoxicity, raise the possibility that it could be effective in preventing oxidative damage and resulting disease. Using agarose gel electrophoresis, we have evaluated the potential of Ganoderma lucidum extract as a radioprotector and antioxidant defense against oxygen radical-mediated damage. Although the evidence presented here is based on in vitro using isolated DNA, the results clearly demonstrate that the hot-water extract of Ganoderma lucidum shows good radioprotective ability, as well as protection against DNA damage induced by metal-catalyzed Fenton reactions and UV irradiation. We also found that the water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum was as effective as the hot-water extract in protecting against hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand breaks, indicating that the polysaccharide compound is associated with the protective properties. Our data suggest that Ganoderma mushroom merits investigation as a potential preventive agent in humans.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1988

The basidiomycete ganoderma and asthma: collection, quantitation and immunogenicity of the spores.

Ganoderma fungal spores are a major component of the Auckland air-spora. Previous studies of ganoderma involvement in allergic asthma and rhinitis were extended by locating the sporophores (fruiting bodies) in the Auckland area and systematically collecting the ejected spores. Maximum production by one sporophore was 5 gram dry weight of spores in one week, equivalent to 11 billion spores. We have estimated that between 400 and 1200 sporophores would account for previously reported levels of ganoderma spores collected from the air by Burkhard spore traps. Both whole spores and extracts of spores were strongly immunogenic in rabbits. Of the 115 asthma patients who were skin prick tested with a variety of fungal extracts, 32 (28%) were positive to one or more fungi. Of these, 18 (16%) reacted positively to ganoderma extracts. A theory proposing how ganoderma might contribute to allergic hyperreactivity in susceptible patients is developed.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed2005

Antimicrobial activity of some Ganoderma species from Nigeria.

The crude n-hexane:diethyl ether, chloroform:acetone and methanol extracts of four species of Ganoderma (Ganoderma colossum (Fr.) C. F. Baker, G. resinaceum Boud., G. lucidum (cf.) (Curtis) P. Karst. and G. boninense (cf.) Pat.), from Nigeria, were tested for antimicrobial activity. The three solvent extracts of all the species of Ganoderma were active against Pseudomonas syringae and Bacillus subtilis, whereas none of the extracts were active against Cladosporium herbarum. Preliminary thin layer chromatography chemical tests on these extracts of Ganoderma showed that they contained compounds that stained blue-violet and blue or green when sprayed with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid or Dragendorff, respectively. The profile of compounds in the extracts showed some variation among the four species.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2003

Natural products of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum: occurrence, biological activities, and pharmacological functions.

Ganoderma lucidum, a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine, produces polysaccharides and oxygenated triterpenoids with a very broad spectrum of biological activities and pharmacological functions. Among the Ganoderma triterpenoids, many pairs of C-3 alpha/beta stereoisomers and C-3/C-15 positional isomers have been identified. Biosynthetic study has indicated that the C-3alpha series of oxygenated triterpenoids is derived from the C-3beta series via an oxidation-reduction pathway. The interaction of Ganoderma triterpenoids with human platelets in the induction of aggregation and inhibition of agonist-induced aggregation and signal transduction has been elucidated. Reduction of cellular mevalonate content to a stage in which cholesterol synthesis is strongly inhibited and cell growth is marginally arrested sensitizes hepatoma cells to the oxygenated triterpenoids. A combination treatment of lovastatin and Ganoderma triterpenoids in animal studies has exhibited a potential anticancer effect.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Research on basal stem rot (BSR) of ornamental palms caused by basidiospores from Ganoderma boninense.

Basidiospores were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma infecting oil palms from an estate in Johor and from ornamental palms (including oil palms) from Singapore. The spores were then germinated to obtain homokaryotic mycelia. Based on clamp connection formation in paired hyphal fusions, tester strains were identified from the homokaryons isolated. Compatibility tests were then carried out using these testers to determine the relatedness of the homokaryotic Ganoderma isolates, both from Johor and from Singapore. Results from the compatibility tests showed that Ganoderma from both locations belong to the same species, while the Ganoderma isolates from Singapore share some common alleles. The pathogenicity tests carried out on Chrysalidocarpus lutescens seedlings using inoculum growing on rubber wood blocks showed that dikaryotic mycelia can cause basal stem rot infection.

Arecaceae↗

PubMed2005

In vivo enzymatic digestion, in vitro xylanase digestion, metabolic analogues, surfactants and polyethylene glycol ameliorate laccase production from Ganoderma sp. kk-02.

AIMS: The effect of in vivo enzymatic digestion (IVED), in vitro xylanase digestion (IVXD), metabolic analogues, surfactants and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on laccase production from Ganoderma sp. kk-02 was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: An acidic laccase producing Ganoderma sp. kk-02 produced 16.0 U ml(-1) and 365.0 U g(-1) of laccase, when grown under submerged (SmF) and solid state (SSF) fermentation conditions, respectively. Modification of the substrate (wheat bran) molecular architecture by IVED and IVXD increased subsequent laccase production from Ganoderma sp. kk-02 by 1.31-fold (21.0 U ml(-1)) (SmF); 2.21-fold (810.0 U g(-1)) (SSF) and 1.10-fold (18.0 U ml(-1)) (SmF); 1.78-fold (650.0 U g(-1)) (SSF) when compared with untreated wheat bran. Further enhancement in laccase yield under SmF and SSF was obtained when IVED treated wheat bran was used in conjunction with amino acids [DL-tryptophan, 2.66-fold (56.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 2.86-fold (2324.0 U g(-1)) SSF], vitamins [biotin, 1.71-fold (36.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 3.06-fold (2483.0 U g(-1)) SSF], surfactants [Tween-40, 1.85-fold (39.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 2.25-fold (1828.0 U g(-1)) SSF], and PEG [PEG 6000, 1.93-fold (40.0 U ml(-1)) SmF; 1.58-fold (1284.0 U g(-1)) SSF]. CONCLUSIONS: The IVED of substrate (wheat bran) facilitated hyper laccase production in presence of additives from Ganoderma sp. kk-02. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study highlights a new methodology viz. IVED for concomitant and economic production of diverse enzymes using the same substrate. The hyper laccase levels obtained could improve the economic competitiveness of environmentally benign processes applied in varied industries. The work also provides an insight into the regulation of complex metabolic pathways governing the expression of extra cellular proteins from white-rot fungi.

Bacillus↗

PubMed2002

Ganoderma lucidum extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell.

Although the pharmacology and clinical application of water extracts of Ganoderma lucidum have been extensively documented, little is known regarding its alcohol extract. In the present study, the anti-tumor effect of an alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum was investigated using MCF-7 cells. We found that the alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which might be mediated through up-regulation of p21/Waf1 and down-regulation of cyclin D1. Furthermore, this compound can directly induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, which might be mediated through up-regulation of a pro-apoptotic Bax protein and not by the immune system. Our findings suggest that there are multiple mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor effects of Ganoderma lucidum.

Alcohols↗

PubMed2001

Sustained-release effect of codried excipients of microcrystalline cellulose and Ganoderma fiber.

The sustained-release effects of codried excipient of modified Ganoderma (treated with alkaline solution) and microcrystalline cellulose at different ratios were examined using acetaminophen (ACT) as a model drug. Results demonstrate that the crushing strength of most ACT tablets made with codried powder at all ratios increased as compaction force increased; but a rapid decline was observed when compression force exceeded 2 tons. Drug release from tablets compressed at 0.5 ton increased as modified Ganoderma fiber content increased. But when the compression force exceeded 1 ton, the release rate was not influenced by the compaction force or the increasing content of Ganoderma fiber. However, the dissolution of ACT from these tablets could be sustained for longer than 24 h. The extent of drug release was shown to increase with increasing amounts of modified Ganoderma in the codried excipient. The addition of disintegrants could further accelerate the drug release from the tablet. Drug release was also dependent upon the amount and kind of disintegrant used. The influence was in the following order: primojel>crospovidone>starch 1500.

Acetaminophen↗